ASTM F2304-22

Standard Practice for Sealing of Sewers Using Chemical Grouting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The inspection, testing, and repair of sewer pipe joints is a practice that can assist in maintaining and optimizing sewer performance. It is important to identify methods that use the most current compounds and technology to ensure the reduction of infiltration and exfiltration. The method selected should utilize environmentally safe grout and minimize the disruption of traffic.  
4.2 This practice serves as a means to inspect, test, and seal sewer pipe joints, having selected the appropriate chemical grouts, using the packer method. Television inspection and joint testing are used to identify sewer line conditions, defective joints, and document the repairs undertaken. Instruction on joint sealing, if necessary, is then detailed, using pressure injection into the soils encompassing the pipe joint with a chemical grout (chemical sealing material).  
4.3 This practice should not be used for longitudinally cracked pipe, severely corroded pipe, structurally unsound pipe, flattened, or out-of-roundpipe. In areas with high groundwater pressure, greater than 10 psi (68.9 ksi) at the test point, consult equipment manufacturers.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for testing and sealing individual sewer pipe joints with appropriate chemical grouts using the packer method. Sewer systems shall include sanitary, storm, and combined and their appurtenances. Chemical grouting is a soil sealing process, which seals the voids within the soil surrounding the exterior of the pipe at the point of leakage. Chemical grouting is not considered a structural repair.  
1.2 This practice applies to sewers 6 in. to 42 in. (18 cm to 107 cm) in diameter. Larger diameter pipe may be grouted with specialized packers or man entry methods. Host pipe interior surfaces must be adequate to create an effective seal for the packer elements.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 Worker safety training should include reviewing the hazards associated with hoses, pumps, tanks, couplers, compressors, bottles, motors, and all other related application apparatus. Additional safety considerations including safely handling, mixing, and transporting of chemical grouts should be provided by the chemical grout manufacturer or supplier or both. Their safe operating practices and procedures should describe in detail appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for the various grouting operations. Operations covered should include the proper storage, transportation, mixing, and disposal of chemical grouts, additives, and their associated containers.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Nov-2022
• ICS: 93.030 - External sewage systems
• Technical Committee: F36 - Technology and Underground Utilities
• Drafting Committee: F36.20 - Inspection and Renewal of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure

Relations

• Refers: ASTM C1920-23 - Standard Practice for Cleaning of Vitrified Clay Sanitary Sewer Pipelines
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023

Overview

ASTM F2304-22: Standard Practice for Sealing of Sewers Using Chemical Grouting establishes comprehensive procedures for the inspection, testing, and sealing of sewer pipe joints through the application of chemical grouting, specifically using the packer method. Developed by ASTM International, this standard guides utilities, contractors, and municipal engineers in reducing infiltration and exfiltration in sanitary, storm, and combined sewer systems, thereby improving system integrity and environmental compliance.

Key Topics

• Inspection and Testing: The standard details the use of closed-circuit television (CCTV) for identifying defective pipe joints and documenting repair needs. It includes guidelines for pressure testing sewer joints to detect infiltration or exfiltration.
• Chemical Grouting Methods: Instructions are provided for the use of a packer device to inject chemical grout around pipe joints. The standard covers various grout types, such as acrylamide, acrylic, and urethane-based grouts, and sets out their performance expectations.
• Grout Selection and Handling:
  • Grout must be environmentally safe and compatible with pipeline conditions.
  • Procedures to ensure proper mixing, handling, and field application are outlined.
  • Use of additives to strengthen the cured grout, increase viscosity, or inhibit root growth if required.
• Limitations: This practice is not to be applied on pipes with longitudinal cracks, structural deficiencies, severe corrosion, or out-of-round deformations. High groundwater pressure applications may require consulting equipment manufacturers.
• Safety Considerations: Emphasis is placed on proper training in handling equipment (hoses, pumps, compressors, etc.) and chemical grouts. Recommendations for personal protective equipment (PPE), storage, and disposal are included to promote worker health and environmental protection.

Applications

• Optimizing Sewer Performance: By effectively sealing leaking joints, utilities can minimize groundwater or surface water intrusion, reducing treatment costs and preventing sanitary sewer overflows.
• Non-Structural Rehabilitation: Chemical grouting is a trenchless method for sealing leaks without replacing pipe sections, minimizing public disruption and protecting existing infrastructure.
• Compliance and Documentation: The practice supports regulatory compliance by documenting inspection, testing, and repair, which is essential for reporting to municipal or environmental authorities.
• Broad Utility: Applicable to pipe diameters from 6 to 42 inches, with adaptations possible for larger diameters. Suitable for use in sanitary, storm, and combined sewer systems.
• Flow Control: Instructions on managing sewer flow, using bypass pumping or plugging, ensure safe and effective joint testing and sealing operations.
• Quality Assurance: The standard incorporates field procedures for checking equipment calibration, verifying grout gel times, and post-sealing testing for each joint.

Related Standards

• ASTM C1920 - Practice for Cleaning of Vitrified Clay Sanitary Sewer Pipelines: Guidance on necessary cleaning before grouting.
