ASTM F2370-05
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a Sweating Manikin
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method can be used to quantify and compare the evaporative resistance provided by different clothing systems. The evaporative resistance values for ensembles measured under isothermal conditions can be used in models that predict the physiological responses of people in different environmental conditions.
The measurement of the evaporative resistance provided by clothing is complex and dependent upon the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer, moisture transfer, temperature, and air motion measurement, and testing practices is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures with the results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the evaporative resistance of clothing ensembles. It describes the measurement of the resistance to evaporative heat transfer from a heated sweating thermal manikin to a relatively calm environment.
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing measurement on a standing manikin.
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.
1.2 The evaporative resistance values obtained apply only to the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified environmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to air movement and sweating simulations.
1.3 Evaporative resistance values reported in SI units shall be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:F2370–05
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Evaporative Resistance of Clothing Using a
Sweating Manikin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2370; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thetypeofclothingwornbypeopledirectlyaffectstheheatexchangebetweenthehumanbodyand
the environment. The heat transfer is both sensible (conduction, convection, and radiation) and latent
(evaporation). The evaporative resistance of a clothing ensemble is dependent upon the designs and
materials used in the component garments, the amount of body surface area covered by the clothing,
the distribution of the layers over the body, looseness or tightness of fit, and the increased surface area
forheatloss.Evaporativeresistancemeasurementsmadeonfabricsalonedonottakethesefactorsinto
account. Measurements of the resistance to evaporative heat loss provided by clothing can be used
with thermal resistance values (Test Method F1291) to determine the comfort or stress of people in
different environments.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the evapo- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
rative resistance of clothing ensembles. It describes the mea- E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
surement of the resistance to evaporative heat transfer from a Determine the Precision of a Test Method
heated sweating thermal manikin to a relatively calm environ- F1291 Test Method for Measuring the Thermal Insulation
ment. of Clothing Using a Heated Manikin
1.1.1 This is a static test that provides a baseline clothing 2.2 ISO Standards:
measurement on a standing manikin. ISO 9920 Ergonomics of the Thermal Environment—
1.1.2 The effects of body position and movement are not Estimation of the Thermal Insulation and Evaporation
addressed in this test method. Resistance of a Clothing Ensemble
1.2 Theevaporativeresistancevaluesobtainedapplyonlyto
3. Terminology
the particular ensembles evaluated and for the specified envi-
3.1 Definitions:
ronmental conditions of each test, particularly with respect to
air movement and sweating simulations. 3.1.1 clothing ensemble, n—a group of garments worn
together on the body at the same time.
1.3 Evaporative resistance values reported in SI units shall
be regarded as standard. 3.1.2 clothing area factor (f ), n—the ratio of the surface
cl
area of the clothed body to the surface area of the nude body.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.3 evaporative resistance, n—the resistance to evapora-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- tive heat transfer from the body to the environment.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The evaporative resistance values can
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. be used to compare different clothing ensembles as long as
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.60 on Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Human Factors. the ASTM website.
Current edition approved September 15, 2005. Published October 2005. DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/F2370-05. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F2370–05
each test is conducted using the same experimental procedures with fingers extended to allow gloves to be worn), legs, and
and test conditions. The following evaporative resistance feet. Total surface area shall be 1.8 6 0.3 m , and height shall
values can be determined in this method: be170 610cm.Themanikin’sdimensionsshallcorrespondto
those required for standard sizes of garments because devia-
tions in fit will affect the results.
R = evaporative resistance of the air layer on the
ea
5.1.2 Sweat Generation—Themanikinmusthavetheability
surface of the nude manikin’s sweating surface
to evaporate water from its surface. Sweating system can be a
measured under isothermal conditions.
water-fed capillary body suit worn over a thermal manikin.
R = total evaporative resistance of the clothing and
et
Sweating can also be simulated by supplying water to and
surface air layer around the manikin measured
maintaining it at the inner surface of a waterproof, but
under isothermal conditions.
moisture-permeable fabric skin. Other technologies exist that
R = intrinsic evaporative resistance of the clothing
ecl
deliver water to the manikin’s surface with a valve delivery
measured under isothermal conditions.
system.
