ASTM F2084/F2084M-01(2007)e2
(Guide)Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments
Standard Guide for Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in Controlled Environments
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide defines a series of test methods to determine the oil containment effectiveness of containment booms when they are subjected to a variety of towing and wave conditions. The test methods measure the tow speed at which the boom first loses oil (both in calm water and in various wave conditions), the tow speed at which the boom reaches a gross oil loss condition (both in calm water and in various wave conditions), boom conformance to the surface wave conditions for various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies, (qualitatively), resulting tow forces when encountering various speeds and wave conditions, identifies towing ability at high speeds in calm water and waves, boom sea-worthiness relative to its hardware (i.e., connectors, ballast members), and general durability.
User's of this guide are cautioned that the ratio of boom draft to tank depth can affect test results, in particular the tow loads (see Appendix X1 discussion).
Other variables such as ease of repair and deployment, required operator training, operator fatigue, and transportability also affect performance in an actual spill but are not measured in this guide. These variables should be considered along with the test data when making comparisons or evaluations of containment booms.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the effectiveness of full-scale oil spill containment booms in a controlled test facility.
1.2 This guide involves the use of specific test oils that may be considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to procure and abide by the necessary permits for disposal of the used test oil.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation:F2084/F2084M–01 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Guide for
Collecting Containment Boom Performance Data in
Controlled Environments
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF2084/F2084M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Referenced ASTM Standard D 4092 was editorially corrected to be Test Method D4052 in May 2007.
´ NOTE—Units information was editorially corrected and “mercury thermometer” was editorially changed to “thermometer”
in Table 1 in October 2010.
1. Scope and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
ity)
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the effectiveness of
D971 Test Method for Interfacial Tension of Oil Against
full-scale oil spill containment booms in a controlled test
Water by the Ring Method
facility.
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
1.2 This guide involves the use of specific test oils that may
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
be considered hazardous materials. It is the responsibility of
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
the user of this guide to procure and abide by the necessary
D1796 Test Method forWater and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
permits for disposal of the used test oil.
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Lubricants Measured by Brookfield Viscometer
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
D4007 TestMethodforWaterandSedimentinCrudeOilby
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Procedure)
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
with the standard.
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
F631 Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Controlled Environments
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
F818 Terminology Relating to Spill Response Barriers
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Boom Performance Data Terminology—Terms associ-
2 ated with boom performance tests conducted in controlled
2.1 ASTM Standards:
environments:
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
3.1.1 boom submergence (aka submarining)—containment
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
failure due to loss of freeboard.
3.1.2 first-loss tow/current velocity—minimum tow/current
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous
velocity normal to the membrane at which oil continually
Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
escapes past a boom This applies to the boom in the catenary
F20.11 on Control.
position.
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published May 2007. Originally
3.1.3 gross loss tow/current velocity—the minimum speed
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as F2084 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/F2084_F2084M-01R07E02.
at which massive continual oil loss is observed escaping past
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
the boom.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.4 harbor chop—a condition of the water surface pro-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. duced by an irregular pattern of waves.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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F2084/F2084M–01 (2007)
3.1.5 preload—during testing, the quantity of test fluid water for the length of the facility. A wave generator may be
distributed in front of and contained by the boom prior to the installed on one end, or on the side of the facility, or both.
onset of a test. 6.1.2 Current Tank—A current tank is a water-filled tank
3.1.6 tow speed—the relative speed difference between a equipped with a pump or other propulsion system for moving
boom and the water in which the boom is floating. In this the water through a test section where the test device is
standard guide relative current speed is equivalent. mounted.Awavegeneratormaybeinstalledonthistypeoftest
3.1.7 wave height—(significant wave height) the average facility.
height, measured crest to trough, of the one-third highest 6.1.3 Other facilities, such as private ponds or flumes, may
waves, considering only short-period waves (i.e., period less also be used, provided the test parameters can be suitably
than 10 s). controlled.