• NASSCO Specifications Guidelines:
  • Wastewater Collection Systems Maintenance and Rehabilitation
  • Sewer Line Cleaning
  • Television Inspection of Main Sewers
• Other Sewer Rehabilitation Standards: Refer to ASTM and NASSCO resources for compatible practices on inspection, cleaning, and rehabilitation of underground utility infrastructure.

---

Keywords: ASTM F2304-22, sewer joint sealing, chemical grouting, packer method, sewer rehabilitation, infiltration reduction, exfiltration control, trenchless technology, CCTV sewer inspection, grout selection, sewer maintenance standards, pipeline leak sealing, environmental compliance.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2304 − 22
Standard Practice for
Sealing of Sewers Using Chemical Grouting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2304; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for testing and
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
sealing individual sewer pipe joints with appropriate chemical
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
grouts using the packer method. Sewer systems shall include
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
sanitary, storm, and combined and their appurtenances. Chemi-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
cal grouting is a soil sealing process, which seals the voids
within the soil surrounding the exterior of the pipe at the point
2. Referenced Documents
of leakage. Chemical grouting is not considered a structural
2.1 ASTM Standard:
repair.
C1920 Practice for Cleaning of Vitrified Clay Sanitary
1.2 This practice applies to sewers 6 in. to 42 in. (18 cm to
Sewer Pipelines
107cm)indiameter.Largerdiameterpipemaybegroutedwith
2.2 NASSCO Standards:
specialized packers or man entry methods. Host pipe interior
NASSCO Specifications Guidelines Wastewater Collection
surfaces must be adequate to create an effective seal for the
Systems Maintenance and Rehabilitation
packer elements.
NASSCO Specifications Guideline—Sewer Line Clean-
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
ing Wastewater Collections Systems Maintenance and
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
Rehab, Sewer Line Cleaning
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
NASSCO Specifications Guidelines—Television Inspection,
and are not considered standard.
Main Sewers Wastewater Collections Systems Mainte-
nance and Rehab, Television Inspection, Main Sewers
1.4 Worker safety training should include reviewing the
hazards associated with hoses, pumps, tanks, couplers,
3. Summary of Practice
compressors, bottles, motors, and all other related application
3.1 The work required by this practice shall consist of
apparatus. Additional safety considerations including safely
furnishing all labor, materials, equipment and supervising and
handling, mixing, and transporting of chemical grouts should
performing all work necessary to rehabilitate the designated
be provided by the chemical grout manufacturer or supplier or
sanitaryorstormsewerlinesorboth,allinaccordancewiththe
both. Their safe operating practices and procedures should
procedures. The work shall consist of, but not necessarily be
describe in detail appropriate personal protective equipment
limited to, performing the following tasks where specified:
(PPE) for the various grouting operations. Operations covered
3.1.1 Sewer Line Cleaning, shall be performed with hydrau-
should include the proper storage, transportation, mixing, and
lically propelled high-velocity jet or mechanically powered
disposal of chemical grouts, additives, and their associated
equipment. Selection of equipment shall be based on field
containers.
conditions such as access to manholes, quantity of debris, size
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of sewer, depth of flow, and so forth. NASSCO Specifications
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Guideline—Sewer Line Cleaning section adequately addresses
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
the sewer line cleaning process in the current edition.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.1.2 Sewer Flow Control, shall be performed as required to
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
comply with this practice.
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F36 on Technology For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F36.20 contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
on Inspection and Renewal of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally the ASTM website.
ɛ1 3
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as F2304 – 10 (2016) . Available from NationalAssociation of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO),
DOI: 10.1520/F2304-22. 5285 Westview Dr., Suite 202, Frederick, MD 21703, http://www.nassco.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2304 − 22
3.1.3 Television Inspection, shall be required to reveal and performance of work under the contract if and to the extent
document sewer line conditions and be performed in advance such work is precluded by the inability to obtain approvals or
of or in conjunction with pipe joint testing and sealing sewer consent.
pipe joints. NASSCO Specifications Guidelines—Television 5.1.3 AccesstoSiteofWork,tobeprovidedtotheextentthat
Inspection, Main Sewers section adequately addresses sewer
the owner is legally able to so provide or, if not so able, a
line television inspection processes in the current edition. writtenreleasefromresponsibilityfortheperformanceofwork
at sites where access cannot be made available.
3.1.4 Sewer Pipe Joint Testing, shall be performed to
5.1.4 Clearances of Blockages or Obstructions, in the sewer
identify defective (infiltrating/exfiltrating) pipe joints and shall
system, if any, if such clearance is required for performance of
be accomplished by applying a positive test pressure to each
work under the contract and if such clearance is not otherwise
individual sewer pipe joint, monitoring the test pressure and
provided for within the contract.
any test pressure decay, or through visual observation of the
5.1.5 Location and Exposure of All Manholes, unless other-
leaking joint.
wise provided for in the contract.
3.1.5 Sewer Pipe Joint Sealing, shall be accomplished by
5.1.6 Manhole Numbering System, for all areas of the
the pressure injection of chemical grout (chemical sealing
project and accurate manhole invert elevations when required
material) into the soils encompassing the pipe joint. Chemical
for performance of the work.
grouts are designed to be injected into the soil surrounding the
5.1.7 Shutdown or Manual Operation of Certain Pump
pipe, which stabilizes the soil and forms a permanent imper-
Stations, if such becomes necessary for performance of the
meable seal called a soil ring. Because the chemical grout is
work.
placed outside the pipe, adequate volumes must be injected to
5.1.8 Water, necessary for performance of work under the
form an effective seal. This application will be through
contract, from fire hydrants or other sources must be obtained
structurally sound joints from within the pipe (packer method)
in accordance with local ordinances.
in tandem with a closed-circuit television inspection system.
