ASTM F2987-12(2018)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Mine Heap Leach Aeration Applications (Withdrawn 2024)
Standard Specification for Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Mine Heap Leach Aeration Applications (Withdrawn 2024)
ABSTRACT
This specification establishes requirements and test methods for double wall, annular extruded corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings used in mine heap leach pile aeration. It covers materials, workmanship, dimensions, perforations, pipe stiffness, elongation, joint separation resistance, quality of extruded polyethylene, brittleness, testing, and marking of corrugated PE pipe and fittings with diameters of 100 mm (4 inch), 150 mm (6 inch), 200 mm (8 inch), 250 mm (10 inch), 300 mm (12 inch), 375 mm (15 inch), and 450 mm (18 inch).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for materials, workmanship, dimensions, perforations, pipe stiffness, elongation, joint separation resistance, quality of extruded polyethylene, brittleness, testing, and marking of corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings for mine heap leach pile aeration. It covers with nominal sizes 100 mm (4 in.), 150 mm (6 in.), 200 mm (8 in.), 250 mm (10 in.) 300 mm (12 in.), 375 mm (15 in.), and 450 mm (18 in.) diameter.
1.2 This specification covers double wall, annular extruded corrugated polyethylene pipe as depicted in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Typical Double Wall Profile Cross-Section
1.3 The values in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification covers requirements and test methods for materials, workmanship, dimensions, perforations, pipe stiffness, elongation, joint separation resistance, quality of extruded polyethylene, brittleness, testing, and marking of corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings for mine heap leach pile aeration. It covers with nominal sizes 100 mm (4 in.), 150 mm (6 in.), 200 mm (8 in.), 250 mm (10 in.) 300 mm (12 in.), 375 mm (15 in.), and 450 mm (18 in.) diameter.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee F17 on Plastic Piping Systems, this specification was withdrawn in April 2024. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement because it has been consolidated into Specification F2986 (F17.65) and is therefore no longer necessary.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F2987 −12 (Reapproved 2018) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Mine Heap
Leach Aeration Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
moplastic Pipe and Fittings
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods
D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading
for materials, workmanship, dimensions, perforations, pipe
Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
stiffness, elongation, joint separation resistance, quality of
D2444 Practice for Determination of the Impact Resistance
extruded polyethylene, brittleness, testing, and marking of
of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup
corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings for mine heap
(Falling Weight)
leach pile aeration. It covers with nominal sizes 100 mm (4
D3212 Specification for Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic
in.), 150 mm (6 in.), 200 mm (8 in.), 250 mm (10 in.) 300 mm
Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals
(12 in.), 375 mm (15 in.), and 450 mm (18 in.) diameter.
D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-
1.2 This specification covers double wall, annular extruded
tings Materials
corrugated polyethylene pipe as depicted in Fig. 1.
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-
1.3 The values in parentheses are provided for information olefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
only.
F2136 Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
(NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resis-
test method portion, Section 9, of this specification: This
tance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
2.2 Federal Standards:
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
FederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)Technical
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
Manual: Plastic Pipe Used in Embankment Dams: Best
regulatory limitations prior to use.
Practices for Design, Construction, Problem Identification
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
andEvaluation,Inspection,Maintenance,Renovation,and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Repair
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
2.3 Military Standard:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Definitions—Definitions used in this specification are in
2 accordance with Terminology F412 and abbreviations are in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
accordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise speci-
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
fied. The abbreviation for polyethylene is PE.
D1600 Terminology forAbbreviatedTerms Relating to Plas-
tics 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 split—any break or crack that extends through the
wall.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic
3.2.2 crease—a deformation that cannot be removed like a
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.26 on Olefin
Based Pipe.
dent: generally associated with wall buckling.