3.1.8 wave period—(significant wave period) the average 6.2 Ancillary systems for facilities include, but are not
period of the one-third highest waves, measured as the elapsed limited to a distribution system for accurately delivering test
time between crests of succeeding waves. fluids to the water surface, skimming systems to assist in
cleaning the facility between tests, and adequate tankage for
4. Significance and Use storing the test fluids.
4.1 This guide defines a series of test methods to determine
7. Test Configuration and Instrumentation
the oil containment effectiveness of containment booms when
7.1 The boom should be rigged in a catenary configuration,
they are subjected to a variety of towing and wave conditions.
with the gap equal to 33 % of the length; or boom gap-to-
The test methods measure the tow speed at which the boom
length ratio of 1:3. Towing bridles are generally provided by
first loses oil (both in calm water and in various wave
the manufacturer for both ends of the boom which provide
conditions), the tow speed at which the boom reaches a gross
attachmentpointsfortowing(Fig.1).Ateachendoftheboom,
oil loss condition (both in calm water and in various wave
the towing apparatus shall be joined to the tow bridle or tow
conditions), boom conformance to the surface wave conditions
lead by a single point only. Boom towing force should be
for various wave heights, wavelengths and frequencies, (quali-
measured with in-line load cells positioned between the boom
tatively), resulting tow forces when encountering various
towing bridles and tow points.
speeds and wave conditions, identifies towing ability at high
7.2 Preload oil should be pumped directly into the boom
speeds in calm water and waves, boom sea-worthiness relative
apex.
to its hardware (i.e., connectors, ballast members), and general
7.3 Data obtained during each test should include electroni-
durability.
cally collected data and manually collected data. Oil and water
4.2 User’s of this guide are cautioned that the ratio of boom
draft to tank depth can affect test results, in particular the tow
loads (see Appendix X1 discussion).
4.3 Other variables such as ease of repair and deployment,
required operator training, operator fatigue, and transportabil-
ity also affect performance in an actual spill but are not
measured in this guide. These variables should be considered
along with the test data when making comparisons or evalua-
tions of containment booms.
5. Summary of Guide
5.1 This guide provides standardized procedures for evalu-
ating any boom system and provides an evaluation of a
particular boom’s attributes in different environmental condi-
tionsandtheabilitytocomparetestresultsofaparticularboom
type with others having undergone these standard tests.
5.2 The maximum wave and tow speeds at which any boom
can effectively gather and contain oil are known as boundary
conditions. Booms that cannot maintain their design draft,
freeboard, profile, and buoyancy at these conditions may be
less effective. The boundary conditions depend on the charac-
teristics of oil viscosity, oil/water interfacial tension and
oil/water density gradient.
6. Test Facilities
6.1 Severaltypesoftestfacilitiescanbeusedtoconductthe
tests outlined in this guide:
6.1.1 Wave/Tow Tank—A wave/tow tank has a movable
bridge or other mechanism for towing the test device through FIG. 1 Typical Boom Test Setup in Tank
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F2084/F2084M–01 (2007)
TABLE 2 Measurement Precision and Accuracy
propertydatashouldbebasedonfluidsamplesobtainedduring
the test period. Recommended data to be collected during Measurement Accuracy (6) Precision (6)
testing, along with the method of collection, is listed in Table
Bottom solids and To be determined To be determined
Water (ASTM) (ASTM)
1.
3 3
Oil Distribution 0.3 m /HR 0.05 m /HR
0 0
Salinity .01 ⁄00 .01 ⁄00
8. Test Fluids 3 3
Specific Gravity, .001 g/cm 0.0001 g/cm
Density
8.1 Test fluids may be crude, refined, or simulated, but
Surface Tension 0.1 Dyne/cm 0.04 Dyne/cm
should be stable and have properties that do not vary during a
Temperature 0.2°C 0.2°C
test run. Test oils for use with this guide should be selected to Tow, Current 0.051 m/se. (.1 kt)/ 0.0255 m/sec (.05kt)/
Speeds (Tank/Open 0.255 m/sec (.5 kt) 0.102 m/sec (.2 kt)
fall within the range of typical oil properties as defined in
water)
Appendix X2 of this guide.
Tow Force 0.25 % of full scale 2.5 lbs/1000 lbs
Viscosity 2.0 % 1.0 %
8.2 Test fluids should be discharged at ambient water
Wave Meter, 6 mm/10 mm 1.44 mm/10 mm
temperatures to reduce variation in fluid properties through a
(Tank/Open Water)
test run.
Wind Direction 3° 3°
Wind Speed 0.3 m/s [0.6 mph] 0.3 m/s [0.6 mph]
9. Safety Precautions
9.1 Test operation shall conform to established safety (and
regulatory) requirements for both test facility operations and
10.3 Varying surface conditions should be employed during
oil handling. Particular caution must be exercised when han-
testing. Conditions should be measurable and repeatable.
dling flammable or toxic test fluids.
