ASTM E1116-98(2002)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable Concentrates
Standard Test Method for Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable Concentrates
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a guide for evaluating emulsification characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates. It defines the stability of emulsified particles in water. Although not absolute, the test method is a measure of expected emulsion stability in agricultural application equipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a general procedure for the determination of emulsification spontaneity and the emulsion stability characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates when diluted with water.
1.2 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamination. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good laboratory practice.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E 1116 – 98 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Emulsification Characteristics of Pesticide Emulsifiable
Concentrates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope near the bottom of the water, with no visible oil or cream
droplets reaching the bottom of the test cylinder. For products
1.1 This test method describes a general procedure for the
of density less than the water used, a rating of excellent is
determination of emulsification spontaneity and the emulsion
given if bloom occurs near the top of the water and no free oil
stability characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates
is present. Spontaneity descriptions between excellent and nil
when diluted with water.
(no emulsion formed, only free oil) are assigned very-good,
1.2 Proper safety and hygiene precautions must be taken
fair, and poor on a subjective basis.
when working with pesticide formulations to prevent skin or
3.1.2 emulsion quality—a subjective evaluation of the emul-
eye contact, vapor inhalation, and environmental contamina-
sion appearance. A rating of excellent (homogeneous), very
tion. Read and follow all handling instructions for the specific
good, good, fair, and poor (nonhomogeneous) is assigned.
formulation and conduct the test in accordance with good
3.1.3 Discussion—Cream and oil separation may coexist.
laboratory practice.
Normally, oil is located at either the extreme top or bottom of
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the liquid with cream between it and the rest of the emulsion.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
On rare occasions, separation occurs at both top and bottom of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the liquid (because of partition and solubility properties) and
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
care must be taken to so note and record.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.4 Separation:
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.4.1 separation, cream—a discrete, opaque layer of con-
centrated emulsion occurring at either the top or the bottom of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
the liquid.
D1126 Test Method for Hardness in Water
3.1.4.2 separation, oil—a discrete layer of nonemulsified
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
liquid occurring at either the top or the bottom of the liquid.
3. Terminology
4. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Definitions:
4.1 In this test method, emulsifiable pesticide concentrates
3.1.1 emulsification spontaneity—the rapid formation of an
are added to water of a given hardness and at a specified
emulsion in the test water from agitation provided only by the
temperature to form an oil-in-water emulsion. Performance of
gravity addition of the product. For products of density greater
the formulation is measured in terms of emulsion spontaneity,
than the water used, an excellent spontaneity rating is assigned
emulsion stability under static conditions, and re-
when the emulsion bloom (billowing) extends downward to
emulsification of the coalesced phase.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on 5. Significance and Use
Pesticides and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct responsibility of
5.1 This test method provides a guide for evaluating emul-
Subcommittee E35.22 on Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems.
sification characteristics of pesticide emulsifiable concentrates.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published March 2003. Originally
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as E 1116 – 98.
Itdefinesthestabilityofemulsifiedparticlesinwater.Although
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
notabsolute,thetestmethodisameasureofexpectedemulsion
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
stability in agricultural application equipment.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1116 – 98 (2002)
6. Apparatus 7.3.2 Hard Water, equivalent to a total hardness of 342 ppm
as calcium carbonate (CaCO ). Transfer 26.0 mL of synthetic
6.1 Analytical Balance, accurate to 0.01 g.
hard water stock by buret to a 1000-mL volumetric flask and
6.2 Burets, 50 and 100-mL capacity.
dilute to volume with water at 20 °C. Mix this solution
6.3 Graduated Cylinders, flat bottom, 100-mL capacity,
thoroughly (Note 2).
glass stoppered, volume divisions from 1 to 100 mL in 1-mL
7.3.3 Extra-hard Water, equivalent to a total hardness of
increments, having an overall length of 300 6 15 mm and a
1000 ppm as calcium carbonate (CaCO ). Transfer 73.0 mL of
head space between 50 and 75 mm.
synthetic hard water stock by buret to a 1000-mL volumetric
6.4 Pipets, graduated serological, various delivery volumes.
flask and dilute to volume with water at 20 °C. Mix this
6.5 Pipet Filler, bulb-type or equivalent.
solution thoroughly (Note 2).
6.6 Thermometer, graduated in 1 °C increments and having
7.3.4 Other Test Waters—Other synthetic waters can be
a minimum range from 0 to 50 °C.
prepared by using the following calculation:
6.7 Volumetric Flasks, 1000-mL capacity calibrated at 20
°C. Desired Water Hardness 1 13.6805
6.8 Constant Temperature (61 °C) Device, of minimum
millilitres of synthetic hard water stock at 20 °C to be diluted
@
vibration for housing gradu
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