ASTM D2809-21

Standard Test Method for Cavitation Corrosion and Erosion-Corrosion Characteristics of Aluminum Pumps With Engine Coolants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to distinguish between coolants that contribute to cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion of aluminum automotive water pumps and those that do not. It is not intended that a particular rating number, as determined from this test, will be equivalent to a certain number of miles in a vehicle test; however, limited correlation between bench and field service tests has been observed with single-phase coolants. Field tests under severe operating conditions should be conducted as the final test if the actual effect of the coolant on cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion is to be appraised. It is also possible, with proper control of the test variables, to determine the effect of pump design, materials of construction, and pump operating conditions on cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion damage.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion characteristics of aluminum automotive water pumps with coolants.  
Note 1: During the development of this test method, it was found that results obtained when testing two-phase coolants did not correlate with results from field tests. Therefore, the test method cannot be recommended as being a significant test for determining cavitation effects of two-phase coolants.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 5.2.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2021
• ICS: 23.080 - Pumps
• Technical Committee: D15 - Engine Coolants and Related Fluids
• Drafting Committee: D15.09 - Simulated Service Tests

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D1176-14(2019) - Standard Practice for Sampling and Preparing Aqueous Solutions of Engine Coolants or Antirusts for Testing Purposes
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM E177-14 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-May-2014
• Refers: ASTM D1176-14 - Standard Practice for Sampling and Preparing Aqueous Solutions of Engine Coolants or Antirusts for Testing Purposes
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2014
• Refers: ASTM E177-13 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM E691-13 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM E691-11 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Refers: ASTM E177-10 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2010
• Refers: ASTM E177-08 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Refers: ASTM E691-08 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Refers: ASTM D1176-98(2008) - Standard Practice for Sampling and Preparing Aqueous Solutions of Engine Coolants or Antirusts for Testing Purposes
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2008
• Refers: ASTM E177-06b - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2006
• Refers: ASTM E177-06a - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2006
• Refers: ASTM E691-05 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2005
• Refers: ASTM E177-04 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2004
• Refers: ASTM E177-06 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2004

Overview

ASTM D2809-21 is the Standard Test Method for Cavitation Corrosion and Erosion-Corrosion Characteristics of Aluminum Pumps With Engine Coolants, developed by ASTM International. This test method is vital for evaluating how different automotive engine coolants affect the cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion resistance of aluminum water pumps. The standard provides a uniform procedure for assessing and comparing coolants, helping engine manufacturers and coolant formulators improve product durability and system reliability. It addresses both laboratory and field applications, facilitates quality control, and supports the selection of engine coolant formulations that minimize pump wear and failure.

Key Topics

• Purpose: Distinguishes between engine coolants that contribute to or prevent cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion in aluminum automotive water pumps.
• Scope: Applies to single-phase engine coolants; it is not recommended for two-phase coolants as laboratory results did not align with field performance in such cases.
• Test Method: Involves circulating test coolant through an aluminum water pump in a simulated pressurized system at controlled speed and temperature, then inspecting and rating the pump for erosion and corrosion damage.
• Rating System: Uses descriptive ratings to classify the level of corrosion and erosion-corrosion, ranging from no visible damage to severe metal loss or leakage.
• Precision: Provides repeatability and reproducibility data, supporting confidence in interlaboratory comparisons.
• Limitations: The test does not directly equate to real-world service mileage; real-world field testing is recommended for final validation, especially under severe operating conditions.

Applications

This standard is widely used in the automotive and engine coolant industry, and is essential for:

• Automotive manufacturers and suppliers seeking to evaluate the compatibility and longevity of aluminum water pumps with various engine coolant formulations.
• Coolant formulators developing new products that must meet performance criteria against pump cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion.
• Quality control laboratories performing comparative testing to verify coolant batch consistency and compliance with performance requirements.
• Research and development teams analyzing the effects of pump design, construction materials, and different coolant chemistries on pump durability.
• Field service engineers correlating laboratory results with actual performance to anticipate maintenance needs and improve system design.

Related Standards

ASTM D2809-21 refers to several related ASTM standards essential for coolant testing and statistical data evaluation:

• ASTM D1176: Practice for Sampling and Preparing Aqueous Solutions of Engine Coolants or Antirusts for Testing Purposes.
• ASTM E177: Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods.
• ASTM E691: Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method.

These referenced standards help ensure accurate test results, reliable interlaboratory studies, and consistent use of precision and bias terminology.