CurrenteditionapprovedFeb.1,2018.PublishedJuly2018.Originallyapproved
3.2.3 leaching—minerals are removed (leached) from ores
in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2987–12(2018). DOI:
10.1520/F2987-12R18.
that have been mined, crushed, and placed on impervious pads
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
the ASTM website. Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2987−12 (2018)
FIG. 1Typical Double Wall Profile Cross-Section
shall be permitted all other product requirements are met. For
for removal (by chemical leaching) by percolation of the
solution through the ore, and collection of that solution at the slow crack-growth resistance, resins shall be evaluated using
bottom of the heap leach pile. the notched constant ligament stress (NCLS) test according to
the procedure described in 9.9.1. Samples shall be taken from
4. Ordering Information
the extruded pipe supplied to the project. The average failure
4.1 Orders for product made to this specification shall time of the five test specimens shall exceed 24 h with no single
test specimen’s failure time less than 17 h. Samples taken from
include the following information to adequately describe the
desired product: the extruded pipe supplied to the project shall have a minimum
Oxidative-Induction-Time of 20 minutes when tested in accor-
4.1.1 This ASTM designation and year of issue,
4.1.2 Perforations: dance with in accordance with Test Method D3895.
4.1.2.1 With perforations,
6.2 Rework Material—Clean rework material, generated
4.1.2.2 Without perforations,
from the manufacturer’s own production of this product, may
4.1.3 Diameters,
be used by the manufacturer provided that the tubing and
4.1.4 Total meters of each pipe diameter involved,
fittings produced meet all requirements of this specification.
4.1.5 Pipe laying length,
4.1.6 Fitting type(s): 7. General Requirements
4.1.6.1 Size and type of fittings, including mainline and
7.1 Workmanship—The pipe and fittings shall be homoge-
branch diameters, and
neous throughout and be as uniform as commercially practical
4.1.6.2 Number of fittings per diameter.
in color, opacity, and density. The pipe walls shall be free of
cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or other
5. Significance and Use
defects that are visible to the naked eye and that may affect the
5.1 Corrugated PE pipe and fittings in this standard are
wallintegrity.Theendsshallbecutcleanlyandsquarely.Holes
intendedfordeepundergroundapplicationsunderharshchemi-
intentionally placed in perforated pipe are acceptable.
calexposurefromacorrosiveeffluentwheretheyserveasheap
7.1.1 Visible defects, cracks, creases, splits, obstruction to
leach pile aeration pipe under a mine heap or dump leaching
flow in perforations, or in pipe are not permissible.
process. Their major use is to aerate the pile to improve the
7.2 Dimensions and Tolerance:
chemical extraction of the desired metal by the leachate. Heap
7.2.1 Nominal Size—The nominal size for the pipe and
leaching is used to extract copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver,
fittings for single profile wall and double profile wall shall be
uranium, or zinc.
the minimum inside diameter as shown in Table 1, rounded to
the closest whole number.
6. Materials
7.2.2 Inside Diameter—The actual inside diameter for
6.1 Pipe and Fittings—The pipe and fittings shall be made
single profile wall and double profile wall shall be the
of virgin PE plastic compound meeting the requirements of
minimum inside diameter with a +4.5 % or–0% tolerance
Specification D3350 cell classification 435400C or 435400E,
when measured in accordance with 9.3 and as shown in Table
except that carbon black content shall be equal to or greater
1.
than 2.0 % but not exceed 3.0 %. Compounds that have a
highercellclassificationinoneormoreperformanceproperties NOTE 1—The outside diameters and the corrugation pitch of products
TABLE 1 Double Wall Pipe Stiffness and Pipe Dimensions
Minimum Inside Minimum Pipe Stiffness Minimum Crown Minimum Liner
Diameter at 5 % Deflection Thickness Thickness
mm (in.) kPa (lbs/in/in) mm (in.) mm (in.)
75 (3) 345 (50) 0.64 (0.025) 0.5 (0.020)
100 (4) 345 (50) 0.64 (0.025) 0.5 (0.020)
125 (5) 345 (50) 0.69 (0.027) 0.5 (0.020)
150 (6) 345 (50) 0.71 (0.028) 0.5 (0.020)
200 (8) 345 (50) 0.91 (0.036) 0.6 (0.024)
250 (10) 345 (50) 1.22 (0.048) 0.6 (0.024)
300 (12) 345 (50) 1.80 (0.071) 0.9 (0.035)
375 (15) 290 (42) 2.21 (0.087) 1.0 (0.040)
450 (18) 275 (40) 3.05 (0.120) 1.3 (0.051)
600 (24) 235 (34) 3.05 (0.120) 1.5 (0.060)
F2987−12 (2018)
manufactured to this specification are not specified; therefore, compatibil-
7.2.6 Perforation covers—Perforations must be protected
ity between pipe and fittings from different manufacturers or the same
from plugging with ore by a cover or hat as shown in Fig. 2.
manufacturer shall be verified.
