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ASTM F1839-08e2

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Use as a Standard Material for Testing Orthopedic Devices and Instruments

Standard Specification for Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Use as a Standard Material for Testing Orthopedic Devices and Instruments

ABSTRACT
This specification covers rigid polyurethane foam blocks or sheets recommended for use as a standard material for mechanical testing using orthopedic devices and instruments. Although the physical properties of the foam are in the order of those reported for human cancellous bones, these materials are not intended for implantation into the human body. All materials should conform to the specified quality of appearance, dimensional stability, and composition, and values of void content, compressive strength, compressive modulus, shear strength, shear modulus, and screw pullout.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This specification describes the compositional requirements, physical requirements, mechanical requirements, and test methods for rigid unicellular polyurethane foam for use in testing orthopaedic devices or instruments.
This foam described in this specification is not intended to replicate the mechanical properties of human or animal bone. The requirements of this specification are intended to provide a consistent and uniform material with properties on the order of human cancellous bone to use as a test medium when testing various orthopaedic devices, such as bone screws.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers rigid unicellular polyurethane foam for use as a standard material for performing mechanical tests utilizing orthopaedic devices or instruments. The specification is applicable to sheets or blocks of foam, or foam that is made by the user using a two-part liquid mixture.
1.2 This specification covers polyurethane foam material that is used in the laboratory for mechanical testing, as described in 1.1. These materials are not intended for implantation into the human body.
1.3 The foam described herein possesses mechanical properties which are on the order of those reported for human cancellous bone. See Appendix X1 Rationale for further information regarding the appropriateness of using the specified foam as a model for human cancellous bone.
1.4 This specification covers compositional requirements, physical requirements, mechanical requirements, and test methods for rigid polyurethane foam in the solid final form.
1.5 This specification provides qualification criteria for vendor or end-user processes and acceptance criteria for individual material lots.
1.6 This specification provides mechanical properties of five different grades of foam in the solid final form. A foam that does not meet the specified mechanical properties shall be identified as an ungraded foam.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Nov-2008
ICS
11.040.01 - Medical equipment in general
Technical Committee
F04 - Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices
Drafting Committee
F04.21 - Osteosynthesis
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F1839-08e1 - Standard Specification for Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Use as a Standard Material for Testing Orthopedic Devices and Instruments
Effective Date
15-Nov-2008
Replaced By
ASTM F1839-08(2012) - Standard Specification for Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Use as a Standard Material for Testing Orthopaedic Devices and Instruments
Effective Date
01-Oct-2012
Referred By
ASTM F543-23 - Standard Specification and Test Methods for Metallic Medical Bone Screws
Effective Date
15-Nov-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2502-17 - Standard Specification and Test Methods for Absorbable Plates and Screws for Internal Fixation Implants
Effective Date
15-Nov-2008
Referred By
ASTM F3574-22 - Standard Test Methods for Sacroiliac Joint Fusion Devices
Effective Date
15-Nov-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2193-20 - Standard Specifications and Test Methods for Components Used in the Surgical Fixation of the Spinal Skeletal System
Effective Date
15-Nov-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2028-17 - Standard Test Methods for Dynamic Evaluation of Glenoid Loosening or Disassociation
Effective Date
15-Nov-2008
Referred By
ASTM F2267-22 - Standard Test Method for Measuring Load-Induced Subsidence of Intervertebral Body Fusion Device Under Static Axial Compression
Effective Date
15-Nov-2008

