ASTM D8155-17(2023)

Standard Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Mining and Metallurgical Processing Waste with Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended as a rapid means for obtaining an extract of solid waste. The extract may be used to estimate the release of constituents of the solid waste under the laboratory conditions described in this procedure.  
4.1.1 This practice is not intended to be used as a kinetic test to simulate weathering of ore, metal mining, and metallurgical processing wastes. For kinetic testing of ore, metal mining, and metallurgical processing wastes, refer to Test Method D5744 to determine release rates for constituents of interest. For static testing of metal mining ore and metal mining or metallurgical processing waste materials, refer to Test Methods E1915 and D6234. If the conditions of this practice are not suitable for the test material, Test Method E2242 may be used, if applicable to the ore or waste.  
4.2 This practice is not intended to provide an extract that is representative of the actual leachate produced from a solid waste in the field, or to produce extracts to be used as the sole basis of engineering design.  
4.3 This practice is not intended to simulate site-specific leaching conditions. It has not been demonstrated to simulate actual disposal site leaching conditions.  
4.4 The intent of this practice is that the final pH of the extract reflects the interaction of the extractant with the buffering capacity of the solid waste.  
4.5 The intent of this practice is that the water extraction simulates conditions where the solid waste is the dominant factor in determining the pH of the extract.  
4.6 The practice produces an extract that is amenable to the determination of both major and minor constituents. When minor constituents are being determined, it is especially important that precautions are taken in sample storage and handling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.  
4.6.1 This practice has been tested to determine its applicability to certain inorganic components in metal mining and metallurgical processing wastes.  
4....
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for leaching of solid waste to obtain an aqueous solution to be used to determine the constituents leached under the specified testing conditions.  
1.1.1 This practice includes a procedure for the shake leaching of metal mining ore, waste rock, or metallurgical processing waste containing at least 80 % dry solids (≤20 % moisture) in order to generate a solution to be used to determine the inorganic constituents leached under the specified testing conditions and for regulatory jurisdictions requiring a water leach practice.  
1.2 This practice provides for the shaking of a known mass of waste with water of specified composition and the separation of the aqueous phase for analysis.  
1.2.1 This practice is intended to describe the procedure for performing single-batch extractions only. It does not describe all types of sampling, sample preservation, and analytical requirements that may be associated with its application.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2023
• ICS: 73.020 - Mining and quarrying
• Technical Committee: D34 - Waste Management
• Drafting Committee: D34.01.04 - Waste Leaching Techniques

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D8155-17 - Standard Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Mining and Metallurgical Processing Waste with Water
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM C471M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Gypsum and Gypsum Products (Metric)
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2024
• Refers: ASTM D5681-23 - Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D5681-22e1 - Standard Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
• Effective Date: 01-May-2022
• Refers: ASTM C471M-20ae1 - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Gypsum and Gypsum Products (Metric)
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2020

Overview

ASTM D8155-17(2023) - Standard Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Mining and Metallurgical Processing Waste with Water provides a reliable laboratory procedure for extracting inorganic constituents from solid mining and metallurgical processing wastes using a water shake extraction method. This standard, developed by ASTM International's Committee D34 on Waste Management, is intended to generate aqueous extracts under specific controlled conditions, allowing for the estimation of potential contaminant release for purposes like regulatory evaluation and comparative assessment.

The shake extraction method covered by ASTM D8155-17(2023) focuses specifically on metal mining ore, waste rock, or metallurgical processing waste that contains at least 80% dry solids (≤20% moisture). The resulting extract can be analyzed to determine concentrations of major and minor inorganic constituents that may leach under the defined laboratory conditions. This practice is widely used in environmental assessments, compliance monitoring, and research studies related to mine and process waste management.

Key Topics

• Scope and Purpose

  • Provides rapid and standardized procedures for extracting leachable constituents from solid wastes using water.
  • Not intended as a kinetic or weathering simulation test; it does not replicate site-specific field leaching conditions.
  • Designed for single-batch extraction only, not for continuous or kinetic leaching assessment.