This cover must permit air the be discharged through the
7.2.3 Minimum Crown, Liner Wall Thickness—The mini-
openings between the corrugation valleys and the cover (or
mum wall thickness of the pipe crown shall meet the require-
“hat”). The covers are equal in thickness to the pipe couplings,
ments given in Table 1 when measured in accordance with 9.4.
are produced with resins compatible to the pipe, and welded at
7.2.4 Length—The pipe shall be supplied in any length
both longitudinal ends to the corrugation crests by extrusion
agreeable to both the owner and the manufacturer. Length shall
welding. Perforation covers shall be clearly marked (color,
not be less than 99 % of stated quantity when measured in
large lettering, numbers) identifying the perforation pattern
accordance with 9.5.
under it. Spacing of the perforations and covers are determined
7.2.5 Perforations—Perforationsshallbecleanlycut,placed
by the design engineer (typical 2 meters apart).
inthevalleyofthecorrugationrib,anduniformlyspacedalong
7.2.7 Crown Marking—The perforated pipe shall have clear
the length and circumference of the pipe. Pipe connected by
marking, such as a stripe, colored spots, etc., identifying the
bell and spigot joints shall not be perforated in the area of the
pipe crown centered over the perforations.
bells and spigots. Perforations shall be placed in the top 120°
7.3 Pipe Stiffness—The pipe shall have a minimum pipe
of the pipe.
stiffness at 5 % deflection for single wall and double wall as
NOTE 2—For heap leach aeration pipe systems, the perforation open
shown in Table 1, when tested in accordance with 9.7.
area will vary throughout the pipe run to achieve even distribution of the
7.4 Brittleness—Pipeandfittingspecimensshallbetestedin
air through the heap leach pile. Some non-perforated pipe is required as
part of the air distribution manifold system. accordance with 9.8.
FIG. 2Perforation Location and Covers
F2987−12 (2018)
7.5 Bond—The bond between layers of laminated pipe shall directly through a corrugation allowing a plain view of the
be strong and uniform. There shall be no separation of layers inner wall 360 degrees around the circumference in order to
when the pipe is deflected 20 %, in accordance with Test obtain a minimum of eight measurements in accordance with
Method D2412, nor shall it be possible to separate the layers Test Method D2122. As an alternative to Test Method D2122,
with the point of a knife when the pipe is in the deflected minimum liner thickness is allowed to be determined with the
condition. use of a calibrated ultrasonic thickness gauge.
NOTE 3—This test may be conducted as a continuation of pipe stiffness
NOTE 6—Test Method D2122 also permits the use of alternate mea-
testing as specified in 9.7.
surement methods such as ultrasonic gauges.
7.6 Fitting Requirements:
9.5 Length—Measurepipewithanysuitabledeviceaccurate
7.6.1 The fittings shall not reduce or impair the overall 1
to1mmin3m(6 ⁄32 in. in 10 ft). Make all measurements on
integrity or function of the pipe line.
the pipe while it is resting on a relatively flat surface, in a
straight line, with no external tensile or compressive forces
NOTE 4—Common corrugated fittings include in-line joint fittings, such
as tees, Y’s, reducers, couplers, elbows, and end caps. These fittings are exerted on the pipe.
installed internally or externally by various methods, such as snap-on,
9.6 Perforations—Measure dimensions of perforations on a
V-insertion, screw-on, or wrap around.
NOTE 5—Some corrugated fittings will not fit all pipe. Only fittings
straight specimen without external forces applied. Linear
supplied or recommended by the pipe manufacturer should be used.
measurements shall be made with an instrument with calibra-
7.6.2 Joints made with couplers, installed in accordance tion increments of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.).
with the manufacturer’s instructions. Pipe joints must be
9.7 Pipe Stiffness—Select a minimum of three pipe speci-
watertight when tested in accordance with Specification
mens and test for pipe stiffness F/∆y, as described in Test
D3212.