5.1.9 Disposal Area, for all materials removed from the
sewers during the performance of the work and the unencum-
4. Significance and Use
bered right of the contractor to transport and expeditiously
4.1 Theinspection,testing,andrepairofsewerpipejointsis
disposeofsuchmaterialsatalocationdesignatedbytheowner.
a practice that can assist in maintaining and optimizing sewer
5.1.10 Secure Storage Area, of a size adequate to accom-
performance. It is important to identify methods that use the
modate the required vehicles, equipment, and materials for the
most current compounds and technology to ensure the reduc-
period of the contract.
tion of infiltration and exfiltration. The method selected should
5.1.11 Notice to Third Parties, (such as utilities and affected
utilize environmentally safe grout and minimize the disruption
residents ) of the contractor’s intent to perform work in an area
of traffic.
where such parties may have rights to underground property or
facilities. Request for maps or other descriptive information as
4.2 This practice serves as a means to inspect, test, and seal
to the nature and location of such underground facilities or
sewer pipe joints, having selected the appropriate chemical
property and assurance of the contractor’s ability to enter upon
grouts, using the packer method. Television inspection and
any public or private lands to which access is required for
joint testing are used to identify sewer line conditions, defec-
performance of the work under the contract.
tivejoints,anddocumenttherepairsundertaken.Instructionon
5.1.12 Information Pertinent to the Site of the project
joint sealing, if necessary, is then detailed, using pressure
including reports prepared under previously accomplished
injection into the soils encompassing the pipe joint with a
studies or surveys and other data relative to the project,
chemical grout (chemical sealing material).
including maps, drawings, construction specifications sewer
4.3 This practice should not be used for longitudinally
system records, and so forth.
cracked pipe, severely corroded pipe, structurally unsound
5.1.13 Authorization to perform work that must be per-
pipe, flattened, or out-of-roundpipe. In areas with high ground-
formed during nighttime hours, on weekends, or on holidays.
water pressure, greater than 10 psi (68.9 ksi) at the test point,
5.1.14 Traffıc Control, as specified by the agency with
consult equipment manufacturers.
jurisdiction over the roadway or by uniformed officers when
the safety of workers or the public requires such protection.
5. Contract Responsibilities
5.1.15 The contractor shall certify that backup equipment is
available and can be delivered to the site within 48 h.
5.1 Sewer system sealing contracts should define or affix
5.1.16 Submit work schedule to the owner’s representative
responsibility or make provisions for the following items:
for review and approval before commencement of the project.
5.1.1 Notice of Client/Owner Requirements, which are rel-
5.1.17 Submit equipment operating procedures and systems
evant to and within the scope of work to be performed under
to the owner’s representative for review and approval before
the contract.
commencement of the project.
5.1.2 Municipal and Other Licenses and Permits, and assis-
tanceinobtainingapprovalsorconsentfromutilitiesorcarriers
6. Chemical Grout (Chemical Sealing Materials)
or other persons or organizations upon whose property or
authority performance of work under the contract might 6.1 The intent of this section is to define the properties that
impinge; or a written release from responsibility for the a chemical sealing material must have to perform effectively in
F2304 − 22
the intended application and under expected field conditions. 6.3.1.5 A controllable reaction time from 10 s to 1 h.
The intended application is remotely sealing sewer pipe joints
6.3.1.6 Areaction(curing),whichproducesahomogeneous,
with a sealing packer as specified in Section 12.
chemically stable, nonbiodegradable, firm, flexible gel.
6.1.1 Generic chemical sealing materials currently in use
6.3.1.7 The ability to increase mix viscosity, density and gel
along with the basic properties, performance standards, and
strength by the use of additives.
mix ratios, which are known to give acceptable performance,
6.3.2 Acrylic Base Gel Chemical Sealing Material:
are listed in 6.2.
6.3.2.1 Aminimum of 10 % acrylic base material by weight
6.1.2 It is recognized that new and improved chemical
in the total sealant mix.Ahigher concentration of acrylic base
sealing materials will become available from time to time.
material may be used to increase strength or offset dilution
Sources, manufacturers, and product names of chemical seal-
during injection.
ing materials will thus change from time to time and therefore
6.3.2.2 The ability to tolerate some dilution and react in
specific sources, manufacturers, and product names are not
moving water during injection.
given.
6.3.2.3 A viscosity of approximately 2 centipoise, which
6.1.3 In every case, mixing and handling of chemical
can be increased with additives.
sealing materials shall be in accordance with the manufactur-
6.3.2.4 A constant viscosity during the reaction period.
er’s or supplier’s recommendations or both.
6.3.2.5 A controllable reaction time from 10 s to 1 h.
6.2 General—All chemical-sealing materials used in the
6.3.2.6 A reaction (curing), which produces a homogenous,
performance of the work specified must have the following
chemically stable, nonbiodegradable, flexible gel.
characteristics:
6.3.2.7 Theabilitytoincreasemixviscosity,density,andgel
6.2.1 While being injected, the chemical sealant must be
strength by the use of additives.
able to react/perform in the presence of water (groundwater).
