ASTM E1106-12
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
Standard Test Method for Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as secondary standards for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
Note 1—The stated accuracy applies only if the transfer standard returns to quiescence, following the transient input, before any wave reflected from the boundary of the calibration block returns to the transfer standard (∼100 μs). For low frequencies with periods on the order of the time window, this condition is problematical to prove.
Applications Sensors—This test method may also be used for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. Some of these sensors are less well behaved than devices suitable for a transfer standard. The stated accuracy for such devices applies in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz and with less accuracy below 100 kHz.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: E1106 − 12
Standard Test Method for
1
Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1106; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the abso- 4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is
lute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The cali- forthedirectcalibrationofdisplacementtransducersforuseas
bration yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves,
secondarystandardsforthecalibrationofAEsensorsforusein
at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer stan-
emission work. The transducer voltage response is determined
dard should be high fidelity and very well behaved and
at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy
1 MHz. The input is a given well-established dynamic dis-
should apply over the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
placement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the
NOTE 1—The stated accuracy applies only if the transfer standard
calibration are output voltage per unit mechanical input
returns to quiescence, following the transient input, before any wave
(displacement, velocity, or acceleration).
reflected from the boundary of the calibration block returns to the transfer
standard (;100 µs). For low frequencies with periods on the order of the
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
time window, this condition is problematical to prove.
asstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthis
4.2 Applications Sensors—This test method may also be
standard.
usedforthecalibrationofAEsensorsforuseinnondestructive
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
evaluation. Some of these sensors are less well behaved than
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
devicessuitableforatransferstandard.Thestatedaccuracyfor
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
such devices applies in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
with less accuracy below 100 kHz.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. General Requirements
2. Referenced Documents
2
5.1 Aprimary difficulty in any calibration of a mechanical/
2.1 ASTM Standards:
electrical transduction device is the determination of the
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam
mechanical-motion input to the device. To address this
Contact Testing
difficulty, this calibration procedure uses (i) a standard trans-
E494Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materi-
ducer whose absolute sensitivity is known from its design and
als
physical characteristics; and also (ii) a source that produces
E650Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission
motion that approximates a waveform calculable from theory.
Sensors
The use of two independent sources of information confers a
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
degree of redundancy that is employed to confirm the validity
of the measurements and quantify the experimental errors.
3. Terminology
Briefly stated, the sensitivity of the transfer standard (or other
3.1 Refer to Terminology E1316 for terminology used in
sensor under test) is determined by comparison with the
this test method.
standard transducer, while knowledge of a part of the theoreti-
cal waveform is used as a check.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
5.2 Test Block and Mechanical Input—The mechanical
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on
input to the sensors is obtained by pressing a glass capillary
Acoustic Emission Method.
down onto the surface of a large test block until it breaks. The
Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published September 2012. Originally
reasons for selecting this approach are: (a) capillary breaks are
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1106-07. DOI:
10.1520/E1106-12.
localized and short in duration, like natural acoustic emission
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
events; and (b) use of a large block simplifies wave propaga-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
tion and makes sensor output less dependent on arbitrary
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. features of block geometry.
*A Summary of
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1106–07 Designation: E1106 – 12
Standard Test Method for
1
Primary Calibration of Acoustic Emission Sensors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1106; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the requirements for the absolute calibration of acoustic emission (AE) sensors. The calibration
yields the frequency response of a transducer to waves, at a surface, of the type normally encountered in acoustic emission work.
The transducer voltage response is determined at discrete frequency intervals of approximately 10 kHz up to 1 MHz. The input
is a given well-established dynamic displacement normal to the mounting surface. The units of the calibration are output voltage
per unit mechanical input (displacement, velocity, or acceleration).
1.2
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E114 Practice for Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Straight-Beam Contact Testing
E494 Practice for Measuring Ultrasonic Velocity in Materials
E650 Guide for Mounting Piezoelectric Acoustic Emission Sensors
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3. Terminology
3.1 Refer to Terminology E1316 for terminology used in this test method.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Transfer Standards—One purpose of this test method is for the direct calibration of displacement transducers for use as
secondary standards for the calibration ofAE sensors for use in nondestructive evaluation. For this purpose, the transfer standard
should be high fidelity and very well behaved and understood. If this can be established, the stated accuracy should apply over
the full frequency range up to 1 MHz.
NOTE 1—The stated accuracy applies only if the transfer standard returns to quiescence, following the transient input, before any wave reflected from
the boundary of the calibration block returns to the transfer standard (;100 µs). For low frequencies with periods on the order of the time window, this
condition is problematical to prove.
4.2 Applications Sensors—This test method may also be used for the calibration of AE sensors for use in nondestructive
evaluation. Some of these sensors are less well behaved than devices suitable for a transfer standard.The stated accuracy for such
devices applies in the range of 100 kHz to 1 MHz and with less accuracy below 100 kHz.
5. General Requirements
5.1A primary difficulty in any calibration of a mechanical/electrical transduction device is the determination of the
mechanical-motion input to the device. Using this calibration procedure, the motional input may be determined by two different
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.04 on Acoustic
Emission Method.
´1
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1106-86(2002) . DOI:
10.1520/E1106-07.
Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published September 2012. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1106-07. DOI:
10.1520/E1106-12.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E1106 – 12
means: theoretical calculation and measurement with an absolute displacement transducer.
5.2Theoretical Calculation—Elasticity theory has been used to calculate the dynamic displacement of the surface of an infinite
half-space due to a normal point-force step function in time. The solutions give
...
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