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ASTM D2591-01

(Test Method)

Method of Test for Linear Density of Elastomeric Yarn (Short Length Speciments)

Method of Test for Linear Density of Elastomeric Yarn (Short Length Speciments)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear density of short lengths of "as produced" elastomeric yarns made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers.
Note 1—For the determination of linear density of elastomeric yarns using skeins, refer to Test Method D 6717.
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped, or core-spun yarns, or yarns spun from elastomeric staple, or elastomeric yarns removed from fabrics.
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test the US Customary units are in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2001
ICS
59.080.20 - Yarns
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.58 - Yarns and Fibers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D2591-07 - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Elastomeric Yarns (Short Length Specimens)
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007
Referred By
ASTM D2731-21 - Standard Test Method for Elastic Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D2653-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Elastomeric Yarns (CRE Type Tensile Testing Machines)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001
Referred By
ASTM D6717-07(2018) - Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Elastomeric Yarns (Skein Specimens)
Effective Date
10-Sep-2001

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ASTM D2591-01 - Method of Test for Linear Density of Elastomeric Yarn (Short Length Speciments)ASTM D2591-01 - Method of Test for Linear Density of Elastomeric Yarn (Short Length Speciments)
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ASTM D2591-01 - Method of Test for Linear Density of Elastomeric Yarn (Short Length Speciments)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D2591–01
Standard Test Method for
Linear Density of Elastomeric Yarns (Short Length
Specimens)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 denier, n—the unit of linear density, equal to the mass
in grams per 9000 m of fiber, yarn, or other textile strand that
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear
is used in a direct yarn numbering system.
density of short lengths of “as produced” elastomeric yarns
3.1.2 elastomeric yarn, n—a nontextured yarn which can be
made from rubber, spandex or other elastomers.
stretched repeatedly at room temperature to at least twice its
NOTE 1—For the determination of linear density of elastomeric yarns
originallengthandwhichafterremovalofthetensileforcewill
using skeins, refer to Test Method D 6717.
immediately and forcibly return to approximately its original
1.2 This test method is not applicable to covered, wrapped,
length.
or core-spun yarns, or yarns spun from elastomeric staple, or
3.1.3 linear density, n—for fiber and yarn, the mass per unit
elastomeric yarns removed from fabrics.
length.
1.3 This test method is applicable to elastomeric yarns
3.1.4 tex, n—the unit of linear density, equal to the mass in
having a range of 40 to 3200 dtex (36 to 2900 denier).
grams of 1000 metres of fiber, yarn or other textile strand, that
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. Customary
is used in a direct yarn numbering system.
units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test
3.1.5 Fordefinitionsofothertermsrelatedtotextilesusedin
theUSCustomaryunitsareinparentheses.Thevaluesstatedin
this standard, refer to Terminology D 123.
each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system
4. Summary of Test Method
shall be used independently of the other.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 A pre-relaxed specimen is fastened in vertically
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mountedapparatusunderaspecifiedtension.Aspecifiedlength
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
is cut from the specimen and weighed, and the linear density
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
calculated.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for accep-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tance testing of commercial shipments because current esti-
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
mates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance be-
D 6717 Test Method for Linear Density of Elastomeric
tween reported test results for two laboratories (or more),
Yarns (Skein Specimens)
comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is
a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical
3. Terminology
assistance. As a minimum, use samples for such comparative
3.1 Definitions:
teststhatareashomogeneousaspossible,drawnfromthesame
lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results
during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers
1 to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
involved should be compared using a statistical test for
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns.
Current edition approved September 10, 2001. Published November 2001.
unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing
Originally published as D 2591 – 67. Discontinued 1979 and reinstated as
series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and
D 2591 – 01. Last previous edition D 2591 – 72.
2 corrected, or future test results for that material must be
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02. adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D2591
5.2 Linear density of elastomeric yarns is used in some general construction details of suitable apparatus.
calculations for tensile and elastic properties. 6.2.1 Steel Plate, about 100 mm (4 in.) wide and 1.3 m (1.4
5.3 The test method is based on elastomeric yarns in lthe yd) long.
“as-produced” condition, but may be used for treated elasto- 6.2.2 Clamps, three toggle-action type with rubber tips.
meric yarns provided the treatment is specified. The method 6.2.3 Brass Plates, two, with slots at right angles to be used
does not cover the removal of finish for the determination of for controlling the alignment and length of the specimen.
linear density of “finish-free” elastomeric yarns. 6.2.3.1 The slots are positioned such that the distance
between the slot midlines provides a gage length of 1000 mm
6. Apparatus
when using the tex system or 900 mm when using the denier
6.1 Specimen Boards, with short pile or plush surfaces of system. If necessary, the two gage lengths can be obtained by
having the upper slot assembly adjustable, or by having two
black or contrasting color, for storing specimens during relax-
ation period. separate test apparatuses.
6.3 Tensioning Weights, with varioius masses from 10 mg to
6.2 Linear Density Apparatus, mounted vertically on a wall
or in a sturdy, stable vertical support and containing the 3gasrequired,topretensionthespecimensto1.0 60.1cN/tex
(0.9 6 0.09 gf/d) tension based on the nominal linear density
essential parts listed below. See Fig. 1 and Annex A1 for
of the yarn.
6.4 Razor Blades, safety single-edge, or wood-carving type
4 knife.
Components are commercially available.
NOTE 1—Drawing not to scale. For conversion to U.S. customary units,
divide mm by 25.4 to obtain inches
FIG. 1 Linear Density Apparatus
D2591
6.5 Balance, with an accuracy of 6 0.1% of the expected apparatus. Do not allow the tension weight to drop suddenly as
mass of the specimens. this will put abnormal tension on the specimen affecting the
length.
7. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
NOTE 3—Release of the weight from the palm of the hand has less
7.1 Lot Sample —As a lot sample for acceptance testing,
effect on the tension than releasing the weight from between thumb and
finger.
take a random number of shipping units directed in an
applicable material specification or other agreement between
9.5 After approximately 5 s, close the bottom clamp and
the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use
then the middle clamp. Cut the specimen centrally in the
Practice D 2258. Consider shipping cases or other shipping
bottom slot and then in the top slot, using a straight-on
units to be the primary sampling units.
perpendicular cutting action without lateral action. Lateral
NOTE 2—An adequate specification or other agreement between the action may cause stretching. The actual length of the test
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
specimen after cutting is 1 m (1000 mm) 61mmor0.9m
between shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit,
(900mm) 61mmdependingupontheyarnnumberingsystem
and between specimens from a single package to provide a sampling with
used.
a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level
9.6 Weighthespecimenandrecorditsmasstowithin0.1%.
and limiting quality level.
9.7 Calculate the linear density as directed in 10.1, then
7.2 Laboratory Sample —As a laboratory sample for accep-
compare the calculated linear density to the nominal density
tance testing, take at random from each shipping unit in the lot
given and proceed as follows:
sample the number of packages directed in an applicable
9.7.1 If the calculated density is within5%ofthe given
material specification or other agreement between the pur-
nominal density, test 4 additional specimens as directed in
chaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use Practice
9.3-9.6, for a total of five.
D 2258. Preferably, take the same number of packages from
9.7.2 If the calculated density is different from the given
eac
...

