ASTM D240-02(2007)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.
The heat of combustion as determined by this test method is designated as one of the chemical and physical requirements of both commercial and military turbine fuels and aviation gasolines.
The mass heat of combustion, the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel, is a critical property of fuels intended for use in weight-limited craft such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydrofoils. The range of such craft between refueling is a direct function of the heat of combustion and density of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as reproducible as Test Method D 4809.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex A3.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D240–02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
1
Calorimeter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D240; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
lometry
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of
D3701 Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Aviation
combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility
TurbineFuelsbyLowResolutionNuclearMagneticReso-
from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.
nance Spectrometry
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT,
trometry
and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
reproducible as Test Method D4809.
Method)
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
standard.
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1 Specification forASTM Liquid-in-GlassThermometers
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Stor-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
age of Standard and Reagent Solutions for Chemical
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard
Analysis
statements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex A3.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.1 Definitions:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.1 grossheatofcombustion,Qg(MJ/kg)—thequantityof
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
energyreleasedwhenaunitmassoffuelisburnedinaconstant
eral Bomb Method)
volume enclosure, with the products being gaseous, other than
D1018 Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
water that is condensed to the liquid state.
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid,
(Lamp Method)
and contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
sulfur. The products of combustion, in oxygen, are gaseous
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and liquid
D3120 Test Method forTrace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
water. In this procedure, 25°C is the initial temperature of the
fuel and the oxygen, and the final temperature of the products
of combustion.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
3.1.2 net heat of combustion, Qn (MJ/kg)—the quantity of
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee
energy released when a unit mass of fuel is burned at constant
D02.05 on Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material.
pressure, with all of the products, including water, being
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
approved in 1957. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D240–02.
gaseous.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The fuel can be either liquid or solid,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. nitrogen, and sulfur. The products of combustion, in oxygen,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D240–02 (2007)
are carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and water, 5. Significance and Use
allinthegaseousstate.Inthisprocedure,thecombustiontakes
5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy
place at a constant pressure of 0.1012 MPa (1 atm), and 25°C
available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential
is the initial temperature of the fuel and the oxygen, and the
when considering the thermal efficienc
...
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