Examples of achievable surface conditions in controlled test
environments are:
10. Test Variables
10.3.1 Calm—No waves generated.
10.1 At the onset of the test the independent or controlled
10.3.2 Wave #1—sinusoidal wave with an H ⁄3 of .30 metres
test parameters should be selected. The test evaluator should
[12.0 inches], wavelength of 4.27 metres [14.0 feet], and an
include a discussion of the procedures that were used to
averageperiodoft=1.7seconds.(Wavedampeningbeachesare
establish calibration and standardization. These procedures
employed during the generation of this wave condition).
typically include initial calibrations, pre-test and post-test
10.3.3 Wave #2—Sinusoidal wave with an H ⁄3 of .42 metres
checks, sampling requirements and documentation of signifi-
[16.5 inches], wavelength of 12.8 metres [42.0 feet], and an
cant occurrences/variations, and data precision and accuracy.
averageperiodoft=2.9seconds.(Wavedampeningbeachesare
10.2 Data should be expressed with an indication of vari-
employed during the generation of this wave condition).
ability.Table2containsalistoftypicalmeasurementsshowing
10.3.4 Wave #3—A harbor chop condition with an average
attainable precision and accuracy values.
H ⁄3 of .38 metres [15.0 inches]. This is also defined as a
confused sea condition where reflective waves are allowed to
TABLE 1 Typical Data Collected During Tests
develop. No wavelength is calculated for this condition.
Typical Collection
Data
Instrumentation Method
where:
H ⁄3 = significantwaveheight = theaverageofthehighest ⁄3
Wind Speed, Wind Monitor Computer/Data Logger,
Direction Manual Readings
of measured waves,
Air and Water Resistance Temperature Computer/Data Logger,
L = wavelength = the distance on a sine wave from trough
Temperature Detector (RTD), Manual Readings
to trough (or peak to peak), and
Themocouples,
Thermometer† T = wave period = the time it takes to travel one wave-
Tow Pulse Counter and Computer, Control
length.
Speed/Relative Digital Input Console, Local Display
Current Tachometer, Current
Meter
11. Procedures
Wave Data Distance Sensor, Computer/Data logger
11.1 Prior to the test, select the operating parameters, then
Capacitance probe,
Pressure Sensor
prepare the facility and containment boom for the test run.
Tow Force, Load Cell Computer/Data logger
Measure the experimental conditions.
Average
11.1.1 The conventional boom under test should be a
(Maximum
during Wave
full-scale representative section. The boom section’s basic
Conditions)
physical properties should be measured in accordance with
Test Fluid Storage Tank Level Computer/Data Logger,
ASTM definitions. Table 3 contains a list of typical measure-
(Volume Soundings, or Distance Manual Readings
Distributed) Sensor and capacity vs.
ments and additional specification data.
Volume Conversions
11.2 Measure or note immediately prior to each test the
Distribution Rate Positive Displacement Pump Control Panel,
Pump with Speed Computer/Data Logger, following parameters:
Indicator, Volume Manual Readings
11.2.1 Wind speed, direction.
Distributed Divided by
11.2.2 Air and water temperature.
Time
11.2.3 General weather conditions, for example, rain, over-
†Editorially corrected.
cast, sunny, etc.
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F2084/F2084M–01 (2007)
TABLE 3 Typical Basic Physical Properties TABLE 4 Typical Test Schedule
Specification Data Tow Speed Wave Preload Volume
Test No. Test Type
As reported by As measured by (kts) Conditions (gallons)
Measurement
Manufacturer Tester
1 Dry Run 1 calm N/A
Boom Type Fence, curtain, fire containment, other 2 Preload variable calm 60
Length m [ft] Standard section length, total rigged section 3 Preload variable calm 120
Height mm [in] Standard section height 4 Preload variable calm 180
Freeboard mm [in] Distance above water line 5 Preload variable calm 240
Draft mm [in] Distance below water line 6 Preload variable calm 300
Weight of Section kg/m Boom Fabric Type (freeboard and skirt material) 7 Preload variable calm 360
[lb/ft] and Tensile Strength Characteristics 8 Preload variable calm 420
Ballast Bottom Tension Member Type/Break 9 Gross Loss variable calm determined
Ballast Length m [ft]
A
Strength and Length during
Ballast Weight kg/m [lb/ft] Chain, cable or weights Preload test
Gross Buoyancy Flotation/Buoyancy Type (Air inflatable/foam) 10 1st & Gross variable calm determined
Buoyancy to Weight Ratio Calculated/Measured (Method shall be documented) Loss Speeds during
Accessories Anchor points, lights, tow lines, bridles, etc. Preload test
End Connector Type ASTM Standard, other 11 1st & Gr
...
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