6.3.3 Urethane Base Gel Chemical Sealing Material:
6.2.2 The cured material must withstand submergence in
6.3.3.1 One-part urethane prepolymer thoroughly mixed
water without degradation.
with between five and ten parts of water weight. The recom-
6.2.3 The resultant chemical grout formation must prevent
mendedmixratioisoneparturethaneprepolymertoeightparts
the passage of water (infiltration) through the soil ring and
of water (11 % prepolymer). When high flow rates from leaks
sewer pipe joint.
are encountered, the ratio of water being pumped may be
6.2.4 The sealant material, after curing, must be flexible as
lowered.
opposed to brittle.
6.3.3.2 Aliquid prepolymer having a solids content of 75 %
6.2.5 The sealant formation must not be biodegradable.
to 95 % and a specific gravity of greater than 1.00.
6.2.6 The cured sealant should be chemically stable and
6.3.3.3 A liquid prepolymer having a viscosity of between
resistant to the concentrations of acids, alkalis, and organics
100 centipoise and 1500 centipoise at 70 °F (21.1 °C) that can
found in normal wastewater and storm water.
be pumped through 500 ft (152 m) of ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm) hose with
6.2.7 Packaging of component materials must be compat-
a 1000 psi (6895 kPa) head at a flow rate of 1 oz/s.
ible with field storage and handling requirements. Packaging
6.3.3.4 The water used to react the prepolymer should have
must provide for worker safety and minimize spillage during
apHof5to9.
handling.
6.3.3.5 A cure time appropriate for the conditions encoun-
6.2.8 Measurement of the component materials being mixed
tered.
must be compatible with field operations.
6.2.9 Field cleanup must be done without inordinate use of 6.3.3.6 A relatively rapid viscosity increase of the
prepolymer/water mix. Viscosity should increase rapidly in the
flammable or hazardous chemicals.
6.2.10 Residual sealing materials must be easily removable firstminutefor1to8prepolymer/waterrationat50 °F(10 °C).
from the sewer to prevent reduction or blockage of the flow. 6.3.3.7 Areaction(curing)thatproducesachemicallystable
and nonbiodegradable, tough, flexible gel.
6.3 Chemical Sealing Materials—Thefollowingisageneric
6.3.3.8 The ability to increase mix viscosity, density, gel
listing of chemical sealing materials currently in use and the
strength, and resistance to shrinkage by the use of additives.
basic requirements, properties, and characteristics of each.
6.3.4 Urethane Base Foam Chemical Sealing Material:
6.3.1 Acrylamide Base Gel Sealing Material:
6.3.4.1 Approximately one part of urethane prepolymer
6.3.1.1 A minimum of 10 % acrylamide base material by
thoroughly mixed with one part of water by weight (50 %
weight in total sealant mix. A higher concentration of acryl-
prepolymer).
amide base material may be used to increase strength or offset
6.3.4.2 A liquid prepolymer having a minimum solids con-
dilution during injection.
6.3.1.2 The ability to tolerate some dilution and react in tentofbetween75 %and95 %andaminimumspecificgravity
of 1.00.
moving water during injection.
6.3.1.3 A viscosity of approximately 2 centipoise, which
6.3.4.3 A liquid prepolymer having a viscosity of 150 cen-
can be increased with additives.
tipoise to 1200 centipoise at 72 °F (22.2 °C) that can be
6.3.1.4 Maintains a constant viscosity during the reaction
pumped through 500 ft (152 m) of ⁄2 in. (1.3 cm) hose with a
period.
500 psi (345 kPa) head at a flow rate of 1 oz/s.
6.3.4.4 A cure time appropriate for the conditions encoun-
EPAGrant No. R806567-01, Office of R&D, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268. tered.
F2304 − 22
TABLE 2 Maximum Depth of Flow—Joint Testing/Sealing
6.3.4.5 During injection foaming, expansion and viscosity
increases occur. 6 in. to 10 in. pipe 25 % of pipe diameter
1-2 in. to 24 in. pipe 30 % of pipe diameter
27 in. and up pipe 35 % of pipe diameter
7. Optional Additives
7.1 Additives enhance the performance of the chemical
sealing materials and can be used for specific applications.
access will be done one manhole section at a time. The flow in
Additives are used to strengthen grout, reduce grout shrinkage,
the sewer being inspected will be suitably controlled as
protect against low temperatures, increase viscosity, help fill
specified in Section 9. NASSCO Specifications Guidelines—
large voids, and inhibit root growth. Owner/operators repre-
Television Inspection, Main Sewers section adequately ad-
sentative should consult with grout manufacturers to determine
dressessewerlinetelevisioninspectionprocessesinthecurrent
appropriate additives.
edition.
8. Sewer Line Cleaning Procedure
11. Method for Sewer Pipe Joint Testing
8.1 Intent—The intent of sewer cleaning is to remove
foreign materials and restore the sewer to obtain proper seating 11.1 Scope—Pipe joint testing identifies those sewer pipe
joints that are defective (allowing groundwater to enter the
of the packer. The importance of this phase of the operation
cannot be overemphasized. Refer to Practice C1920 or sewer system and sewage to exfiltrate the sewer system) and
thatcanbesuccessfullysealedbytheinternalpipejointsealing
NASSCO Specifications Guidelines, or both, as appropriate.
process. Testing will be performed on all joints in a section,
9. Sewer Flow Control Procedure
unless visibly leaking, as this is a positive leak indicator.