Method D2412, except for the following conditions: (1) The
7.6.3 Fitting specimens shall not crack or split when tested
test specimens shall be at least as long as the outside diameter;
in accordance with 9.8.
the exact length shall be an integer multiple of corrugation
pitch. (2) Locate the first specimen of all annular (tubularly)
8. Sampling and Retest
extruded pipe in the loading machine with the imaginary line
8.1 Sampling—Samples of pipe and fittings sufficient to
between the two corrugation seams (end view) parallel to the
determine conformance with this specification shall be taken at
loading plates. The specimen must lay flat on the plate within
random from stock or from the project site by the testing
3mm( ⁄8 in.) and may be straightened by hand bending at
agency. Samples shall be representative of the product type
roomtemperature.Usethefirstlocationasareferencepointfor
under consideration. A minimum of one sample of sufficient
rotation of the other two specimens. Rotate the second speci-
size to conduct all tests as required in this standard shall be
men 45° and the third specimen 90°.Test each specimen in one
taken for every 1000 meters of pipe length supplied on a
position only. (3)The deflection indicator shall be readable and
project.
accurateto 60.02mm(+0.001in.).(4)Theparallelplatesmust
exceed the sample
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2987 − 12 (Reapproved 2018) An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
Corrugated Polyethylene Pipe and Fittings for Mine Heap
Leach Aeration Applications
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2122 Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Ther-
moplastic Pipe and Fittings
1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods
D2412 Test Method for Determination of External Loading
for materials, workmanship, dimensions, perforations, pipe
Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading
stiffness, elongation, joint separation resistance, quality of
D2444 Practice for Determination of the Impact Resistance
extruded polyethylene, brittleness, testing, and marking of
of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup
corrugated polyethylene (PE) pipe and fittings for mine heap
(Falling Weight)
leach pile aeration. It covers with nominal sizes 100 mm (4
D3212 Specification for Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic
in.), 150 mm (6 in.), 200 mm (8 in.), 250 mm (10 in.) 300 mm
Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals
(12 in.), 375 mm (15 in.), and 450 mm (18 in.) diameter.
D3350 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fit-
1.2 This specification covers double wall, annular extruded
tings Materials
corrugated polyethylene pipe as depicted in Fig. 1.
D3895 Test Method for Oxidative-Induction Time of Poly-
olefins by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
1.3 The values in parentheses are provided for information
only. F412 Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
F2136 Test Method for Notched, Constant Ligament-Stress
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the
(NCLS) Test to Determine Slow-Crack-Growth Resis-
test method portion, Section 9, of this specification: This
tance of HDPE Resins or HDPE Corrugated Pipe
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
2.2 Federal Standards:
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Shipment (Civil Agencies)
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Technical
environmental practices and determine the applicability of
Manual: Plastic Pipe Used in Embankment Dams: Best
regulatory limitations prior to use.
Practices for Design, Construction, Problem Identification
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
and Evaluation, Inspection, Maintenance, Renovation, and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Repair
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
2.3 Military Standard:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Definitions used in this specification are in
2. Referenced Documents
2 accordance with Terminology F412 and abbreviations are in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
accordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise speci-
D618 Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
fied. The abbreviation for polyethylene is PE.
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plas-
tics 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 split—any break or crack that extends through the
wall.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F17 on Plastic
3.2.2 crease—a deformation that cannot be removed like a
Piping Systems and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F17.26 on Olefin
Based Pipe.
dent: generally associated with wall buckling.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018. Published July 2018. Originally approved
3.2.3 leaching—minerals are removed (leached) from ores
in 2012. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2987–12(2018). DOI:
10.1520/F2987-12R18. that have been mined, crushed, and placed on impervious pads
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from DLA Document Services, Building 4/D, 700 Robbins Ave.,
the ASTM website. Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, http://quicksearch.dla.mil.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2987 − 12 (2018)
FIG. 1 Typical Double Wall Profile Cross-Section
for removal (by chemical leaching) by percolation of the shall be permitted all other product requirements are met. For
solution through the ore, and collection of that solution at the slow crack-growth resistance, resins shall be evaluated using
bottom of the heap leach pile. the notched constant ligament stress (NCLS) test according to
the procedure described in 9.9.1. Samples shall be taken from
4. Ordering Information
the extruded pipe supplied to the project. The average failure
time of the five test specimens shall exceed 24 h with no single
4.1 Orders for product made to this specification shall
include the following information to adequately describe the test specimen’s failure time less than 17 h. Samples taken from
the extruded pipe supplied to the project shall have a minimum
desired product:
4.1.1 This ASTM designation and year of issue, Oxidative-Induction-Time of 20 minutes when tested in accor-
dance with in accordance with Test Method D3895.