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Keywords: ASTM D2809, cavitation corrosion, erosion-corrosion, aluminum pumps, engine coolant testing, automotive water pump, coolant compatibility, coolant corrosion resistance, pump durability, automotive standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2809 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Cavitation Corrosion and Erosion-Corrosion Characteristics
of Aluminum Pumps With Engine Coolants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ASTM Adjunct:
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the cavitation
Pump test stand (7 drawings and Bill of Materials)
corrosion and erosion-corrosion characteristics of aluminum
automotive water pumps with coolants.
3. Summary of Test Method
NOTE 1—During the development of this test method, it was found that
3.1 This test method consists of pumping an aqueous
results obtained when testing two-phase coolants did not correlate with
coolant solution at 113 °C (235 °F) through a pressurized
resultsfromfieldtests.Therefore,thetestmethodcannotberecommended
as being a significant test for determining cavitation effects of two-phase 103 kPa (15 psig) simulated automotive coolant system (Note
coolants.
2).An aluminum automotive water pump, driven at 4600 r/min
by an electric motor, is used to pump the solution and to serve
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
as the object specimen in evaluating the cavitation erosion-
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
corrosion effect of the coolant under test. The pump is
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
examined to determine the extent of cavitation erosion-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
corrosion damage and is rated according to the system given in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Table 1. Photographs of typical eroded pumps after testing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
appear in the Appendix.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. NOTE 2—Tests run at other than 113 °C (235 °F) might show more or
less cavitation depending upon the coolant formulation.
Specific warning statements are given in 5.2.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
4. Significance and Use
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the 4.1 This test method can be used to distinguish between
coolants that contribute to cavitation corrosion and erosion-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical corrosion of aluminum automotive water pumps and those that
do not. It is not intended that a particular rating number, as
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
determined from this test, will be equivalent to a certain
2. Referenced Documents number of miles in a vehicle test; however, limited correlation
between bench and field service tests has been observed with
2.1 ASTM Standards:
single-phase coolants. Field tests under severe operating con-
D1176 Practice for Sampling and Preparing Aqueous Solu-
ditions should be conducted as the final test if the actual effect
tions of Engine Coolants orAntirusts forTesting Purposes
of the coolant on cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion is
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
to be appraised. It is also possible, with proper control of the
ASTM Test Methods
testvariables,todeterminetheeffectofpumpdesign,materials
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
of construction, and pump operating conditions on cavitation
corrosion and erosion-corrosion damage.
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D15 on Engine
5. Apparatus
Coolants and Related Fluids and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D15.09 on Simulated Service Tests.
5.1 PumpTestStand—Detaileddrawingsareavailable. The
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published December 2021. Originally
copper, brass, and bronze flow circuit is illustrated in Fig. 1.
approved in 1969 as D2809–69T. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as
D2809-09 (2017). DOI: 10.1520/D2809-21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Detailed drawings of this apparatus and accompanying table of parts are
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD2809.
the ASTM website. Original adjunct produced in 1985.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2809 − 21
A, B
TABLE 1 Rating System quantity of distilled or deionized water:
Rating Condition
sodium sulfate 148 mg
sodium chloride 165 mg
10 No corrosion or erosion present; no metal loss. No change from origi-
sodium bicarbonate 138 mg
nal casting configuration. Staining permitted.
9 Minimal corrosion or erosion. Some rounding of sharp corners or light
The resulting solution should be made up to a volume of 1 L with
smoothing or both, or polishing of working surfaces.
distilled or deionized water at 20 °C.
8 Light corrosion or erosion may be generalized on working
surfaces. Dimensional change not to exceed 0.4 mm ( ⁄64 in.). If relatively large amounts of corrosive water are needed for testing, a
7 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 0.8 mm concentratemaybepreparedbydissolvingtentimestheaboveamountsof
( ⁄32 in.). Random pitting to 0.8 mm permitted.
the three chemicals, in distilled or deionized water, and adjusting the total
6 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 0.8 mm.
volume to 1 L by further additions of distilled or deionized water. When
Depressions, grooves, clusters of pits, or scalloping, or
needed, the corrosion water concentrate is diluted to the ratio of one part
both, within 0.8 mm dimensional change limit permitted.