9.1 When sewer line depth of flow at the upstream manhole
Testing all nonvisibly leaking joints must be performed in each
of the section being worked on is above the maximum section. Testing each nonvisibly leaking joint ensures that the
allowable for television inspection and joint testing (Table 1),
entire section is sealed even if the water table is raised. All
or sealing (Table 2), the flow shall be reduced to the level sewer line joint testing and grouting shall be conducted
shown by operation of pump stations, plugging or blocking of immediately following the cleaning and pressure testing of the
the flow, or by pumping and bypassing. reach.
9.2 Plugging and Blocking—A plug inserted into the sewer 11.2 Significance and Use—Sewer pipe joint testing is used
upstream of the section being worked on can be used to
to test the integrity of individual pipe joints.Testing should not
regulate the flow to the recommended limits. The plug shall be be performed and will not be required on longitudinally
designed so that all or any portion of the flow can be released.
cracked or broken pipe.
9.3 Pumping and Bypassing—When pumping and bypass- 11.3 Equipment:
ingisrequired,thecontractorshallsupplythepumps,conduits,
11.3.1 Thebasicequipmentusedshallconsistofatelevision
and other equipment to divert the flow around the manhole camera, a joint testing device (known as a packer) with
section in which work is to be performed. The bypass system
inflatable bladders, and test monitoring equipment. The equip-
shall be of sufficient capacity to handle existing flow plus ment shall provide a means for introducing a controlled test
additional flow that may occur during a rainstorm. It must be
medium, under pressure, into the void area created by the
designed so that if the bypass fails, flow can be immediately expanded ends of the joint testing device. The packer will
restored through the pipe. The contractor will be responsible
simultaneously permit some flow to pass through its center
for furnishing the necessary labor and supervision to set up and annulus. The equipment will also provide a means for continu-
operate the pumping and bypassing system. If pumping is
ously measuring the actual static pressure of the test medium
required on a 24 h basis, engines shall be equipped in a manner within the void area created by the inflation of the packer. All
to keep noise to a minimum.
pressure measurements shall be made at the void area.
11.3.2 Void pressure data shall be transmitted from the void
9.4 Flow Control Precautions—When flow in a sewer is
to the monitoring equipment or video picture of a pressure
plugged, blocked, or bypassed, sufficient precautions must be
gauge mounted on the packer and connected to the void area.
taken to protect the sewer from damage that might result from
All test monitoring shall be above ground and in a location to
sewer surcharging. Further, precautions must be taken to
allow for simultaneous and continuous observation of the
ensure that flow control operations do not cause flooding or
television monitor and test monitoring equipm
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: F2304 − 10 (Reapproved 2016) F2304 − 22
Standard Practice for
Sealing of Sewers Using Chemical Grouting
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2304; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in May 2016.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for testing and sealing individual sewer pipe joints with appropriate chemical grouts
using the packer method. Sewer systems shall include sanitary, storm, and combined and their appurtenances. Chemical grouting
is a soil sealing process, which seals the voids within the soil surrounding the exterior of the pipe at the point of leakage. Chemical
grouting is not considered a structural repair.
1.2 This practice applies to sewers 66 in. to 42 in. (18(18 cm to 107 cm) in diameter. Larger diameter pipe may be grouted with
specialized packers or man entry methods. Host pipe interior surfaces must be adequate to create an effective seal for the packer
elements.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 Worker safety training should include reviewing the hazards associated with hoses, pumps, tanks, couplers, compressors,
bottles, motors, and all other related application apparatus. Additional safety considerations including safely handling, mixing, and
transporting of chemical grouts should be provided by the chemical grout manufacturer or supplier or both. Their safe operating
practices and procedures should describe in detail appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) for the various grouting
operations. Operations covered should include the proper storage, transportation, mixing, and disposal of chemical grouts,
additives, and their associated containers.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standard:
C1920 Practice for Cleaning of Vitrified Clay Sanitary Sewer Pipelines
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F36 on Technology and Underground Utilities and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F36.20 on
Inspection and Renewal of Water and Wastewater Infrastructure.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016Nov. 15, 2022. Published May 2016November 2022. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20102016
ɛ1
as F2304 – 10.F2304 – 10 (2016) . DOI: 10.1520/F2304-10R16E01.10.1520/F2304-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2304 − 22
2.2 NASSCO Standards:
NASSCO Specifications Guidelines Wastewater Collection Systems Maintenance and Rehabilitation
NASSCO Specifications Guideline—Sewer Line Cleaning Wastewater Collections Systems Maintenance and Rehab, Sewer
Line Cleaning
NASSCO Specifications Guidelines—Television Inspection, Main Sewers Wastewater Collections Systems Maintenance and
Rehab, Television Inspection, Main Sewers
3. Summary of Practice
3.1 The work required by this practice shall consist of furnishing all labor, materials, equipment and supervising and performing
all work necessary to rehabilitate the designated sanitary or storm sewer lines or both, all in accordance with the procedures. The
work shall consist of, but not necessarily be limited to, performing the following tasks where specified:
3.1.1 Sewer Line Cleaning, shall be performed with hydraulically propelled high-velocity jet or mechanically powered equipment.