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ASTM F1839-08e2 - Standard Specification for Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Use as a Standard Material for Testing Orthopedic Devices and InstrumentsASTM F1839-08e2 - Standard Specification for Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Use as a Standard Material for Testing Orthopedic Devices and Instruments
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ASTM F1839-08e2 - Standard Specification for Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Use as a Standard Material for Testing Orthopedic Devices and Instruments
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´2
Designation:F1839 −08
StandardSpecification for
Rigid Polyurethane Foam for Use as a Standard Material for
1
Testing Orthopaedic Devices and Instruments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1839; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
´ NOTE—Units information was editorially corrected in August 2009.
2
´ NOTE—Units in Table 6 were editorially corrected from kPa to MPa in December 2011.
1. Scope if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user
of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health
1.1 This specification covers rigid unicellular polyurethane
practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limita-
foam for use as a standard material for performing mechanical
tions prior to use.
tests utilizing orthopaedic devices or instruments. The specifi-
cation is applicable to sheets or blocks of foam, or foam that is
2. Referenced Documents
made by the user using a two-part liquid mixture.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This specification covers polyurethane foam material
C273 Test Method for Shear Properties of Sandwich Core
that is used in the laboratory for mechanical testing, as
Materials
described in 1.1. These materials are not intended for implan-
D1621 Test Method for Compressive Properties of Rigid
tation into the human body.
Cellular Plastics
1.3 The foam described herein possesses mechanical prop-
D1622 Test Method for Apparent Density of Rigid Cellular
erties which are on the order of those reported for human
Plastics
cancellous bone. See Appendix X1 Rationale for further
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
information regarding the appropriateness of using the speci-
F543 Specification and Test Methods for Metallic Medical
fied foam as a model for human cancellous bone.
Bone Screws
1.4 This specification covers compositional requirements,
3. Terminology
physical requirements, mechanical requirements, and test
methods for rigid polyurethane foam in the solid final form.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 final form—the condition of the foam product when
1.5 This specification provides qualification criteria for
used by the end user to perform tests of orthopaedic devices or
vendor or end-user processes and acceptance criteria for
instruments.
individual material lots.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This is the condition of the foam prod-
1.6 Thisspecificationprovidesmechanicalpropertiesoffive
uct of which all physical and mechanical tests required by this
different grades of foam in the solid final form. A foam that
specification are performed.
does not meet the specified mechanical properties shall be
3.1.1.1 solid—the foam is in a uniform solid form, such as
identified as an ungraded foam.
a slab, plate, or block.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.2 foam rise direction—the nominal direction that the
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
foam rises during the polymerization (“foaming”) process,
standard.
either at the supplier’s production facilities for the solid
1.8 The following precautionary statement pertains to the
supplied foam, or at the end-user’s facilities for foam produced
test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification: This
from the liquid supplied form. The foam rise direction shall be
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns,
marked on the foam block or indicated in the shipping
documentation for foam that is supplied in the solid form.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F04 on
Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of
2
Subcommittee F04.21 on Osteosynthesis. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2008. Published December 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as F1839 – 01(2007). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/F1839-08E02. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´2
F1839−08
TABLE 1 Requirements for Voids, Cracks, and Nonuniform Areas
3.1.3 grades—The grade designation refers to the nominal
density of the foam, in its solid final form, expressed in units Defects Requirements
3
of kg/m . Ten grades of foam have been defined in this Voids
specification. Their nominal densities are:
Void depth (measured perp
...