• Applicability

  • Applies to solid wastes from metal mining, waste rock, and metallurgical processing with high dry solids content.
  • Applicable where regulatory jurisdictions require a water-based leach test.

• Method Overview

  • Mixing of a specified mass of solid waste with water at a set liquid-to-solid ratio (typically 20 mL/g).
  • Shaking the mixture continuously for 18 ± 0.25 hours under controlled temperature.
  • Separation and filtration of the aqueous phase for subsequent pH measurement and chemical analysis.

• Limitations

  • Not suitable for organic matter testing or for simulating long-term disposal or weathering.
  • Extracts are not representative of actual field leachates or engineering design leachates.
  • Careful sample handling is critical, especially when analyzing for minor constituents to prevent contamination.

Applications

ASTM D8155-17(2023) is widely used by environmental laboratories, mining companies, regulatory agencies, and consulting engineers involved in:

• Environmental Risk Assessment

  • Rapidly determining the leaching potential of inorganic constituents from mining and processing wastes under laboratory conditions.

• Regulatory Compliance

  • Meeting jurisdictional requirements for standardized water leach extraction of solid waste materials as part of environmental permitting or waste classification.

• Waste Characterization and Site Assessment

  • Supporting site characterization studies by providing comparable data on the potential for constituent release from metal mining and metallurgical processing wastes.

• Benchmarking and Research

  • Generating data for comparative analysis of waste materials or for research into the leachability of specific contaminants.

• Quality Assurance

  • Ensuring consistent extraction and analytical procedures in laboratory settings, critical for reproducibility across multiple samples and projects.

Related Standards

Several ASTM standards are referenced within or commonly used alongside ASTM D8155-17(2023) to provide a comprehensive framework for the characterization and testing of mining and metallurgical wastes:

• ASTM D5744 - Laboratory Weathering of Solid Materials Using a Humidity Cell, for kinetic and weathering rate assessment.
• ASTM E1915 and ASTM D6234 - For static testing of metal-bearing ores and waste materials.
• ASTM E2242 - Column Percolation Extraction for simulation of meteoric water mobility through mine rock.
• ASTM D5681 - Terminology for Waste and Waste Management.
• ASTM D75/D75M, ASTM E877, ASTM D2234/D2234M - Standards for sampling procedures.
• ASTM D1193 - Specification for reagent water quality used in extraction procedures.

Employing ASTM D8155-17(2023) in conjunction with these related standards helps ensure well-documented, consistent, and credible approaches to the evaluation of mining waste leaching potential and environmental management.

