ASTM D4878-23

Standard Test Methods for Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Viscosity of Polyols

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are suitable for research or as quality control or specification tests.  
4.2 Viscosity measures the resistance of a fluid to uniformly continuous flow without turbulence or other forces.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods (A and B) determine the viscosity of polyols in the range from 10 to 100 000 mPa·s(cP) at 25°C. Test Method A is a rotational procedure for determining dynamic viscosity. Test Method B is a general procedure for kinematic viscosity of transparent polyols. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other equivalent units are provided because of current common usage.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Test Method A is equivalent to ISO 3219. Test Method B is equivalent to ISO 3104.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2023
• ICS: 83.040.30 - Auxiliary materials and additives for plastics
• ICS: 83.080.20 - Thermoplastic materials
• Technical Committee: D20 - Plastics
• Drafting Committee: D20.22 - Cellular Materials - Plastics and Elastomers

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4878 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Viscosity of
1
Polyols
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1.1 These test methods (A and B) determine the viscosity of
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermom-
polyols in the range from 10 to 100 000 mPa·s(cP) at 25°C.
eters with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
Test Method A is a rotational procedure for determining
E2935 Practice for Evaluating Equivalence of Two Testing
dynamic viscosity. Test Method B is a general procedure for
Processes
kinematic viscosity of transparent polyols. (See Note 1.)
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
ISO 3104 Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque
standard. Other equivalent units are provided because of
Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Cal-
current common usage.
culation of Dynamic Viscosity
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ISO 3219 Plastics—Polymers/Resins in the Liquid State of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
as Emulsions or Dispersions—Determination of Viscosity
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Using a Rotational Viscometer with Defined Shear Rate
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—Test Method A is equivalent to ISO 3219. Test Method B is
3.1 Terms used in this standard are defined in accordance
equivalent to ISO 3104.
with Terminology D883, unless otherwise specified. For terms
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
relating to precision and bias and associated issues, the terms
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
used in this standard are defined in accordance with Terminol-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ogy E456.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4. Significance and Use
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.1 These test methods are suitable for research or as quality
2. Referenced Documents
control or specification tests.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.2 Viscosity measures the resistance of a fluid to uniformly
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
continuous flow without turbulence or other forces.
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
ity)
5. Sampling
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass
Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
5.1 Polyester and polyether polyols contain molecules cov-
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
ering an appreciable range of molecular weights. These can
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
fractionate during solidification. Unless the material is a finely
ground solid it is necessary to melt (using no higher tempera-
1
ture than necessary) and mix the polyol well before removing
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.22 on Cellular
a sample for analysis. Many polyols are hygroscopic, therefore
Materials - Plastics and Elastomers.
exercise care to provide minimum exposure to atmospheric
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally
moisture during the sampling.
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D4878 - 15. DOI:
10.1520/D4878-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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D4878 − 23
TEST METHOD A—ROTATIONAL VISCOSITY changing these factors will cause variation in the results
obtained. In general, the following recommendations provide
6. Summary of T
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4878 − 15 D4878 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Polyurethane Raw Materials: Determination of Viscosity of
1
Polyols
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4878; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods (A and B) determine the viscosity of polyols in the range from 10 to 100 000 mPa·s(cP) at 25°C. Test
Method A is a rotational procedure for determining dynamic viscosity. Test Method B is a general procedure for kinematic viscosity
of transparent polyols. (See Note 1.)
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other equivalent units are provided because of current common
usage.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Test Method A is equivalent to ISO 3219. Test Method B is equivalent to ISO 3104.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
D446 Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary Kinematic Viscometers
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E2251 Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
E2935 Practice for Evaluating Equivalence of Two Testing Processes
3
2.2 ISO Standards:
ISO 3104 Petroleum Products—Transparent and Opaque Liquids—Determination of Kinematic Viscosity and Calculation of
Dynamic Viscosity
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.22 on Cellular Materials - Plastics
and Elastomers.
Current edition approved May 1, 2015May 1, 2023. Published June 2015May 2023. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20082015 as
D4878 - 08.D4878 - 15. DOI: 10.1520/D4878-15.10.1520/D4878-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4878 − 23
ISO 3219 Plastics—Polymers/Resins in the Liquid State of as Emulsions or Dispersions—Determination of Viscosity Using a
Rotational Viscometer with Defined Shear Rate
3. Terminology
3.1 For definitions of terms used in these test methods see Terms used in this standard are defined in accordance with Terminology
D883, unless otherwise specified. For terms relating to precision and bias and associated issues, the terms used in this standard
are defined in accordance with Terminology E456.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 These test methods are suitable for research or as quality control or specification tests.
4.2 Viscosity measures the resistance of a fluid to uniformly continuous flow without turbulence or other forces.
5. Sampling
5.1 Polyester and polyether polyols contain molecules covering an appreciable range of molecular weights. These can fractionate
during solidification. Unless the material is a finely ground solid it is necessary to melt (using no higher temperature than
necessary) and mix the polyol well before removing a sample for analysis. Many polyols are hygroscopic and care should be taken
hygrosc
...