ASTM D8359-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining the In Situ Rock Deformation Modulus and Other Associated Rock Properties Using a Flexible Volumetric Dilatometer
Standard Test Method for Determining the In Situ Rock Deformation Modulus and Other Associated Rock Properties Using a Flexible Volumetric Dilatometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The dilatometer test is usually performed in vertical boreholes. It can be used in inclined or horizontal holes, but the probe would drag along the borehole wall.
5.2 Deformation modulus of rock, creep characteristics, rebound, and permanent set data is obtained and is useful for engineering designs.
5.3 The rock mass discontinuities, in situ stresses, geologic history, crystallography, texture, fabric, and other factors will determine the rock mass properties that laboratory size tests alone may not be able to measure and that the dilatometer test may be better able to measure.
5.4 Determination of rock mass deformability yields a critical parameter in the design of foundations of dams, support of underground excavations, piers, caissons, and stability of rock slopes.
Note 2: Although a rock mass behaves in an anisotropic and inhomogeneous manner, the calculations for a rock mass deformation modulus are based on assumptions of elasticity and homogeneity. However, they still render results that are practical, simple, usable, and not significantly different from those obtained using inhomogeneity and inelasticity.
Note 3: The existing in situ stresses can only be estimated by in situ tests on the rock mass, such as this or other tests.
5.5 In situ tests such as this one provides general information regarding rock mass behavior. Dilatometer tests are advised when designing and constructing specific structures.
5.6 Dilatometer tests can be performed at a reasonable cost and effort. Dilatometer tests are also less expensive and time-consuming compared to other deformability tests like radial jack or flexible plate tests that require underground excavation and access too.
5.7 Dilatometer modulus can be correlated with the moduli obtained by other methods (for example, the plate loading or radial jacking methods). The correlated dilatometer modulus can then be used instead of other more expensive in situ modulus tests.
5.8 Dilatometer tests ca...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the guidelines, requirements, procedure, and analyses for determining the in situ deformation modulus of a rock mass and other ancillary data using a flexible volumetric dilatometer in an N-size, 75.7 mm (2.98 in.) drill hole (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Cyclic, creep, and unloading cycles are not covered in detail in this standard but may be added in the future or with a separate test standard, practice, or guide.
FIG. 1 General Depiction of a Flexible Dilatometer, Deflated (a) and Inflated (b) in a Borehole
FIG. 2 Cross-Sections of the Borehole and Dilatable Membrane Portion of the Dilatometer in the Uninflated, r = 0, Starting Position
Note 1: Other rock mass deformability tests are radial jack tests, flat jack tests, flexible plate tests, and borehole jack tests.
1.2 This test method applies mainly to a commercially available flexible, volumetric dilatometer for an N-size, (75.7-mm (2.98-in.) I.D.) borehole that is inflated and deflated hydraulically in the borehole. However, the test method could apply to other dilatometers, including pneumatically inflated, or for different borehole sizes as well as covered under the British Standards Institute EN ISO 22476-5 (https://geotechnicaldesign.info). Use of a different diameter or type of volumetric dilatometer is up to the owner or project manager and shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.3 Purpose, Application, Range of Uses, and Limitations:
1.3.1 This designation is described in the context of obtaining data for the design, construction, or maintenance of structures on or in rock. This method can be conducted in any orientation but is usually conducted in a vertical or horizontal borehole as dictated by the design consideration.
1.3.2 The test has no depth limits other than those imposed by the limitations of the test equipment, drill hole quality, testing personnel, and equipment to drill the holes...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D8359 −21
Standard Test Method for
Determining the In Situ Rock Deformation Modulus and
Other Associated Rock Properties Using a Flexible
1
Volumetric Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* properties, for any reason, including the in situ stress field or
fracture density, are significantly anisotropic, then this device
1.1 This test method establishes the guidelines,
cannot detect that difference.
requirements, procedure, and analyses for determining the in
1.3.4 Alargeexpansionoftheprobeinatestzonecanoccur
situ deformation modulus of a rock mass and other ancillary
due to either an oversized drill hole, weathering, lithology, or
data using a flexible volumetric dilatometer in an N-size, 75.7
discontinuities.As a result, the maximum pressure and expan-
mm (2.98 in.) drill hole (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Cyclic, creep, and
sion of the dilatometer would be limited. For example, for one
unloading cycles are not covered in detail in this standard but
particular dilatometer to avoid damaging the membrane in a
may be added in the future or with a separate test standard,
preferred N-size, 75.7 mm (2.98 in.) I.D., borehole, the
practice, or guide.