Keywords: ASTM D8155-17(2023), shake extraction, mining waste, metallurgical processing waste, water leach, laboratory leaching, environmental assessment, waste characterization, regulatory compliance, inorganic constituent extraction.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D8155 − 17 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Practice for
Shake Extraction of Solid Mining and Metallurgical
Processing Waste with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8155; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for leaching of solid
C471M Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Gypsum and
waste to obtain an aqueous solution to be used to determine the
Gypsum Products (Metric)
constituents leached under the specified testing conditions.
D75/D75M Practice for Sampling Aggregates
1.1.1 This practice includes a procedure for the shake
D420 Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering De-
leaching of metal mining ore, waste rock, or metallurgical
sign and Construction Purposes
processing waste containing at least 80 % dry solids (≤20 %
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
moisture) in order to generate a solution to be used to
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
determine the inorganic constituents leached under the speci-
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
fied testing conditions and for regulatory jurisdictions requiring
D2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample
a water leach practice.
of Coal
1.2 This practice provides for the shaking of a known mass
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Flowing Process
of waste with water of specified composition and the separation Streams
of the aqueous phase for analysis.
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
D5744 Test Method for Laboratory Weathering of Solid
1.2.1 This practice is intended to describe the procedure for
Materials Using a Humidity Cell
performing single-batch extractions only. It does not describe
D6234 Test Method for Shake Extraction of Mining Waste
all types of sampling, sample preservation, and analytical
by the Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure
requirements that may be associated with its application.
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
standard. Values given in parentheses are mathematical con-
Lot or Process
versions to inch-pound units that are provided for information
E877 Practice for Sampling and Sample Preparation of Iron
only and are not considered standard.
Ores and Related Materials for Determination of Chemi-
cal Composition and Physical Properties
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E1915 Test Methods for Analysis of Metal Bearing Ores and
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Related Materials for Carbon, Sulfur, and Acid-Base
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Characteristics
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
E2242 Test Method for Column Percolation Extraction of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Mine Rock by the Meteoric Water Mobility Procedure
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3. Terminology
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1 For definitions of terms used in this practice, see
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Terminology D5681.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 metal mining waste, n—overburden or waste rock
excavated and disposed of during mining operations.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.01.04 on Waste
Leaching Techniques. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2017. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as D8155 – 17. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D8155-17R23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D8155 − 17 (2023)
3.2.2 mineral processing waste, n—waste generated from sition suitable to the nature of the analyses to be performed and
ore processing metallurgical operation such as tailings. equipped with a 0.45 or 0.8 μm pore size filter.
5.3 Containers, round, wide mouth, of a composition suit-
4. Significance and Use
able to the nature of the solid waste and the analyses to be
4.1 This practice is intended as a rapid means for obtaining performed, and constructed of materials that will not allow
an extract of solid waste. The extract may be used to estimate
sorption of constituents of interest.
the release of constituents of the solid waste under the
5.3.1 Containers should be of sufficient size to contain the
laboratory conditions described in this procedure.
mass of the solid sample plus the volume of extractant at a
4.1.1 This practice is not intended to be used as a kinetic test
liquid-to-solid ratio of 20 mL ⁄g, leaving approximately 10 to
to simulate weathering of ore, metal mining, and metallurgical
20 % headspace for mixing. For example, 2 L (0.5 gal)
processing wastes. For kinetic testing of ore, metal mining, and
containers may be used for 70 g (0.15 lb) samples with
metallurgical processing wastes, refer to Test Method D5744 to 1400 mL (0.37 gal) of extractant, while 4 L (1 gal) containers
determine release rates for constituents of interest. For static
may be required for 140 g (0.30 lb) samples with 2800 mL
testing of metal mining ore and metal mining or metallurgical (0.74 gal) of extractant.
processing waste materials, refer to Test Methods E1915 and
5.3.1.1 Extraction vessels should be cleaned in a manner
D6234. If the conditions of this practice are not suitable for the consistent with the analyses to be performed. (See Section 13
test material, Test Method E2242 may be used, if applicable to
of Practices D3370.)
the ore or waste. 5.3.2 Containers must have watertight closures.
5.3.3 Containers with venting mechanisms should be pro-
