ASTM E2375-08(2013)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Wrought Products
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Wrought Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the examination of wrought metals, forged, rolled, machined parts or components to an ultrasonic class most typically specified in the purchase order or other contract document.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—This practice establishes the minimum requirements for ultrasonic examination of wrought products.Note 1—This standard was adopted to replace MIL-STD-2154, 30 Sept. 1982. This standard is intended to be used for the same applications as the document which it replaced. Users should carefully review its requirements when considering its use for new, or different applications, or both.
1.2 Application—This practice is applicable for examination of materials such as, wrought metals and wrought metal products.
1.2.1 Wrought Aluminum Alloy Products—Examination shall be in accordance with Practice B594.
1.3 Acceptance Class—When examination is performed in accordance with this practice, engineering drawings, specifications, or other applicable documents shall indicate the acceptance criteria. Five ultrasonic acceptance classes are defined in Table 1. One or more of these classes may be used to establish the acceptance criteria or additional or alternate criteria may be specified.A Any discontinuity with a response greater than the response from a flat-bottom hole or equivalent notch (see footnote B) at the estimated discontinuity depth and the discontinuity size given is not acceptable.B See Fig. 3, Fig. 4, or Fig. 5 for dimensions of notches and holes when these are required for angle beam examination of tube walls and near-surface regions of cylindrical parts and other products. C Multiple discontinuities with indications greater than the response from a reference flat-bottom hole or equivalent notch at the estimated discontinuity depth of the size given (diameter) are not acceptable if the centers of any two of these discontinuities are less than one inch apart (not applicable to Class C).D Any discontinuity longer than the length given with indications equal to or greater than the response given (flat-bottom hole or notch response) is not acceptable. Not applicable to Class C).E Loss of back reflection by more than 50 %, when compared to non-defective material in the same or a similar part, is not acceptable.F For longitudinal examination of material over 6-in. (152.4-mm) thick in the short transverse direction, any loss of back reflection equal to or greater than 12 dB over an area 2 by 2 in. (50.8 by 50.8 mm) is rejectable. (Noise level is not relevant to this back reflection evaluation.G Noise which exceeds the alarm level setting (see 7.4.10.7), is not acceptable, except for titanium. For titanium alloys, the alarm level may be set just above the noise level, but shall not exceed 70 % of the reference standard response.H When examining titanium, Class AA and Class AAA, no rejection shall be made on the basis of “noise” level, if within the limits specified in footnote G.I Evaluation may be done by setting up on a 3/64 in. (1.19 mm) hole and adding 7 dB of gain. (Also see Note 5 under Table 5.)
1.4 Order of Precedence—Contractual requirements and authorized direction from the cognizant engineering organization may add to or modify the requirements of this practice. Otherwise, in the event of conflict between the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text of this practice takes precedence. Nothing in this practice, however, supersedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemption has been obtained.
1.5 Measurement Values—The values stated in inch-pounds are to be regarded as standard. The metric equivalents are in parentheses.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: E2375 − 08 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Practice for
1,
Ultrasonic Testing of Wrought Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2375; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.1 Purpose—This practice establishes the minimum re-
quirements for ultrasonic examination of wrought products.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 1—This standard was adopted to replace MIL-STD-2154, 30
Sept. 1982.This standard is intended to be used for the same applications
2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice to
as the document which it replaced. Users should carefully review its
requirements when considering its use for new, or different applications, the extent specified herein:
or both.
2.2 ASTM Standards:
1.2 Application—Thispracticeisapplicableforexamination
B107/B107MSpecification for Magnesium-Alloy Extruded
of materials such as, wrought metals and wrought metal
Bars, Rods, Profiles, Tubes, and Wire
products.
B221Specification forAluminum andAluminum-Alloy Ex-
1.2.1 Wrought Aluminum Alloy Products—Examination
truded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and Tubes
shall be in accordance with Practice B594.
B241/B241MSpecification for Aluminum and Aluminum-
1.3 Acceptance Class—When examination is performed in
Alloy Seamless Pipe and Seamless Extruded Tube
accordance with this practice, engineering drawings,
B594Practice for Ultrasonic Inspection ofAluminum-Alloy
specifications, or other applicable documents shall indicate the
Wrought Products
acceptance criteria. Five ultrasonic acceptance classes are
E127Practice for Fabricating and Checking Aluminum Al-
defined in Table 1. One or more of these classes may be used
loy Ultrasonic Standard Reference Blocks
to establish the acceptance criteria or additional or alternate
E164Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments
criteria may be specified.
E213Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe and
1.4 Order of Precedence—Contractual requirements and
Tubing
authorized direction from the cognizant engineering organiza-
E317PracticeforEvaluatingPerformanceCharacteristicsof
tion may add to or modify the requirements of this practice.
Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systems
Otherwise, in the event of conflict between the text of this
without the Use of Electronic Measurement Instruments
practiceandthereferencescitedherein,thetextofthispractice
E428Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Other
takes precedence. Nothing in this practice, however, super-
than Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic
sedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemp-
Testing
tion has been obtained.