by volume of concentrate to nine parts of distilled or deionized water.
5 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 1.6 mm
( ⁄16 in.). Small localized areas of metal removal in
7. Sampling
high-impingement regions or random pits to 1.6 mm permitted.
4 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 1.6 mm.
7.1 The coolant concentration shall be sampled in accor-
Small localized areas of metal removal in high-impingement regions,
clusters of pits within 1.6 mm dimensional change. Random pits to dance with Practice D1176.
2.4 mm ( ⁄32 in.) permitted.
3 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 2.4 mm.
8. Procedure
Depressions, grooves, clusters of pits or scalloping, or
both, permitted.
8.1 Before each test is begun, clean the test apparatus as
2 Corrosion or erosion with any dimensional change over 2.4 mm, and
follows:
short of pump case failure.
8.1.1 Remove and replace all hose (hose shall not be used
1 Pump case leaking due to corrision or erosion.
A
for more than one test), set the throttling valve to full open
If placement in a rating group is uncertain or border-line, elevate the rating to the
higher of the two groups in question.
position, and install a standard automotive water pump as the
B
Ratings 1 to 3 are dependent on pump-wall thickness and are intended to be
flushing pump to circulate cleaning solution.
used as relative ratings for tests using a given pump.
8.1.2 Fill the system with a solution made of 162 g (5.7 oz)
of detergent in 17 L (18 qt) of cool tap water. (The total
capacity of the system is approximately 17.5 L (18.5 qt).)
The apparatus should be assembled upon a suitable platform or
Reduce the pump speed to approximately 2675 r/min to
structure, with provisions for mounting controls and gages.
minimizeheatbuildup.Startthepumpandcirculatefor15min.
5.2 Warning—The entire stand should be screened or
Drain.
housed to protect personnel from hazardous scalding coolant
8.1.3 Fill with tap water. Start the pump and circulate for
in case of rupture in the pump, hose, or tubing. All belts and
5 min. Drain. Perform this operation three times.
pulleys should be properly shielded.
NOTE 5—This cleaning procedure supersedes one using chromic acid, a
5.3 Test Pump—Standard aluminum automotive water
recognized hazard. A Subcommittee D15.09 task force is currently
pump and engine front cover assemblies shall be used. The qualifying this cleaning procedure.
samemakeandmodelmustbeusedthroughoutaseriesoftests
8.1.4 Fill the system with a cleaning solution containing
when tests are conducted to evaluate coolants.
73.5 g of oxalic acid dihydrate and 52.5 g of citric acid per litre
5.3.1 1984 Buick pump GM #25527536 and engine front
of water. (These chemicals may be technical grade.)
cover GM #25515465 shall be designated as test standards.
8.1.5 Raisethetemperatureto82 °C(180 °F)withthepump
The pump gasket is GM #1358410, and the gasket at the back
operatingatapproximately2675r/minandtheheateron.When
of the front engine cover is GM #25519994. Pumps that do
the temperature is reached, turn off the heater. C
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2809 − 09 (Reapproved 2017) D2809 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Cavitation Corrosion and Erosion-Corrosion Characteristics
of Aluminum Pumps With Engine Coolants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2809; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion characteristics of aluminum
automotive water pumps with coolants.
NOTE 1—During the development of this test method, it was found that results obtained when testing two-phase coolants did not correlate with results
from field tests. Therefore, the test method cannot be recommended as being a significant test for determining cavitation effects of two-phase coolants.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.after
SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 5.2.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1176 Practice for Sampling and Preparing Aqueous Solutions of Engine Coolants or Antirusts for Testing Purposes
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ASTM Adjunct:
Pump test stand (7 drawings and Bill of Materials)
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 This test method consists of pumping an aqueous coolant solution at 113°C (235°F)113 °C (235 °F) through a pressurized
103-kPa (15-psig)103 kPa (15 psig) simulated automotive coolant system (Note 2). An aluminum automotive water pump, driven
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D15 on Engine Coolants and Related Fluids and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D15.09 on
Simulated Service Tests.
Current edition approved April 1, 2017Nov. 1, 2021. Published April 2017December 2021. Originally approved in 1969 as D2809–69T. Last previous edition approved
in 20092017 as D2809-09. -09 (2017). DOI: 10.1520/D2809-09R17.10.1520/D2809-21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
DetailDetailed drawings of this apparatus and accompanying table of parts are available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJD2809. Original
adjunct produced in 1985.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2809 − 21
at 4600 r/min by an electric motor, is used to pump the solution and to serve as the object specimen in evaluating the cavitation
erosion-corrosion effect of the coolant under test. The pump is examined to determine the extent of cavitation erosion-corrosion
damage and is rated according to the system given in Table 1. Photographs of typical eroded pumps after testing appear in the
Appendix.