Selection of equipment shall be based on field conditions such as access to manholes, quantity of debris, size of sewer, depth of
flow, and so forth. NASSCO Specifications Guideline—Sewer Line Cleaning section adequately addresses the sewer line cleaning
process in the current edition.
3.1.2 Sewer Flow Control, shall be performed as required to comply with this practice.
3.1.3 Television Inspection, shall be required to reveal and document sewer line conditions and be performed in advance of or in
conjunction with pipe joint testing and sealing sewer pipe joints. NASSCO Specifications Guidelines—Television Inspection, Main
Sewers section adequately addresses sewer line television inspection processes in the current edition.
3.1.4 Sewer Pipe Joint Testing, shall be performed to identify defective (infiltrating/exfiltrating) pipe joints and shall be
accomplished by applying a positive test pressure to each individual sewer pipe joint, monitoring the test pressure and any test
pressure decay, or through visual observation of the leaking joint.
3.1.5 Sewer Pipe Joint Sealing, shall be accomplished by the pressure injection of chemical grout (chemical sealing material) into
the soils encompassing the pipe joint. Chemical grouts are designed to be injected into the soil surrounding the pipe, which
stabilizes the soil and forms a permanent impermeable seal called a soil ring. Because the chemical grout is placed outside the pipe,
adequate volumes must be injected to form an effective seal. This application will be through structurally sound joints from within
the pipe (packer method) in tandem with a closed circuit closed-circuit television inspection system.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The inspection, testing, and repair of sewer pipe joints is a practice that can assist in maintaining and optimizing sewer
performance. It is important to identify methods that use the most current compounds and technology to ensure the reduction of
infiltration and exfiltration. The method selected should utilize environmentally safe grout and minimize the disruption of traffic.
4.2 This practice serves as a means to inspect, test, and seal sewer pipe joints, having selected the appropriate chemical grouts,
using the packer method. Television inspection and joint testing are used to identify sewer line conditions, defective joints, and
document the repairs undertaken. Instruction on joint sealing, if necessary, is then detailed, using pressure injection into the soils
encompassing the pipe joint with a chemical grout (chemical sealing material).
4.3 This practice should not be used for longitudinally cracked pipe, severely corroded pipe, structurally unsound pipe, flattened,
or out-of-roundpipe. In areas with high groundwater pressure, greater than 10 psi (68.9 ksi) at the test point, consult equipment
manufacturers.
5. Contract Responsibilities
5.1 Sewer system sealing contracts should define or affix responsibility or make provisions for the following items:
5.1.1 Notice of Client/Owner Requirements, which are relevant to and within the scope of work to be performed under the contract.
Available from National Association of Sewer Service Companies (NASSCO), 2470 Longstone Lane, Suite M, Marriottsville, MD 21104,5285 Westview Dr., Suite 202,
Frederick, MD 21703, http://www.nassco.org.
F2304 − 22
5.1.2 Municipal and Other Licenses and Permits, and assistance in obtaining approvals or consent from utilities or carriers or other
persons or organizations upon whose property or authority performance of work under the contract might impinge; or a written
release from responsibility for the performance of work under the contract if and to the extent such work is precluded by the
inability to obtain approvals or consent.
5.1.3 Access to Site of Work, to be provided to the extent that the owner is legally able to so provide or, if not so able, a written
release from responsibility for the performance of work at sites where access cannot be made available.
5.1.4 Clearances of Blockages or Obstructions, in the sewer system, if any, if such clearance is required for performance of work
under the contract and if such clearance is not otherwise provided for within the contract.
5.1.5 Location and Exposure of All Manholes, unless otherwise provided for in the contract.
5.1.6 Manhole Numbering System, for all areas of the project and accurate manhole invert elevations when required for
performance of the work.
5.1.7 Shutdown or Manual Operation of Certain Pump Stations, if such becomes necessary for performance of the work.
5.1.8 Water, necessary for performance of work under the contract, from fire hydrants or other sources must be obtained in
accordance with local ordinances.
5.1.9 Disposal Area, for all materials removed from the sewers during the performance of the work and the unencumbered right
of the contractor to transport and expeditiously dispose of such materials at a location designated by the owner.
5.1.10 Secure Storage Area, of a size adequate to accommodate the required vehicles, equipment, and materials for the period of
the contract.
5.1.11 Notice to Third Parties, (such as utilities and affected residents ) of the contractor’s intent to perform work in an area where
such parties may have rights to underground property or facilities. Request for maps or other descriptive information as to the
nature and location of such underground facilities or property and assurance of the contractor’scontractor’s ability to enter upon
any public or private lands to which access is required for performance of the work under the contract.
5.1.12 Information Pertinent to the Site of the project including reports prepared under previously accomplished studies or surveys
and other data relative to the project, including maps, drawings, construction specifications sewer system records, and so forth.
5.1.13 Authorization to perform work that must be performed during nighttime hours, on weekends, or on holidays.
5.1.14 Traffıc Control, as specified by the agency with jurisdiction over the roadway or by uniformed officers when the safety of
workers or the public requires such protection.