E543Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
1.5 Measurement Values—The values stated in inch-pounds
Testing
are to be regarded as standard. The metric equivalents are in
E1065Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of Ultrasonic
parentheses.
Search Units
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the E1158Guide for Material Selection and Fabrication of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Reference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ul-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
trasonic Testing of Metal and Metal Alloy Production
Material
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 on
Ultrasonic Method.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published June 2013. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2375-08. DOI: contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
10.1520/E2375-08R13. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2375 − 08 (2013)
TABLE 1 Ultrasonic Classes
C D
Single Discontinuity Loss of Back
Multiple Linear Discontinuity G,H
Class Noise
A,B E,F
Response Discontinuities Length and Response Reflection Percent
H
1 3 1
AAA ⁄64 in. (0.397 mm) 10 % of ⁄64 in. ⁄8 in. (3.176 mm) long and 10 % of 50 alarm level
3 3
or 25 % of ⁄64 in. FB (0.119 mm) FB ⁄64 in. (0.119 mm) FB
H I
3 2 1
AA ⁄64 in. (1.19 mm) ⁄64 in. (0.794 mm) ⁄2 in. (12. 7 mm) 50 alarm level
FB
FB long
⁄64 in. response (0.794 mm)
FB
5 3
A ⁄64 in. (1.98 mm) ⁄64 in. (1.191 mm) 1 in. (25.4 mm) 50 alarm level
FB FB long
⁄64 in. response (1.19 mm)
FB
8 5
B ⁄64 in. (3.18 mm) ⁄64 (1.98 mm) 1 in. (25.4 mm) 50 alarm level
FB FB long
⁄64 in. response (1.98 mm)
FB
C ⁄64 in. (3.18 mm) Not Applicable Not Applicable 50 alarm level
A B
Any discontinuity with a response greater than the response from a flat-bottom hole or equivalent notch (see footnote ) at the estimated discontinuity depth and the
discontinuity size given is not acceptable.
B
SeeFig.3,Fig.4,orFig.5fordimensionsofnotchesandholeswhenthesearerequiredforanglebeamexaminationoftubewallsandnear-surfaceregionsofcylindrical
parts and other products.
C
Multiple discontinuities with indications greater than the response from a reference flat-bottom hole or equivalent notch at the estimated discontinuity depth of the size
given (diameter) are not acceptable if the centers of any two of these discontinuities are less than one inch apart (not applicable to Class C).
D
Any discontinuity longer than the length given with indications equal to or greater than the response given (flat-bottom hole or notch response) is not acceptable. Not
applicable to Class C).
E
Loss of back reflection by more than 50 %, when compared to non-defective material in the same or a similar part, is not acceptable.
F
For longitudinal examination of material over 6-in. (152.4-mm) thick in the short transverse direction, any loss of back reflection equal to or greater than 12 dB over an
area 2 by 2 in. (50.8 by 50.8 mm) is rejectable. (Noise level is not relevant to this back reflection evaluation.
G
Noise which exceeds the alarm level setting (see 7.4.10.7), is not acceptable, except for titanium. For titanium alloys, the alarm level may be set just above the noise
level, but shall not exceed 70 % of the reference standard response.
H G
When examining titanium, Class AA and Class AAA, no rejection shall be made on the basis of “noise” level, if within the limits specified in footnote .
I
Evaluation may be done by setting up on a ⁄64 in. (1.19 mm) hole and adding 7 dB of gain. (Also see Note 5 under Table 5.)
2.3 American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT) 2.7 Military Standards:
Standards:
NOTE 2—For DoD contracts, unless otherwise specified, the issues of
SNT-TC-1ARecommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
the documents which are DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of the
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
DoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Specifications Standards) cited
in the solicitation.
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189ASNT Standard for Qualification and
Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.4 Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) Standards:
3. Terminology
AMS 4928TitaniumAlloy, Bars, Wire, Forgings, and Rings
6Al-4V Annealed
3.1 Definitions—Definitions relating to ultrasonic
AMS 6409Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.80 Cr, 1.8
examination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall apply
Ni, 0.25 Mo, (0.38 - 0.45 C), (SAE 4340) SpecialAircraft
to the terms used in this standard.
Steel Cleanliness, Normalized and Tempered
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
AMS 6415Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.80 Cr, 1.8
3.2.1 back surface resolution—the minimum distance be-
Ni, 0.25 Mo (0.38 - 0.43 C) (SAE 4340)
tween the back surface and a discontinuity of known size that
AMS 6484Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 080 Cr, 1.8
will result in a clear differentiation of the two signals as
Ni, 0.25 Mo (0.38 - 0.43 C) (SAE 4340) Normalized and
indicated by the trace recovering to 20% or less of disconti-
Tempered
nuity or back surface amplitude (whichever is lower) between
2.5 Aerospace Industries Association Standard:
the indications at the sensitivity required for the specified
NAS 410Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
examination.