2
maximum working pressure of 30,000 kPa (4,350 lbf/in. )
NOTE 1—Other rock mass deformability tests are radial jack tests, flat
might be possible. In contrast, at 82.5 mm (3.25 in.), the
jack tests, flexible plate tests, and borehole jack tests.
maximum working pressure would drop to only 20,680 kPa
2
1.2 This test method applies mainly to a commercially
(3000 lbf/in. ). Furthermore, regardless of if it an oversized
available flexible, volumetric dilatometer for an N-size,
drill hole or a low modulus test interval, the maximum
(75.7-mm (2.98-in.) I.D.) borehole that is inflated and deflated
diameter (inflated) of only 85.5 mm (3.37 in.) is allowed.
hydraulically in the borehole. However, the test method could
1.3.5 The radial displacements of the borehole walls during
apply to other dilatometers, including pneumatically inflated,
pressurization are calculated from the total volume change of
or for different borehole sizes as well as covered under the
the dilatometer. As such, the test results from a volumetric
British Standards Institute EN ISO 22476-5 (https:⁄⁄geotech-
dilatometerindicatesonlytheaveragedvalueofthemodulusof
nicaldesign.info). Use of a different diameter or type of
deformation.
volumetric dilatometer is up to the owner or project manager
1.3.6 The volumetric dilatometer test does not provide the
and shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this stan-
anisotropic properties of the rock mass because it measures the
dard.
average deformation and not the deformation in specific
directions. However, by conducting dilatometer tests in bore-
1.3 Purpose, Application, Range of Uses, and Limitations:
holes oriented in different directions or taking impression
1.3.1 This designation is described in the context of obtain-
packer data in any test intervals that had developed a hydraulic
ing data for the design, construction, or maintenance of
type fracture, some aspects of the in situ anisotropic conditions
structures on or in rock. This method can be conducted in any
could be obtained.
orientation but is usually conducted in a vertical or horizontal
borehole as dictated by the design consideration. 1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
1.3.2 The test has no depth limits other than those imposed
as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
by the limitations of the test equipment, drill hole quality, information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of
testing personnel, and equipment to drill the holes and position
test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as
the testing assembly. nonconformance with this standard.
1.3.3 Since this is a volumetric test, only the average
1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
deformation is obtained around the borehole. If the rock when dealing with inch-pound units. In the system, the pound
(lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the units for
mass is slugs. The slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F =
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil
ma) calculations are involved.
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock
Mechan
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D8359 − 20 D8359 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Determining the In Situ Rock Deformation Modulus and
Other Associated Rock Properties Using a Flexible
1
Volumetric Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8359; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method establishes the guidelines, requirements, procedure, and analyses for determining the in situ deformation
modulus of a rock mass and other ancillary data using a flexible volumetric dilatometer in an NX N-size, 75.7 mm (2.98 in.) drill
hole (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). Cyclic, creep, and unloading cycles are not covered in detail in this standard but may be added in the future
or with a separate test standard, practice, or guide.
NOTE 1—Other rock mass deformability tests are radial jack tests, flat jack tests, flexible plate tests, and borehole jack tests.
1.2 This test method applies mainly to a commercially available flexible, volumetric dilatometer for an NX-sizedN-size, (75.7-mm
(2.98-in.)) (2.98-in.) I.D.) borehole that is inflated and deflated hydraulically in the borehole. However, the test method could apply
to other dilatometers, including pneumatically inflated, or for different borehole sizes as well as covered under the British
Standards Institute EN ISO 22476-5.ISO 22476-5 (https: ⁄ ⁄geotechnicaldesign.info). Use of a different diameter or type of
volumetric dilatometer is up to the owner or project manager and shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.3 Purpose, Application, Range of Uses, and Limitations:
1.3.1 This designation is described in the context of obtaining data for the design, construction, or maintenance of structures on
or in rock. This method can be conducted in any orientation but is usually conducted in a vertical or horizontal borehole as dictated
by the design consideration.
1.3.2 The test has no depth limits other than those imposed by the limitations of the test equipment, drill hole quality, testing
personnel, and equipment to drill the holes and position the testing assembly.
1.3.3 Since this is a volumetric test, only the average deformation is obtained around the borehole. If the rock properties, for any
reason, including the in situ stress field or fracture density, are significantly anisotropic, then this device cannot detect that
difference.
1.3.4 A large expansion of the probe in a test zone can occur due to either an oversized drill hole, weathering, lithology, or
discontinuities. As a result, the maximum pressure and expansion of the dilatometer would be limited. For example, for one
particular dilatometer to avoid damaging the membrane in a preferred N size, N-size, 75.7 mm (2.98 in.) boreholes, I.D., borehole,
2
the maximum working pressure of 30,000 kPa (4,350 lbf/in. ) might be possible. In contrast, at 82.5 mm, mm (3.25 in.), the
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020Aug. 15, 2021. Published December 2020August 2021. Originally approved in 2020. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as
D8359 - 20. DOI: 10.1520/D8359-20.10.1520/D8359-21.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D8359 − 21
FIG. 1 General Depiction of a Flexible Dilatometer Dilatometer, Deflated (a) and Inflated (b) in a Borehole
2
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D8359 − 21
FIG. 52 Cross-Sections B-B’ of the Borehole and Dilatable Membrane Portion of the Dilatometer in the Uninflated, r = 0, Starting Posi-
tion
2
maximum working pressure would drop to only 20,680 kPa. kPa (3000 lbf/in. ). Furthermore, regardless of if it an oversized drill
hole or a low modulus test interval, the maximum diameter (inflated) of only 85.5 mm (3.37 in.) is allowed.
1.3.5 The radial displacements of the borehole walls during pressurization are calculated from the total volume change of the
dilatometer. As such, the test results from a volumetric dilatometer indicates only the averaged value of the modulus of
deformation.
1.
...
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