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This specification covers rigid polyurethane foam blocks or sheets recommended for use as a standard material for mechanical testing using orthopedic devices and instruments. Although the physical properties of the foam are in the order of those reported for human cancellous bones, these materials are not intended for implantation into the human body. All materials should conform to the specified quality of appearance, dimensional stability, and composition, and values of void content, compressive strength, compressive modulus, shear strength, shear modulus, and screw pullout.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers rigid unicellular polyurethane foam for use as a standard material for performing mechanical tests utilizing orthopaedic devices or instruments. The specification is applicable to sheets or blocks of foam, or foam that is made by the user using a two-part liquid mixture.  
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5.1 This guide provides information on how to select the test soil(s) that best simulates clinical use for devices. The test soil(s) selected for the validation should be clinically relevant and simulate what the device/component will come into contact with during the clinical procedure.  
5.2 This guide will help standardize the test soils used by medical device manufacturers when validating the cleaning procedures of reusable medical devices and reprocessing equipment  
5.3 For devices that come into contact with blood, the simulated test soils are blood-based soils, such as those described under 7.1.1-7.1.2.  
5.4 For devices that come into contact with mucus, the simulated test soils are those described under 7.1.3.  
5.5 For devices that come in contact with soils of a source other than the patient (e.g., bone cement), the simulated test soils should be similar to those described in 7.2. These can be used alone or in combination with 7.1.  
5.6 A combination of test soils may be used (e.g., blood with mucus) to simulate clinical soiling. For example, flexible endoscopes may come in contact with a different combination of sources of soiling (e.g., gastrointestinal (GI) tract, vasculature for biopsies) during clinical use.  
5.7 Any simulated test soil(s) or formulations can be used for simulated use testing but shall be scientifically justified by the medical device manufacturer.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods for selecting test soils for cleaning validations based upon the characteristics of the soil, the physical characteristics of the device, and the clinical use of the device.  
1.2 This guide describes the preparation and use of some test soils for the validation of cleaning instructions for reusable medical devices.  
1.3 Reusable medical devices such as endoscopes, arthroscopic shavers, surgical instruments, and suction tubes are exposed to biological soils during clinical use. Preparation of these devices for reuse requires cleaning and disinfection and/or sterilization as applicable. Adequate cleaning is the first step in a process intended to prevent contaminant transfer to the next patient and medical practitioner. The soils, if inadequately removed, can interfere with disinfection and sterilization processes, as well as performance of the device. Acceptance criteria are based either on a visual assessment or quantitatively specified marker(s) endpoint(s) of the soil or both (ISO/TS 15883-5, Section 1). Endpoints after cleaning should be based upon possible interference with disinfection/sterilization, risk to the patient or health care worker from the contaminant during further handling, and endpoints for cleaning established in the scientific literature.  
1.4 The test soils are designed to simulate the contaminants that medical devices are likely to come in contact with during clinical use. The test soils discussed in this guide are a mixture of constituents that simulate what is commonly found in human secretions, blood, tissue, and bone fragments/shavings as well as non-patient derived soil (e.g., bone cement, lubricants, and dyes) during clinical procedures. The test soils also simulate the physical parameters (e.g., viscosity, adhesion) of clinical material to which the medical devices will be exposed.  
1.5 Exclusion:  
1.5.1 This guide does not include methods to validate cleaning processes to remove residues from manufacturing  
1.5.2 This guide does not describe the soil/inoculum used for validation of disinfection or sterilization instructions. Disinfection or sterilization validation requires separate testing that is independent of cleaning validation studies.  
1.5.3 Test soils described are not intended for use by health care facilities to verify the effectiveness of their cleaning process.  
1.5.4 The test soil recipes are not intended to encompass every biological residue with which a medical device is likely to come into contact.  
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Standard Guide for Assessing the Removal of Additive Manufacturing Residues in Medical Devices Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Materials used in medical devices are selected in part for their biocompatibility, meaning that they have been demonstrated to have an acceptable biological response for the intended application. During manufacturing, most devices are exposed to a variety of processing steps and materials that have the potential to adversely affect the inherent biocompatibility of the device if they are not adequately removed prior to use.  
Note 1: For a fine powder, depending upon application, a new biological risk assessment may be required.  
5.2 In additive manufacturing, components are in most cases built layer-by-layer, allowing unprecedented freedom to design complex devices. This makes it possible to build devices that are very difficult to clean, such as topological optimized parts, small internal channels, lattice structures, and especially reticulated porous structures for bone ingrowth and fixation.  
5.3 Powdered fusion AM presents additional challenges. Components come out of the build volume with residual powder filling all open spaces within the device. The majority of the excess powder is typically removed by a combination of vibratory shaking, blowing with compressed gas, vacuuming, and ultrasonic cleaning in a solvent. However, the particles are typically very small and can become lodged in internal features such as pores, making removal difficult. Furthermore, particles that were immediately adjacent to the component during manufacturing can be partially sintered to the surface. Those particles can be extremely difficult to remove, are indistinguishable from loose particles when observed by most techniques, and may be at risk of detaching during the intended use of the device.  
5.4 This guide provides specific evaluation techniques for measuring the effectiveness of residue removal processes, as they should be able to yield consistent results that meet the respective performance and cleanliness criteria for the intended use.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance for assessing the manufacturing material residues in medical devices fabricated using additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, specifically, from powder bed fusion AM technologies.  
1.1.1 Some of the techniques discussed in this guide may be applicable to devices fabricated by other types of AM equipment (e.g., stereolithography). Given each AM technique’s characteristics and post-processing challenges, there could be additional risks or considerations associated with some AM techniques or materials that are not addressed by this guide.  
1.2 This guide covers several qualitative and quantitative assessments of the presence and amount of residue remaining in or obtained by extraction in aqueous or organic solvents from powder bed fusion AM medical components.  
1.2.1 This guide identifies techniques to qualitatively determine the presence of residue and a technique to quantitatively assess it. It does not set acceptance criteria or acceptable limits for residues remaining in built parts. These methods are not the only methods to determine the presence or quantity of residual material in additive manufactured medical components.  
1.3 This guide pertains to devices in their finished state (after post-processing and subsequent manufacturing processes), as applicable. This guide may also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of cleaning processes between critical steps in the manufacturing process, to ensure minimal AM residue remains for cleaning processes downstream.  
1.4 This guide is not intended to evaluate the residue level in medical components that have been cleaned for reuse.  
1.5 Different cleaning methods, including high energy processes, can potentially damage small structures in AM parts. This guide does not address measurement or mitigation of this risk.  
1.6 This guide does not address the manufacturing occupational health issues of working with small particles (e.g., breathing hazards).  
1....

