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ASTM D2270-10(2016)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C

Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The viscosity index is a widely used and accepted measure of the variation in kinematic viscosity due to changes in the temperature of a petroleum product between 40 °C and 100 °C.  
4.2 A higher viscosity index indicates a smaller decrease in kinematic viscosity with increasing temperature of the lubricant.  
4.3 The viscosity index is used in practice as a single number indicating temperature dependence of kinematic viscosity.  
4.4 Viscosity Index is sometimes used to characterize base oils for purposes of establishing engine testing requirements for engine oil performance categories.6
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the procedures for calculating the viscosity index of petroleum products, such as lubricating oils, and related materials from their kinematic viscosities at 40 °C and 100 °C.
Note 1: The results obtained from the calculation of VI from kinematic viscosities determined at 40 °C and 100 °C are virtually the same as those obtained from the former VI system using kinematic viscosities determined at 37.78 °C and 98.89 °C.  
1.2 This practice does not apply to petroleum products with kinematic viscosities less than 2.0 mm2/s at 100 °C. Table 1 given in this practice applies to petroleum products with kinematic viscosities between 2 mm2/s and 70 mm2/s at 100 °C. Equations are provided for calculating viscosity index for petroleum products having kinematic viscosities above 70 mm2/s at 100 °C.  
1.2.1 In cases where kinematic viscosity data are not available at temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C, an estimate may be made of the viscosity index by calculating the kinematic viscosity at temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C from data obtained at other temperatures. Such viscosity index data may be considered as suitable for information only and not for specification purposes. See Test Method D341, Annex A1.  
1.3 The kinematic viscosity values are determined with reference to a value of 1.0034 mm2/s at 20.00 °C for distilled water. The determination of the kinematic viscosity of a petroleum product shall be carried out in accordance with Test Methods D445, D7042, IP 71, or ISO 3104.  
1.3.1 If Viscosity Index calculated for a given sample using kinematic viscosity measurements from different test methods are in disagreement, the values calculated from Test Method D445 measurements shall be accepted.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. For user reference, 1 mm2/s = 10-6m 2/s = 1 cSt.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Dec-2015
ICS
17.060 - Measurement of volume, mass, density, viscosity
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D445-16 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
15-Dec-2016
Refers
ASTM D1695-07(2019) - Standard Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
Effective Date
01-Dec-2019
Refers
ASTM D341-17 - Standard Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products
Effective Date
01-Jul-2017
Refers
ASTM D341-20e1 - Standard Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Equations and Charts for Liquid Petroleum or Hydrocarbon Products
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Refers
ASTM D341-20 - Standard Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Equations and Charts for Liquid Petroleum or Hydrocarbon Products
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Refers
ASTM D445-14 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2014
Refers
ASTM D445-14e1 - Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Effective Date
01-Jul-2014
Refers
ASTM D341-09(2015) - Standard Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid Petroleum Products
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015

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ASTM D2270-10(2016) - Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °CASTM D2270-10(2016) - Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C
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ASTM D2270-10(2016) - Standard Practice for Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at 40 °C and 100 °C
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2270 − 10 (Reapproved 2016) British Standard 4459
Designation: 226/91 (95)
Standard Practice for
Calculating Viscosity Index from Kinematic Viscosity at
1
40 °C and 100 °C
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2270; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.3.1 If Viscosity Index calculated for a given sample using
2 kinematic viscosity measurements from different test methods
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calculating the
are in disagreement, the values calculated from Test Method
viscosity index of petroleum products, such as lubricating oils,
D445 measurements shall be accepted.
and related materials from their kinematic viscosities at 40 °C
and 100 °C. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
NOTE 1—The results obtained from the calculation of VI from kine-
standard.
matic viscosities determined at 40 °C and 100 °C are virtually the same as
1.4.1 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
those obtained from the former VI system using kinematic viscosities
2 -6 2
determined at 37.78 °C and 98.89 °C.
standard. For user reference, 1 mm/s=10 m /s = 1 cSt.
1.2 This practice does not apply to petroleum products with
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2
kinematic viscosities less than 2.0 mm /s at 100 °C. Table 1
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
given in this practice applies to petroleum products with
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2 2
kinematic viscosities between 2 mm /s and 70 mm /s at
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
100 °C. Equations are provided for calculating viscosity index
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
for petroleum products having kinematic viscosities above
2
70 mm /s at 100 °C. 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.2.1 In cases where kinematic viscosity data are not avail-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
able at temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C, an estimate may be
D341 Practice for Viscosity-Temperature Charts for Liquid
made of the viscosity index by calculating the kinematic
Petroleum Products
viscosity at temperatures of 40 °C and 100 °C from data
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
obtained at other temperatures. Such viscosity index data may
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
be considered as suitable for information only and not for
ity)
specification purposes. See Test Method D341, Annex A1.
D1695 Terminology of Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives
1.3 The kinematic viscosity values are determined with D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
2
reference to a value of 1.0034 mm /s at 20.00 °C for distilled Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
water. The determination of the kinematic viscosity of a Kinematic Viscosity)
petroleum product shall be carried out in accordance with Test E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Methods D445, D7042, IP 71, or ISO 3104. Determine Conformance with Specifications
4
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 3104 Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-
Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
culation of Dynamic Viscosity
In the IP, this practice is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee
and issued under the fixed designation IP 226. The final number indicates the year
of last revision.
3
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published February 2016. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ɛ1
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as D2270 – 10 . DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/D2270-10R16. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
2
Supporting data (Metrication of Viscosity Index System Method D2270) have the ASTM website.
4
been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Research Report RR:D02-1009. 4th Floor,
...