5.1.15 The contractor shall certify that backup equipment is available and can be delivered to the site within 48 h.
5.1.16 Submit work schedule to the owner’s representative for review and approval before commencement of the project.
5.1.17 Submit equipment operating procedures and systems to the owner’s representative for review and approval before
commencement of the project.
6. Chemical Grout (Chemical Sealing Materials)
6.1 The intent of this section is to define the properties that a chemical sealing material must have to perform effectively in the
intended application and under expected field conditions. The intended application is remotely sealing sewer pipe joints with a
sealing packer as specified in Section 12.
6.1.1 Generic chemical sealing materials currently in use along with the basic properties, performance standards, and mix ratios,
which are known to give acceptable performance, are listed in 6.2.
6.1.2 It is recognized that new and improved chemical sealing materials will become available from time to time. Sources,
F2304 − 22
manufacturers, and product names of chemical sealing materials will thus change from time to time and therefore specific sources,
manufacturers, and product names are not given.
6.1.3 In every case, mixing and handling of chemical sealing materials shall be in accordance with the
manufacturer’smanufacturer’s or supplierssupplier’s recommendations or both.
6.2 General—All chemical-sealing materials used in the performance of the work specified must have the following
characteristics:
6.2.1 While being injected, the chemical sealant must be able to react/perform in the presence of water (groundwater).
6.2.2 The cured material must withstand submergence in water without degradation.
6.2.3 The resultant chemical grout formation must prevent the passage of water (infiltration) through the soil ring and sewer pipe
joint.
6.2.4 The sealant material, after curing, must be flexible as opposed to brittle.
6.2.5 The sealant formation must not be biodegradable.
6.2.6 The cured sealant should be chemically stable and resistant to the concentrations of acids, alkalis, and organics found in
normal wastewater and storm water.
6.2.7 Packaging of component materials must be compatible with field storage and handling requirements. Packaging must
provide for worker safety and minimize spillage during handling.
6.2.8 Measurement of the component materials being mixed must be compatible with field operations.
6.2.9 Field cleanup must be done without inordinate use of flammable or hazardous chemicals.
6.2.10 Residual sealing materials must be easily removable from the sewer to prevent reduction or blockage of the flow.
6.3 Chemical Sealing Materials—The following is a generic listing of chemical sealing materials currently in use and the basic
requirements, properties, and characteristics of each.
6.3.1 Acrylamide Base Gel Sealing Material:
6.3.1.1 A minimum of 10 % acrylamide base material by weight in total sealant mix. A higher concentration of acrylamide base
material may be used to increase strength or offset dilution during injection.
6.3.1.2 The ability to tolerate some dilution and react in moving water during injection.
6.3.1.3 A viscosity of approximately 2 centipoise, which can be increased with additives.
6.3.1.4 Maintains a constant viscosity during the reaction period.
6.3.1.5 A controllable reaction time from 10 s to 1 h.
6.3.1.6 A reaction (curing), which produces a homogeneous, chemically stable, nonbiodegradable, firm, flexible gel.
6.3.1.7 The ability to increase mix viscosity, density and gel strength by the use of additives.
6.3.2 Acrylic Base Gel Chemical Sealing Material:
6.3.2.1 A minimum of 10 % acrylic base material by weight in the total sealant mix. A higher concentration of acrylic base material
may be used to increase strength or offset dilution during injection.
EPA Grant No. R806567-01, Office of R&D, U.S. EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45268.
F2304 − 22
6.3.2.2 The ability to tolerate some dilution and react in moving water during injection.
6.3.2.3 A viscosity of approximately 2 centipoise, which can be increased with additives.
6.3.2.4 A constant viscosity during the reaction period.
6.3.2.5 A controllable reaction time from 10 s to 1 h.
6.3.2.6 A reaction (curing), which produces a homogenous, chemically stable, nonbiodegradable, flexible gel.
6.3.2.7 The ability to increase mix viscosity, density, and gel strength by the use of additives.
6.3.3 Urethane Base Gel Chemical Sealing Material:
6.3.3.1 One part One-part urethane prepolymer thoroughly mixed with between five and ten parts of water weight. The
recommended mix ratio is one part urethane prepolymer to eight parts of water (11 % prepolymer). When high flow rates from
leaks are encountered, the ratio of water being pumped may be lowered.
6.3.3.2 A liquid prepolymer having a solids content of 7575 % to 95 % and a specific gravity of greater than 1.00.
6.3.3.3 A liquid prepolymer having a viscosity of between 100100 centipoise and 1500 centipoise at 70°F (21.1°C)70 °F (21.1 °C)
that can be pumped through 500 ft (152 m) of ⁄2-in. (1.3-cm) in. (1.3 cm) hose with a 1000-psi (6895-kPa)1000 psi (6895 kPa)
head at a flow rate of 1 oz/s.
6.3.3.4 The water used to react the prepolymer should have a pH of 5 to 9.
6.3.3.5 A cure time appropriate for the conditions encountered.
6.3.3.6 A relatively rapid viscosity increase of the prepolymer/water mix. Viscosity should increase rapidly in the first minute for
1 to 8 prepolymer/water ration at 50°F (10°C).50 °F (10 °C).