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ASTM
ASTM F3357-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Designing Reusable Medical Devices for Cleanability

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Reusable medical devices have a range of cleanability. The equipment, effort, and time expended for cleaning devices should be feasible in the intended setting. For that reason, it is essential that cleanability be considered during the design phase.  
4.2 The next section highlights features that either have a tendency to retain debris and/or make removing contamination difficult. Individually, the criteria listed in this document may not render a device difficult to clean. Furthermore, it is the manufacturer’s responsibility to consider feasibility and ease of cleaning the device in the clinical environment when designing their device. Although it may not be feasible to remove or modify all of the problematic design features from a device, device manufacturers should be aware of challenging designs for cleaning and take appropriate action for minimizing the impact of these features on cleaning. For example, disassembly may be necessary to thoroughly clean a device, or it may be determined that a device cannot be adequately cleaned, in which case that device would be designated single-use only. In addition, manufacturers should consider the compatibility of their device design with subsequent sterilization or disinfection.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide manufacturers of reusable medical devices design feature guidance to minimize debris retention after use and increase ease of removal of contaminants and cleaning product residuals from devices during cleaning/rinsing and also prepare for subsequent processing steps (for example, sterilization or disinfection).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2901-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selecting Tests to Evaluate Potential Neurotoxicity of Medical Devices

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The objective of this guide is to recommend a panel of biological tests that can be used in addition to the testing recommended in Practice F748. This guide is designed to detect neurotoxicity caused by medical devices that contact nervous tissue.  
4.2 The testing recommendations should be considered for new materials, established materials with different manufacturing methods that could affect nervous tissue response, or materials used in new nervous tissue applications.  
4.3 Chemical characterization can be used to evaluate similarity for materials with a history of clinical use in a similar nervous tissue application.
SCOPE
1.1 Medical devices may cause adverse effects on the structure and/or function of the nervous system. In this guide, these adverse effects are defined as neurotoxicity. This guide provides background information and recommendations on methods for neurotoxicity testing. This guide should be used with Practice F748, and may be helpful where neurotoxicity testing is needed to evaluate medical devices that contact central and/or peripheral nervous system tissue or cerebral spinal fluid (CSF).
Note 1: The results of these in vitro and in vivo tests may not correspond to actual human response.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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