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1.5 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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Note 1: For the determination of density of materials which are fluid at normal temperatures, see Test Method D1217.  
1.2 This test method provides a calculation procedure for converting density to specific gravity.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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ASTM D2162-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers and Viscosity Oil Standards

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5.1 Because there are surface tension or kinematic viscosity differences, or both, between the primary standard (7.4) and kinematic viscosity standards (7.5), special procedures using master viscometers are required to “step-up” from the kinematic viscosity of the primary standard to the kinematic viscosities of oil standards.  
5.2 Using master viscometers calibrated according to this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.  
5.3 Using viscosity oil standards established in this practice, an operator can calibrate kinematic viscometers in accordance with Specifications D446.
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1.1 This practice covers the calibration of master viscometers and viscosity oil standards, both of which may be used to calibrate routine viscometers as described in Test Method D445 and Specifications D446 over the temperature range from 15 °C to 100 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The SI-based units for calibration constants and kinematic viscosities are mm2/s2 and mm 2/s, respectively.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many petroleum products, as well as non-petroleum materials, are used as lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic equipment, etc. Proper operation of this equipment depends upon the viscosity of these liquids.  
5.2 Oscillating piston viscometers allow viscosity measurement of a broad range of materials including transparent, translucent and opaque liquids. The measurement principle and stainless steel construction makes the Oscillating Piston Viscometer resistant to damage and suitable for portable operations. The measurement itself is automatic and does not require an operator to time the oscillation of the piston. The electromagnetically driven piston mixes the sample while under test. The instrument requires a sample volume of less than 5 mL and typical solvent volume of less than 10 mL which minimizes cleanup effort and waste.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of dynamic viscosity and derivation of kinematic viscosity of liquids, such as new and in-service lubricating oils, by means of an oscillating piston viscometer.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to Newtonian and non-Newtonian liquids; however the precision statement was developed using Newtonian liquids.  
1.3 The range of dynamic viscosity covered by this test method is from 0.2 mPa·s to 20 000 mPa·s (which is approximately the kinematic viscosity range of 0.2 mm2/s to 22 000 mm2/s for new oils) in the temperature range between –40 °C to 190 °C; however the precision has been determined only for new and used oils in the range of 34 mPa·s to 1150 mPa·s at 40 °C, 5.7 mPa·s to 131 mPa·s at 100 °C, and 46.5 mm2/s to 436 mm2/s at 40 °C.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6616-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Viscosity at High Shear Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscometer at 100 °C

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Viscosity at the shear rate and temperature of this test method is thought to be particularly representative of bearing conditions in large medium speed reciprocating engines as well as automotive and heavy duty engines operating in this temperature regime.  
5.2 The importance of viscosity under these conditions has been stressed in railroad specifications.  
5.3 For other industry needs this method may also be run at 80 °C by using different crossover calibration oils available from the manufacturer. No precision has been determined at this temperature. The equipment is also used at higher temperatures as shown in Test Method D4683 and CEC L-36-90 (also referenced from IP 370).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the viscosity of engine oils at 100 °C and 1·106s–1 using the Tapered Bearing Simulator (TBS) viscometer.2
Note 1: This test method is similar to Test Method D4683 which uses the same TBS viscometer to measure high shear viscosity at 150 °C.  
1.2 The Newtonian calibration oils used to establish this test method range from approximately 5 mPa·s (cP) to 12 mPa·s (cP) at 100 °C and either the manual or automated protocol was used by each participant in developing the precision statement. The viscosity range of the test method at this temperature is from 1 mPa·s (cP) to above 25 mPa·s (cP), depending on the model of TBS.  
1.3 The non-Newtonian reference oil used to establish the shear rate of 1·106s–1 for this test method has a viscosity of approximately 10 mPa·s at 100 °C.  
1.4 Application to petroleum products other than engine oil has not been determined in preparing the viscometric information for this test method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. This test method uses the milliPascal second (mPa·s) as the unit of viscosity. This unit is equivalent to the centiPoise (cP), which is shown in parentheses.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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