4.1.2 Perforations:
4.1.2.1 With perforations,
6.2 Rework Material—Clean rework material, generated
4.1.2.2 Without perforations,
from the manufacturer’s own production of this product, may
4.1.3 Diameters,
be used by the manufacturer provided that the tubing and
4.1.4 Total meters of each pipe diameter involved,
fittings produced meet all requirements of this specification.
4.1.5 Pipe laying length,
7. General Requirements
4.1.6 Fitting type(s):
4.1.6.1 Size and type of fittings, including mainline and
7.1 Workmanship—The pipe and fittings shall be homoge-
branch diameters, and
neous throughout and be as uniform as commercially practical
4.1.6.2 Number of fittings per diameter.
in color, opacity, and density. The pipe walls shall be free of
cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusions, or other
5. Significance and Use
defects that are visible to the naked eye and that may affect the
5.1 Corrugated PE pipe and fittings in this standard are
wall integrity. The ends shall be cut cleanly and squarely. Holes
intended for deep underground applications under harsh chemi-
intentionally placed in perforated pipe are acceptable.
cal exposure from a corrosive effluent where they serve as heap
7.1.1 Visible defects, cracks, creases, splits, obstruction to
leach pile aeration pipe under a mine heap or dump leaching
flow in perforations, or in pipe are not permissible.
process. Their major use is to aerate the pile to improve the
7.2 Dimensions and Tolerance:
chemical extraction of the desired metal by the leachate. Heap
7.2.1 Nominal Size—The nominal size for the pipe and
leaching is used to extract copper, gold, lead, nickel, silver,
fittings for single profile wall and double profile wall shall be
uranium, or zinc.
the minimum inside diameter as shown in Table 1, rounded to
the closest whole number.
6. Materials
7.2.2 Inside Diameter—The actual inside diameter for
6.1 Pipe and Fittings—The pipe and fittings shall be made
single profile wall and double profile wall shall be the
of virgin PE plastic compound meeting the requirements of
minimum inside diameter with a +4.5 % or – 0 % tolerance
Specification D3350 cell classification 435400C or 435400E,
when measured in accordance with 9.3 and as shown in Table
except that carbon black content shall be equal to or greater
1.
than 2.0 % but not exceed 3.0 %. Compounds that have a
higher cell classification in one or more performance properties NOTE 1—The outside diameters and the corrugation pitch of products
TABLE 1 Double Wall Pipe Stiffness and Pipe Dimensions
Minimum Inside Minimum Pipe Stiffness Minimum Crown Minimum Liner
Diameter at 5 % Deflection Thickness Thickness
mm (in.) kPa (lbs/in/in) mm (in.) mm (in.)
75 (3) 345 (50) 0.64 (0.025) 0.5 (0.020)
100 (4) 345 (50) 0.64 (0.025) 0.5 (0.020)
125 (5) 345 (50) 0.69 (0.027) 0.5 (0.020)
150 (6) 345 (50) 0.71 (0.028) 0.5 (0.020)
200 (8) 345 (50) 0.91 (0.036) 0.6 (0.024)
250 (10) 345 (50) 1.22 (0.048) 0.6 (0.024)
300 (12) 345 (50) 1.80 (0.071) 0.9 (0.035)
375 (15) 290 (42) 2.21 (0.087) 1.0 (0.040)
450 (18) 275 (40) 3.05 (0.120) 1.3 (0.051)
600 (24) 235 (34) 3.05 (0.120) 1.5 (0.060)
F2987 − 12 (2018)
manufactured to this specification are not specified; therefore, compatibil-
7.2.6 Perforation covers—Perforations must be protected
ity between pipe and fittings from different manufacturers or the same
from plugging with ore by a cover or hat as shown in Fig. 2.
manufacturer shall be verified.
This cover must permit air the be discharged through the
7.2.3 Minimum Crown, Liner Wall Thickness—The mini-
openings between the corrugation valleys and the cover (or
mum wall thickness of the pipe crown shall meet the require-
“hat”). The covers are equal in thickness to the pipe couplings,
ments given in Table 1 when measured in accordance with 9.4.
are produced with resins compatible to the pipe, and welded at
7.2.4 Length—The pipe shall be supplied in any length
both longitudinal ends to the corrugation crests by extrusion
agreeable to both the owner and the manufacturer. Length shall
welding. Perforation covers shall be clearly marked (color,
not be less than 99 % of stated quantity when measured in
large lettering, numbers) identifying the perforation pattern
accordance with 9.5.