6.3.3.7 A reaction (curing) that produces a chemically stable and nonbiodegradable, tough, flexible gel.
6.3.3.8 The ability to increase mix viscosity, density, gel strength, and resistance to shrinkage by the use of additives.
6.3.4 Urethane Base Foam Chemical Sealing Material:
6.3.4.1 Approximately one part of urethane prepolymer thoroughly mixed with one part of water by weight (50 % prepolymer).
6.3.4.2 A liquid prepolymer having a minimum solids content of between 7575 % and 95 % and a minimum specific gravity of
1.00.
6.3.4.3 A liquid prepolymer having a viscosity of 150150 centipoise to 1200 centipoise at 72°F (22.2°C)72 °F (22.2 °C) that can
be pumped through 500 ft (152 m) of ⁄2-in. (1.3-cm) in. (1.3 cm) hose with a 500-psi (345-kPa)500 psi (345 kPa) head at a flow
rate of 1 oz/s.
6.3.4.4 A cure time appropriate for the conditions encountered.
6.3.4.5 During injection foaming, expansion and viscosity increases occur.
7. Optional Additives
7.1 Additives enhance the performance of the chemical sealing materials and can be used for specific applications. Additives are
used to strengthen grout, reduce grout shrinkage, protect against low temperatures, increase viscosity, help fill large voids, and
inhibit root growth. Owner/operators representative should consult with grout manufacturers to determine appropriate additives.
F2304 − 22
8. Sewer Line Cleaning Procedure
8.1 Intent—The intent of sewer cleaning is to remove foreign materials and restore the sewer to obtain proper seating of the packer.
The importance of this phase of the operation cannot be overemphasized. Refer to Practice C1920 or NASSCO Specifications
Guidelines.Guidelines, or both, as appropriate.
9. Sewer Flow Control Procedure
9.1 When sewer line depth of flow at the upstream manhole of the section being worked on is above the maximum allowable for
television inspection and joint testing (Table 1), or sealing (Table 2), the flow shall be reduced to the level shown by operation of
pump stations, plugging or blocking of the flow, or by pumping and bypassing.
9.2 Plugging and Blocking—A plug inserted into the sewer upstream of the section being worked on can be used to regulate the
flow to the recommended limits. The plug shall be designed so that all or any portion of the flow can be released.
9.3 Pumping and Bypassing—When pumping and bypassing is required, the contractor shall supply the pumps, conduits, and other
equipment to divert the flow around the manhole section in which work is to be performed. The bypass system shall be of sufficient
capacity to handle existing flow plus additional flow that may occur during a rainstorm. It must be designed so that if the bypass
fails, flow can be immediately restored through the pipe. The contractor will be responsible for furnishing the necessary labor and
supervision to set up and operate the pumping and bypassing system. If pumping is required on a 24-h24 h basis, engines shall
be equipped in a manner to keep noise to a minimum.
9.4 Flow Control Precautions—When flow in a sewer is plugged, blocked, or bypassed, sufficient precautions must be taken to
protect the sewer from damage that might result from sewer surcharging. Further, precautions must be taken to insureensure that
flow control operations do not cause flooding or damage to public or private property being served by the sewers.
10. Television Inspection Procedure for Main Sewers
10.1 After cleaning, the sewer shall be remotely inspected by means of color closed-circuit television. The inspection for access
will be done one manhole section at a time. The flow in the sewer being inspected will be suitably controlled as specified in Section
9. NASSCO Specifications Guidelines—Television Inspection, Main Sewers section adequately addresses sewer line television
inspection processes in the current edition.
11. Method for Sewer Pipe Joint Testing
11.1 Scope—Pipe joint testing identifies those sewer pipe joints that are defective (allowing groundwater to enter the sewer system
and sewage to exfiltrate the sewer system) and that can be successfully sealed by the internal pipe joint sealing process. Testing
will be performed on all joints in a section, unless visibly leaking, as this is a positive leak indicator. Testing all nonvisibly leaking
joints must be performed in each section. Testing each nonvisibly leaking joint insuresensures that the entire section is sealed even
if the water table is raised. All sewer line joint testing and grouting shall be conducted immediately following the cleaning and
pressure testing of the reach.
11.2 Significance and Use—Sewer pipe joint testing is used to test the integrity of individual pipe joints. Testing should not be
performed and will not be required on longitudinally cracked or broken pipe.
11.3 Equipment:
11.3.1 The basic equipment used shall consist of a television camera, a joint testing device (known as a packer) with inflatable
bladders, and test monitoring equipment. The equipment shall provide a means for introducing a controlled test medium, under
TABLE 1 Maximum Depth of Flow—Television Inspection
6- to 10-in. pipe 20 % of pipe diameter
6 in. to 10 in. pipe 20 % of pipe diameter
12- to 24-in. pipe 25 % of pipe diameter
12 in. to 24 in. pipe 25 % of pipe diameter
27 in. and up pipe 30 % of pipe diameter
F2304 − 22
TABLE 2 Maximum Depth Of Flow—Joint Testing/Sealing
6- to 10-in. pipe 25 % of pipe diameter
1-2 to 24-in. pipe 30 % of pipe diameter
27-in. and up pipe 35 % of pipe diameter
TABLE 2 Maximum Depth of Flow—Joint Testing/Sealing
6 in. to 10 in. pipe 25 % of pipe
...