AR = apparent evaporative resistance of the air layer on
ea
5.1.2.1 Sweating Surface Area—The entire surface of the
thesurfaceofthenudemanikin’ssweatingsurface
manikinshallbeheatedandsweatingincludingthehead,chest,
measured under non-isothermal conditions.
back, abdomen, buttocks, arms, hands, legs, and feet.
AR = apparent total evaporative resistance of the cloth-
et
ing and surface air layer around the manikin 5.1.3 Surface Temperature—The manikin shall be con-
measured under non-isothermal conditions. structed so as to maintain a uniform temperature distribution
AR = apparent intrinsic evaporative resistance of the
overthenudebodysurface,withnolocalhotorcoldspots.The
ecl
clothing measured under non-isothermal condi-
mean surface (skin) temperature of the manikin shall be 35°C.
tions.
Local deviations from the mean surface temperature shall not
3.1.4 total thermal resistance (R)—the total resistance to exceed 60.5°C. Temperature uniformity of the nude manikin
t
dry heat loss from the manikin that includes the resistance shall be evaluated at least once annually using an infrared
provided by the ensemble and the air layer around the clothed thermal imaging system or equivalent method. This procedure
manikin.
shall also be repeated after repairs or alterations are completed
that could affect temperature uniformity, for example, replace-
4. Significance and Use
ment of a heating element.
4.1 This test method can be used to quantify and compare
5.2 Methods of Measuring Evaporative Resistance—The
the evaporative resistance provided by different clothing sys- evaporative resistance of a clothing system shall be measured
tems. The evaporative resistance values for ensembles mea-
by measuring the power consumption of the manikin (Option 1
sured under isothermal conditions can be used in models that in 8.6) or by measuring the evaporation rate of the liquid
predict the physiological responses of people in different
exiting the garment (Option 2 in 8.6).
environmental conditions.
5.2.1 Power-Measuring Instruments—If power consump-
4.2 Themeasurementoftheevaporativeresistanceprovided
tion method (Option 1) is used to calculate evaporative
by clothing is complex and dependent upon the apparatus and
resistance, the power to the manikin shall be measured so as to
techniquesused.Itisnotpracticalinatestmethodofthisscope
give an average over the period of a test. If time proportioning
to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Depar-
or phase proportioning is used for power control, then devices
turesfromtheinstructionsinthistestmethodhavethepotential
that are capable of averaging over the control cycle are
to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowl-
required. Integrating devices (watt-hour meters) are preferred
edge concerning the theory of heat transfer, moisture transfer,
over instantaneous devices (watt meters). Overall accuracy of
temperature,andairmotionmeasurement,andtestingpractices
the power monitoring equipment must be within 62 % of the
is needed to evaluate which departures from the instructions
reading for the average power for the test period. Since there
given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the
are a variety of devices and techniques used for power
method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such
measurement, no specified calibration procedures shall be
technical knowledge. Report any departures with the results.
given. However, an appropriate power calibration procedure is
to be developed and documented.
5. Apparatus
5.2.2 Equipment for Measuring Evaporative Water Loss—If
5.1 Manikin—A standing manikin shall be used that is
the rate of evaporation method (Option 2) is used to calculate
formed in the shape and size of an adult male or female and
evaporative heat loss, the mass loss due to evaporation shall be
heated to a constant average surface temperature.
measured by a set of balances to give an accurate average over
5.1.1 Size and Shape—The manikin shall be constructed to
the period of a test. One balance shall be used to measure the
simulate the body of a human being; that is, it shall consist of
amount of water being fed to the manikin while the other
a head, chest/back, abdomen/buttocks, arms, hands (preferably
measures the weight change of the manikin. Both balances
shall be calibrated yearly and have a resolution to the nearest
gram.