Test Personnel
3.2.2 cognizant engineering organization—the company,
2.6 Federal Specifications:
government agency, or other authority responsible for the
QQ-A-225/6Aluminum Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire, Rolled,
5 design, or end use, of the system or component for which
Drawn, or Cold Finished, 2024
ultrasonic examination is required. This, in addition to design
QQ-A-225/9Aluminum Alloy Bar, Rod, Wire, and Special
personnel, may include personnel from engineering, material
Shapes, Rolled, Drawn, or Cold Finished, 7075
and process engineering, stress analysis, NDT or quality
groups and others, as appropriate.
AvailablefromTheAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.
Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), 400 Commonwealth
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. Copies of specifications, standards, drawings and publications required by
Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye Street NW, manufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtained
Washington, DC 20005. from the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.
E2375 − 08 (2013)
3.2.3 contract document—any document specified in the accordance with ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, NAS-410, or SNT-
contract, including the purchase order, specification, drawing, TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency as
or other written material. applicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may be
used when specified in the contract or purchase order.
3.2.4 display—the display on which ultrasonic data are
presented, including, but is not limited to, cathode ray tubes,
6.3 Agency Evaluation—If required by contract, evaluation
liquid crystals, electro-luminescent phosphors, or plasmas.
of the agency performing examination shall be in accordance
3.2.5 entry surface resolution—the minimum distance be- with Practice E543.
tween the entry surface and a discontinuity of known size that
6.4 Written Procedure—A detailed procedure (general
will result in a clear differentiation of the two signals as
procedure,orpartspecifictechnique,orboth)shallbeprepared
indicated by the trace recovering to 20% or less of the
for each part and type of examination to be performed. The
discontinuity amplitude between the indications at the sensi-
procedureshallmeettherequirementsofthispracticeandshall
tivity required for the specified examination.
provide consistency for producing the results and quality level
3.2.6 full scale deflection (FSD)—themaximumdisplayable
required by this practice and other contractual documents.The
signal amplitude on the display device, or any signal reaching
procedure shall be approved by an individual qualified and
or exceeding the 100% amplitude scale graduation.
certifiedasaLevelIIIinthepracticeofultrasonicexamination.
3.2.7 horizontal limit—the maximum readable length of The procedure shall be submitted upon request to the contract-
ing agency for approval, or review, or both (see 8.1). The
horizontal position that is determined either by electrical or a
physical limit in the A-scan presentation of an ultrasonic procedureshallcoverallofthespecificinformationrequiredto
set-up and perform the examination, such as the following:
examination instrument.
6.4.1 Name and address of examination facility,
3.2.8 immersion ultrasonic examination—the use of a water
medium to couple the search unit to the part surface. This 6.4.2 Number of the procedure including latest revision
technique includes immersion in a tank of water, the use of designation, if applicable, and date.
water columns, bubblers, or similar device.
6.4.3 Number of this standard including latest revision
designation letter, if applicable, and date.
3.2.9 primary reference response—the maximized signal
amplitude obtained from the applicable reference reflector that 6.4.4 Examination method and acceptance criteria to be
produces the lowest amplitude signal. applied.
6.4.5 Examination zones, if applicable.
3.2.10 vertical linearity limit (upper and lower)— values of
theverticalamplitudeatwhichaproportionalrelationshipwith
6.4.6 Specific part number and configuration or product
the input signal deviates from or exceeds a prescribed amount. form for which the procedure is being prepared.
6.4.7 Manufacturer and model numbers of any instrumen-
4. Significance and Use
tation to be used in the examination. Any external recording
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the examination
equipment,alarmequipmentandelectronicdistance-amplitude
of wrought metals, forged, rolled, machined parts or compo-
correction equipment shall be included.
nents to an ultrasonic class most typically specified in the
6.4.8 Type and size of search unit. Include frequency, focal
purchase order or other contract document.
length, as applicable, manufacturer, sound beam angle and
description of any wedges, shoes, saddles, stand-off
5. Basis of Application
attachments, bubblers, or squirters.
5.1 Basis of Application—There are areas in this practice
6.4.9 Description of manipulating and scanning equipment.
thatmayrequireagreementbetweenthecognizantengineering
6.4.10 Couplant: type and manufacturer.
organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the
cognizant engineering organization. 6.4.11 Scanning plan which describes, for each portion of
the examination, the surfaces from which the examination will
6. General Requirements
beperformed,theultrasonicmodes,anddirectionsofthesound
6.1 Specifying—Whenultrasonicexaminationisspecifiedin
beam.
accordance with this practice, the ultrasonic technique
6.4.12 Method of applying transfer (see 7.4.10.4), if ap-
(immersion, contact, angle beam, straight beam, and so forth)
plied.
and acceptance criteria should be specified. Suggested classes
6.4.13 Reference blocks, water path (if applicable) and
in Table 1 may be specified to establish acceptance criteria.A
methods of standardizatio
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