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5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between the reported test results for two or more laboratories, comparative tests should be performed by those laboratories to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for each comparative tests should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that results in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established tests values are used for this purpose. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before testing begins, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
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Standard Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.  
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.  
5.4 When a yarn is incorporated into or removed from a more complex structure, alterations may occur as a result of ...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.  
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: For a more rapid but less accurate method of determining twist in single spun yarns, refer to Test Method D1422.
Note 2: This test method has been evaluated for use in de...

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ASTM
ASTM D2258/D2258M-16(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.  
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.  
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.  
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.  
5.2.3 Sampling count and number of specimens will be based on standard practice listed within the document. Increase or decrease in count or frequency might be applied based on typical standard deviation, precision and confidence level, Measurement System...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.  
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.  
1.3 This practice also describes procedures for the sampling of yarn(s) removed from woven or knitted fabrics; however, when thus sampled, the yarns are usually not representative of entire shipments, as referred to in 1.1. Consequently, the resultant sampling can only be used to determine the characteristics of the yarn and is usually not used for acceptance testing. Moreover, it should be recognized that the characteristics of yarns from fabrics may be different than the characteristics of the same yarn(s), prior to being entered into the fabric manufacturing process.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...

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ASTM D2256/D2256M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Acceptance Testing—Option A1 of Test Method D2256 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is not applicable to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wet specimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on specimens exposed to low or high temperatures and should be used with caution for acceptance testing because factual information on between-laboratory precision and bias is not available.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Fundamental Properties—The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yield point. The chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance to imposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of the work necessary to break the yarn.  
5.3 Comparison to Skein Testing—The single-strand method gives a more a...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns, either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that stretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to 1.0 cN/tex [0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex].  
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, and breaking toughness.  
1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in: (A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.  
1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of specimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed, (3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.  
Note 1: Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers; namely, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Methods D885, and Specification D578.
Note 2: For directions covering the determination of breaking force of yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D1578.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization estab...

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    sale 15% off