under it. Spacing of the perforations and covers are determined
7.2.5 Perforations—Perforations shall be cleanly cut, placed
by the design engineer (typical 2 meters apart).
in the valley of the corrugation rib, and uniformly spaced along
7.2.7 Crown Marking—The perforated pipe shall have clear
the length and circumference of the pipe. Pipe connected by
marking, such as a stripe, colored spots, etc., identifying the
bell and spigot joints shall not be perforated in the area of the
pipe crown centered over the perforations.
bells and spigots. Perforations shall be placed in the top 120°
7.3 Pipe Stiffness—The pipe shall have a minimum pipe
of the pipe.
stiffness at 5 % deflection for single wall and double wall as
NOTE 2—For heap leach aeration pipe systems, the perforation open
shown in Table 1, when tested in accordance with 9.7.
area will vary throughout the pipe run to achieve even distribution of the
7.4 Brittleness—Pipe and fitting specimens shall be tested in
air through the heap leach pile. Some non-perforated pipe is required as
part of the air distribution manifold system. accordance with 9.8.
FIG. 2 Perforation Location and Covers
F2987 − 12 (2018)
7.5 Bond—The bond between layers of laminated pipe shall directly through a corrugation allowing a plain view of the
be strong and uniform. There shall be no separation of layers inner wall 360 degrees around the circumference in order to
when the pipe is deflected 20 %, in accordance with Test obtain a minimum of eight measurements in accordance with
Method D2412, nor shall it be possible to separate the layers Test Method D2122. As an alternative to Test Method D2122,
with the point of a knife when the pipe is in the deflected minimum liner thickness is allowed to be determined with the
condition. use of a calibrated ultrasonic thickness gauge.
NOTE 3—This test may be conducted as a continuation of pipe stiffness
NOTE 6—Test Method D2122 also permits the use of alternate mea-
testing as specified in 9.7.
surement methods such as ultrasonic gauges.
7.6 Fitting Requirements:
9.5 Length—Measure pipe with any suitable device accurate
7.6.1 The fittings shall not reduce or impair the overall
to 1 mm in 3 m (6 ⁄32 in. in 10 ft). Make all measurements on
integrity or function of the pipe line.
the pipe while it is resting on a relatively flat surface, in a
straight line, with no external tensile or compressive forces
NOTE 4—Common corrugated fittings include in-line joint fittings, such
as tees, Y’s, reducers, couplers, elbows, and end caps. These fittings are exerted on the pipe.
installed internally or externally by various methods, such as snap-on,
9.6 Perforations—Measure dimensions of perforations on a
V-insertion, screw-on, or wrap around.
NOTE 5—Some corrugated fittings will not fit all pipe. Only fittings straight specimen without external forces applied. Linear
supplied or recommended by the pipe manufacturer should be used.
measurements shall be made with an instrument with calibra-
tion increments of 0.25 mm (0.01 in.).
7.6.2 Joints made with couplers, installed in accordance
with the manufacturer’s instructions. Pipe joints must be
9.7 Pipe Stiffness—Select a minimum of three pipe speci-
watertight when tested in accordance with Specification
mens and test for pipe stiffness F/Δy, as described in Test
D3212.
Method D2412, except for the following conditions: (1) The
7.6.3 Fitting specimens shall not crack or split when tested
test specimens shall be at least as long as the outside diameter;
in accordance with 9.8.
the exact length shall be an integer multiple of corrugation
pitch. (2) Locate the first specimen of all annular (tubularly)
8. Sampling and Retest
extruded pipe in the loading machine with the imaginary line
8.1 Sampling—Samples of pipe and fittings sufficient to
between the two corrugation seams (end view) parallel to the
determine conformance with this specification shall be taken at
loading plates. The specimen must lay flat on the plate within
random from stock or from the project site by the testing
3 mm ( ⁄8 in.) and may be straightened by hand bending at
agency. Samples shall be representative of the product type
room temperature. Use the first location as a reference point for
under consideration. A minimum of one sample of sufficient
rotation of the other two specimens. Rotate the second speci-
size to conduct all tests as required in this standard shall be
men 45° and the third specimen 90°. Test each specimen in one
taken for every 1000 meters of pipe length supplied on a
position only. (3) The deflection indicator shall be readable and
project.
accurate to 60.02 mm (+0.001 in.). (4) The parall
...
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