Information on laboratories with sweating manikins can be obtained from the
5.2.2.1 Measuring Water Dripping from the Manikin—A
Textile Protection and Comfort Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
panlargeenoughtoretainallwaterdrippingsfromthemanikin
NC 27695 or from the Institute for Environmental Research, Kansas State
University, Manhattan, KS 66506. during steady-state measurements, must be utilized if the rate
F2370–05
of evaporation method (Option 2) is used to calculate the humidity and a repeatability of 63 % is acceptable (for
evaporativeresistanceofaclothingsystem.Thecapturedwater example, wet bulb/dry bulb, dew point hygrometer). Only one
shall be measured at the end of the test with a calibrated location needs to be monitored during a test to ensure that the
balance having a resolution to the nearest gram. Water loss temporal uniformity requirements are met.
from dripping is subtracted out of the evaporation rate used to 5.4.4 Air Temperature Sensors—Shielded air temperature
calculate evaporative resistance. sensors shall be used. Any sensor with an overall accuracy of
60.15°C is acceptable (for example, RTD, thermocouple,
Discussion—If evaporation from the collection pan is a
thermistor). The sensor shall have a time constant not exceed-
concern, place a highly absorbent material (example: diaper
ing 1 min. The sensor(s) shall be 0.5 m from the manikin. If a
lining)inthepantocollectandretainallliquidthathasdripped
single sensor is used, it shall be 1.0 m above the floor. If
from the manikin.
multiple sensors are used, they shall be spaced at equal height
5.3 Equipment for Measuring the Manikin’s Surface (Skin)
intervals and their readings averaged.
Temperature—The mean surface temperature shall be mea-
5.4.5 Air Velocity Indicator—Anomni-directionalanemom-
sured with point sensors or distributed temperature sensors.
eter with 60.05 m/s accuracy shall be used. Measurements
5.3.1 Point Sensors—Point sensors shall be thermocouples,
shall be averaged for at least 1 min at each location. If it is
resistancetemperaturedevices(RTD’s),thermistors,orequiva-
demonstrated that velocity does not vary temporally by more
lent sensors. They shall be no more than 2 mm thick and shall
than 60.05 m/s, then it is not necessary to monitor air velocity
be well-bonded, both mechanically and thermally, to the
during a test. However, the value of the mean air velocity must
manikin’s surface. Lead wires shall be bonded to the surface or
be reported. If air velocity is monitored, then measurement
pass through the interior of the manikin, or both. Each sensor
location requirements are the same as for temperature.
temperature shall be area-weighted when calculating the mean
surface temperature for the body. A minimum of 15 point
6. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
sensors are required.At least one sensor shall be placed on the
6.1 Sampling—It is desirable to test three identical en-
head, chest, back, abdomen, buttocks, and both the right and
sembles to reflect sample variability. However, if only one
left upper arm, lower arm, hand, thigh, calf, and foot. These
ensemble is available (that is often the case with prototype
sensors must be placed in the same position for each test and
garments), replicate measurements shall be made on one
the placement of the sensors shall be given in the report.
ensemble.
5.3.2 Distributed Sensors—If distributed sensors are used
6.1.1 If only one ensemble is available, the garments must
(for example, resistance wire), then the sensors must be
be removed from the manikin after each test, dried, and
distributed over the surface so that all areas are equally
conditioned as specified in 6.4 before retesting.
weighted. If several such sensors are used to measure the
6.2 Specimen Size and Fit—Select the size of garments that
temperature of different parts of the body, then their respective
will fit the manikin appropriately (that is, the way the manu-
temperaturesshallbearea-weightedwhencalculatingthemean
facturer designed them to be worn on the human body during
surface temperature. Distributed sensors shall be less than 1
their intended end use). For example, some knitted garments
mm in diameter and firmly attached to the manikin surface at
are designed to fit the body relatively tightly. Others are
all points.
designed to fit loosely to accommodate a wider range of body
5.4 Controlled Environmental Chamber—The manikin
dimensions or to allow other garments to be worn underneath.
shall be placed in a chamber at least 1.5 by 1.5 by 2.5 m in
In a stationary manikin test, large air layers in the clothing
dimension that can provide uniform conditions, both spatially
system will contribute to a higher evaporative resistance value
and temporally.
than small air layers. Therefore, garments that do not have the
5.4.1 Spatial Variations—Spatialvariationsshallnotexceed
appropriate fit on the manikin (that is, too tight or too loose),
the following: air temperature 61°C, relative humidity 65%,
will cause errors in measurement.
and air velocity 650 % of the mean value. In addition, the
6.2.1 When manikin measurements are used to compare
mean radiant
...
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