NOTE 2—Tests run at other than 113 °C (235 °F) might show more or less cavitation depending upon the coolant formulation.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This test method can be used to distinguish between coolants that contribute to cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion of
aluminum automotive water pumps and those that do not. It is not intended that a particular rating number, as determined from
this test, will be equivalent to a certain number of miles in a vehicle test; however, limited correlation between bench and field
service tests has been observed with single-phase coolants. Field tests under severe operating conditions should be conducted as
the final test if the actual effect of the coolant on cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion is to be appraised. It is also possible,
with proper control of the test variables, to determine the effect of pump design, materials of construction, and pump operating
conditions on cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion damage.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Pump Test Stand—Detailed drawings are available. The copper, brass, and bronze flow circuit is illustrated in Fig. 1. The
apparatus should be assembled upon a suitable platform or structure, with provisions for mounting controls and gages.
5.2 Warning—The entire stand should be screened or housed to protect personnel from hazardous scalding coolant in case of
rupture in the pump, hose, or tubing. All belts and pulleys should be properly shielded.
5.3 Test Pump—Standard aluminum automotive water pump and engine front cover assemblies shall be used. The same make and
model must be used throughout a series of tests when tests are conducted to evaluate coolants.
A, B
TABLE 1 Rating System
Rating Condition
10 No corrosion or erosion present; no metal loss. No change from origi-
nal casting configuration. Staining permitted.
9 Minimal corrosion or erosion. Some rounding of sharp corners or light
smoothing or both, or polishing of working surfaces.
8 Light corrosion or erosion may be generalized on working
surfaces. Dimensional change not to exceed 0.4 mm ( ⁄64 in.).
7 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 0.8 mm
( ⁄32 in.). Random pitting to 0.8 mm permitted.
6 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 0.8 mm.
Depressions, grooves, clusters of pits, or scalloping, or
both, within 0.8 mm dimensional change limit permitted.
5 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 1.6 mm
( ⁄16 in.). Small localized areas of metal removal in
high-impingement regions or random pits to 1.6 mm permitted.
4 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 1.6 mm.
Small localized areas of metal removal in high-impingement regions,
clusters of pits within 1.6 mm dimensional change. Random pits to 2.4
mm ( ⁄32 in.) permitted.
4 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 1.6 mm.
Small localized areas of metal removal in high-impingement regions,
clusters of pits within 1.6 mm dimensional change. Random pits to
2.4 mm ( ⁄32 in.) permitted.
3 Corrosion or erosion with dimensional change not to exceed 2.4 mm.
Depressions, grooves, clusters of pits or scalloping, or
both, permitted.
2 Corrosion or erosion with any dimensional change over 2.4 mm, and
short of pump case failure.
1 Pump case leaking due to corrision or erosion.
A
If placement in a rating group is uncertain or border-line, elevate the rating to the
higher of the two groups in question.
B
Ratings 1 to 3 are dependent on pump-wall thickness and are intended to be
used as relative ratings for tests using a given pump.
D2809 − 21
FIG. 1 Aluminum Pump Cavitation Corrosion and Erosion-Corrosion Test Stand
NOTE 3—If it is desired to evaluate pumps on this test apparatus, a coolant of a known level of cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion protection should
be used.
5.3.1 1984 Buick pump GM #25527536 and engine front cover GM #25515465 shall be designated as test standards. The pump
gasket is GM #1358410, and the gasket at the back of the front engine cover is GM #25519994. Pumps that do not appear as the
specified pump (see Fig. X1.10 photo for rating “10”) shall not be used.
NOTE 3—If it is desired to evaluate pumps on this test apparatus, a coolant of a known level of cavitation corrosion and erosion-corrosion protection should
be used.
6. Test Solution
6.1 The test coolant is prepared by adding one part engine coolant concentrate to five parts corrosive water by volume. The water
shall contain 100 ppm each of sulfate, chloride, and bicarbonate ions, added as sodium salts.
NOTE 4—The specified corrosive water can be prepared by dissolving the following amounts of reagent grade anhydrous sodium salts in a quantity of
distilled or deionized water:
sodium sulfate 148 mg
sodium chloride 165 mg
sodium bicarbonate 138 mg
The resulting solution should be made up to a volume of 1 L with distilled or deionized water at 20 °C.
1984 Buick pump GM #25527536 and engine front cover GM 25515465 shall be designated as test standards. The pump gasket is The sole source of supply of GM
#25527536, GM #25515465, GM #1358410, and the gasket at the back of the front engine cover is GM #25519994. In the event that GM #25527536 is not available, AC
Delco 12307821 or Master CP1018 GM #25519994 known to the committee at this time is General Motors. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, may be used. which
you may attend.
D2809 − 21
If relatively large amounts of corrosive water are needed for testing, a concentrate may be prepared by dissolving ten times the above amounts of the
three chemicals, in distilled or deionized water, and adjusting the total volume
...