4.2 This practice is not intended to provide an extract that is
vided for samples where gases may be released.
representative of the actual leachate produced from a solid
waste in the field, or to produce extracts to be used as the sole
NOTE 2—Allowing the container to vent generated gases has the
potential to affect the concentrations of constituents in the extract.
basis of engineering design.
5.3.4 Containers should be cleaned in a manner consistent
4.3 This practice is not intended to simulate site-specific
with the analyses to be performed.
leaching conditions. It has not been demonstrated to simulate
actual disposal site leaching conditions.
5.4 Drying Pans or Dishes, (for example, aluminum tins,
porcelain dishes, glass weighing pans), two per waste, suitable
4.4 The intent of this practice is that the final pH of the
to the waste being tested and the instructions given in 9.2.
extract reflects the interaction of the extractant with the
buffering capacity of the solid waste.
5.5 Drying Oven—Any thermostatically controlled drying
oven capable of maintaining a steady temperature of 62 °C in
4.5 The intent of this practice is that the water extraction
a range of 100 to 110 °C.
simulates conditions where the solid waste is the dominant
factor in determining the pH of the extract.
5.6 Desiccator, having a capacity to hold the drying pans
described in 5.4.
4.6 The practice produces an extract that is amenable to the
determination of both major and minor constituents. When
5.7 Laboratory Balance, capable of accurately measuring
minor constituents are being determined, it is especially
0.01 g.
important that precautions are taken in sample storage and
5.8 Magnetic Stir Plate.
handling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.
5.9 pH Meter, with temperature compensation, readability
4.6.1 This practice has been tested to determine its applica-
of 0.01 units and an accuracy of 60.05 units at 25 °C.
bility to certain inorganic components in metal mining and
metallurgical processing wastes.
6. Reagents
4.7 The practice has not been tested for applicability to
6.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent-grade chemicals shall be
organic substances and volatile matter.
used. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that all reagents
shall conform to the specifications of the American Chemical
5. Apparatus
Society, where such specifications are available. Other grades
5.1 Agitation Equipment, of any type that rotates about a may be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is
central axis at a rate of 29 6 2 r ⁄min and mixes samples in an of sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lessening
end-over-end fashion. (See example equipment in Fig. 1.) the accuracy of the determination.
6.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
NOTE 1—Modifications to the agitation technique (orientation or rate)
could result in alteration of the degree of mixing or the rate of release of
to water shall be understood to mean Type IV reagent water at
constituents, as well as causing particle abrasion. As a result, the precision
18 to 27 °C (Specification D1193). The method by which the
of the practice may also be influenced.
Type IV water is prepared, that is, distillation, ion exchange,
5.2 Membrane or Pressure Filter Assembly:
reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, should remain constant
5.2.1 Membrane Filter—A borosilicate glass or stainless
throughout testing.
steel funnel with a flat, fritted base of the same material and
7. Sampling
membrane filters.
5.2.2 Pressure Filtration Assembly—A pressure filtration 7.1 Obtain a representative sample of the solid waste to be
device using pressure-regulated compressed gas of a compo- tested using ASTM sample methods developed for the specific
D8155 − 17 (2023)
FIG. 1 Example Extractor
industry where available. (See Guide D420 and Practices 7.4.1 It is important that the sample of metal mining or
D75/D75M, E877, and D2234/D2234M.) metallurgical processing waste be representative with respect
to the inorganic constituents to be determined.
7.2 Where no specific methods are available, sampling
methodology for materials of similar physical form shall be
NOTE 3—Information on obtaining representative samples can also be
used.
found in Pierre Gy’s Sampling Theory and Sampling Practice.
7.3 A minimum sample of 5 kg shall be sent to the
7.5 Keep samples in closed containers appropriate to the
laboratory (see Practice E122).
sample type prior to the extraction in order to prevent sample
7.3.1 For metal mine and metallurgical processing wastes,
contamination or constituent loss. Where it is desired to extract
the minimum amount of sample to be sent to the laboratory
biologically or chemically active samples in their existing
should be sufficient to perform the solids content determination
state, store the samples at 4 6 2 °C (Practices D3370) and start
as specified in 9.2, and to provide 100 g of sample on a dry
the extraction within 8 h. Where it is desired to extract such
weight basis for extraction.
samples in a state representative of the results of biological or
chemical activities, the samples may be specifically handled to
7.4 It is important that the sample of the solid waste be
representative with respect to surface area, as variations in
surface area would directly affect the leaching characteristics
of the sample. Solid waste samples should contain a represen-
Pitard, F., Pierre Gy’s Sampling Theory and Sampling Practice, 2nd Edition,
tative distribution of particles sizes. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993.
D8155 − 17 (2023)
simulate such activities. Record the storage conditions and less than 100 g of solid on a dry weight basis for extraction is
handling procedures in the report. not recommended; however, if a different sample size is used,
report this fact.
7.5.1 Metal Mining and Metallurgical
...