ASTM E228-11

Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy the performance requirements set forth in this standard.Note 1
Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica dilatometers operating over a temperature range of -180 to 900°C. The concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for silica systems up to 900°C. However, their precision and bias have not yet been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlaboratory comparisons.
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-length change measurements. This includes, as examples, metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a variety of composites.
1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for example, Test Method D 696) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E 831) but is significantly lower than that of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example, Test Method E 289). It is generally applicable to materials having absolute linear expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5 m/(mC) for a 1000°C range, and under special circumstances can be used for lower expansion materials when special precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen falls within the capabilities of the measuring system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the specification.
1.4 Computer- or electronic-based instrumentation, techniques, and data analysis systems may be used in conjunction with this test method, as long as it is established that such a system strictly adheres to the principles and computational schemes set forth in this method. Users of the test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent and may omit or deviate from the methodology described hereunder. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.
1.5 SI units are the standard.
1.6 There is no ISO method equivalent to this standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2011
• ICS: 19.060 - Mechanical testing
• Technical Committee: E37 - Thermal Measurements
• Drafting Committee: E37.05 - Thermophysical Properties

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM E228-11(2016) - Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2016

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E228 − 11
StandardTest Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-
1
Rod Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.4 Computer- or electronic-based instrumentation,
techniques, and data analysis systems may be used in conjunc-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear
tion with this test method, as long as it is established that such
thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod
a system strictly adheres to the principles and computational
dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical
schemes set forth in this method. Users of the test method are
temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy
expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may
the performance requirements set forth in this standard.
not be equivalent and may omit or deviate from the method-
NOTE 1—Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica
ologydescribedhereunder.Itistheresponsibilityoftheuserto
dilatometers operating over a temperature range of –180 to 900°C. The
concepts and principles have been amply documented in the literature to
determine the necessary equivalency prior to use.
be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
and bias of these systems is believed to be of the same order as that for
silicasystemsupto900°C.However,theirprecisionandbiashavenotyet standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
been established over the relevant total range of temperature due to the
standard.
lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlabo-
1.6 There is no ISO method equivalent to this standard.
ratory comparisons.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
length change measurements. This includes, as examples,
metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals,
2. Referenced Documents
graphites, plastics, cements, cured mortars, woods, and a
2
variety of composites.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D696TestMethodforCoefficientofLinearThermalExpan-
1.3 The precision of this comparative test method is higher
sion of Plastics Between −30°C and 30°C with a Vitreous
than that of other push-rod dilatometry techniques (for
Silica Dilatometer
example, Test Method D696) and thermomechanical analysis
E220Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
(forexample,TestMethodE831)butissignificantlylowerthan
Comparison Techniques
that of absolute methods such as interferometry (for example,
E289Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid
Test Method E289). It is generally applicable to materials
Solids with Interferometry
having absolute linear expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5
E473Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
µm/(m·°C) for a 1000°C range, and under special circum-
ology
stancescanbeusedforlowerexpansionmaterialswhenspecial
E644Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of
mometers
the specimen falls within the capabilities of the measuring
E831Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found
Materials by Thermomechanical Analysis
to meet the specification.
E1142Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE37onThermal
Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.05 on Thermo-
2
physical Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published April 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E228–06. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0228-11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM Inte
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E228–06 Designation:E228–11
Standard Test Method for
Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials With a Push-
1
Rod Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E228; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear thermal expansion of rigid solid materials using push-rod
dilatometers. This method is applicable over any practical temperature range where a device can be constructed to satisfy the
performance requirements set forth in this standard.
NOTE 1—Initially, this method was developed for vitreous silica dilatometers operating over a temperature range of –180 to 900°C. The concepts and
principles have been amply documented in the literature to be equally applicable for operating at higher temperatures. The precision and bias of these
systems is believed to be of the same order as that for silica systems up to 900°C. However, their precision and bias have not yet been established over
the relevant total range of temperature due to the lack of well-characterized reference materials and the need for interlaboratory comparisons.
1.2 For this purpose, a rigid solid is defined as a material that, at test temperature and under the stresses imposed by
instrumentation, has a negligible creep or elastic strain rate, or both, thus insignificantly affecting the precision of thermal-length
change measurements. This includes, as examples, metals, ceramics, refractories, glasses, rocks and minerals, graphites, plastics,
cements, cured mortars, woods, and a variety of composites.
1.3 Theprecisionofthiscomparativetestmethodishigherthanthatofotherpush-roddilatometrytechniques(forexample,Test
Method D696) and thermomechanical analysis (for example, Test Method E831) but is significantly lower than that of absolute
methods such as interferometry (for example, Test Method E289). It is generally applicable to materials having absolute linear
expansion coefficients exceeding 0.5 µm/(m·°C) for a 1000°C range, and under special circumstances can be used for lower
expansion materials when special precautions are used to ensure that the produced expansion of the specimen falls within the
capabilities of the measuring system. In such cases, a sufficiently long specimen was found to meet the specification.
1.4 Computer- or electronic-based instrumentation, techniques, and data analysis systems may be used in conjunction with this
test method, as long as it is established that such a system strictly adheres to the principles and computational schemes set forth
in this method. Users of the test method are expressly advised that all such instruments or techniques may not be equivalent and
may omit or deviate from the methodology described hereunder. It is the responsibility of the user to determine the necessary
equivalency prior to use.
1.5SI units are the standard.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 There is no ISO method equivalent to this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D696 Test Method for Coefficient of Linear Thermal Expansion of Plastics Between 30C and 30C with a Vitreous Silica
Dilatometer
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
E289 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Rigid Solids with Interferometry
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.05 on
Thermophysical Properties.
CurrenteditionapprovedSept.1,2006.PublishedNovember2006.Originallyapprovedin1963.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin1995asE228–95,whichwaswithdrawn
May 2005 and reinstated in September 2006. DOI: 10.1520/E0228-06.
Current edition approvedApril 1, 2011. PublishedApril 2011. Originally approved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E228 – 06. DOI: 10.1
...