ASTM D4287-94
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
Standard Test Method for High-Shear Viscosity Using a Cone/Plate Viscometer
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscosity of paints, varnishes, and related products at a rate of shear of 12 000 s-1.
1.2 Paints and varnishes that dry very rapidly may not give reproducible results with this test method. Measurements made at elevated temperatures may also give poor precision due to loss of volatiles and to drying.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 4287 – 94
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
High-Shear Viscosity Using the ICI Cone/Plate Viscometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope for paints having finer pigment dispersions as determined by
Test Method D 1210.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscos-
ity of paints, varnishes, and related products at a rate of shear
5. Apparatus
−1
of 12 000 s .
5.1 ICI Cone/Plate Viscometer (see Fig. 1) or other cone/
1.2 Paints and varnishes that dry very rapidly may not give
plate viscometer with cone/speed combination producing a rate
reproducible results with this test method. Measurements made
−1
of shear of 12 000 s . The ICI cone/plate viscometer gives this
at elevated temperatures may also give poor precision due to
shear rate with 0 to 10-P (0 to 1 Pa·s) and 0 to 5-P cones. With
loss of volatiles and to drying.
higher viscosity materials, other cones and speeds may be used
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
on agreement between the producer and the user, but it should
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
be noted that these may give lower shear rates not truly
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
representative of application conditions. Other cone/plate vis-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
cometers may be used on agreement between the producer and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the user as long as the same rate of shear is measured and it is
−1
2. Referenced Documents approximately 12 000 s . However, results may differ from
those produced with an ICI cone/plate viscometer.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 1210 Test Method for Fineness of Dispersion of Pigment-
NOTE 1—The SI units for viscosity are pascal-seconds (Pa·s 5 10 P, 1
Vehicle Systems mPa·s 5 1 cP).
D 3925 Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
2 6. Reagents and Materials
Pigmented Coatings
D 4958 Test Method for Comparison of the Brush Drag of 6.1 Water or Solvent—Water or a low viscosity solvent such
as xylene or mineral spirits to be used for zeroing the
Latex Paints
instrument.
3. Summary of Test Method
6.2 Mineral Oils—Three standard mineral oils with known
3.1 The material to be tested is placed between the cone and viscosities (certified by an approved laboratory) lying between
plate of a cone/plate viscometer, then subjected to a high shear 10 and 90 % of full scale to be used for calibrating the
rate while the viscosity is determined. instrument.
NOTE 2—Silicone oils should be avoided because of their tendency to
4. Significance and Use
contaminate instruments, containers and other equipment and because of
4.1 The viscosity value obtained by this test method gives
the possibility of shear thinning behavior at high shear rates.
information about the flow properties of the material under
7. Sampling
high-shear conditions similar to those encountered during
application: brushing (see Test Method D 4958), spraying,
7.1 Take a representative sample of the product to be tested
electrostatic disk, or roll coating.
in accordance with Practice D 3925. If the sample has a
4.2 This test method is suitable for all paints and varnishes
tendency to settle or separate on standing, it must be stirred or
whether they are Newtonian in behavior or not. However, due
shaken until homogeneous before a test specimen is taken from
to the narrow gap between the stationary and rotary parts of
it. The specimen must be free of any foreign matter or air
high-shear viscometers, this test method is more reproducible
bubbles and its volume must be sufficient to cover the portion
of the viscometer plate under the cone when the latter is
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-1 on Paint
and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of ICI cone/plate viscometers are manufactured by Research Equipment (London)
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints and Paint Materials. Ltd., 72 Wellington Rd., Twickenham, Middlesex TW12 5NX, England and are
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 1994. Published November 1994. Originally available in North America from BYK-Gardner, Inc. 2435 Linden Lane, Silver
published as D 4287 – 83. Last previous edition D 4287 – 88. Spring, MD 20910.
2 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01. Such oils are available from The Cannon Instrument Co., P.O. Box 16, State
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.02. College, PA 16801.
D 4287
8.3 Check the cones periodically for wear. Replace any cone
that shows a definite flattening of the apex. Some users have
found it necessary to replace cones every year. Others have had
to do so more often when abrasive paints or pastes were being
tested.
8.4 The determination must be made at a closely controlled
temperature of 25 6 0.3°C unless otherwise agreed. In order to
check the temperature control, carry out the test as outlined in
9.1 with the standard refined mineral oil of the highest
viscosity. Allow the viscometer to run with this oil for 5 min
and determine whether the reading decreases. If the decrease is
more than 10 %, the apparatus is unsuitable for the determina-
tion of viscosities at high rates of shear in accordance with this
test method.
NOTE 3—Many multitemperature cone/plate viscometers have heating,
but not cooling, capabilities. Therefore, runs with these viscometers at
25°C should only be done at room temperatures at or below 22°C to
ensure that the plate temp
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