ASTM D880-92(2002)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Containers and Systems
Standard Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Containers and Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The impact test has been found useful in laboratory simulation of impacts such as those encountered in manual and mechanical handling and transportation. The impact test simulates some types of shocks that could occur in the handling of packages or shipping units and helps evaluate the ability of the package to protect the contents against these shocks. The test may also permit observation of progressive failure of a package and damage to the contents.
The test results within a given laboratory using this test method may be useful for evaluating and comparing packages. However, because of the variability of test machines that have been used in the past, especially the impact surface (backstop), it has been found that interlaboratory correlation of test results has been poor.
These procedures are not intended to simulate rail car coupling environment. Refer to Test Method D 4003 and Test Methods D 5277.
This test method fulfills the requirement of ISO 2244.
Note 1—ISO 2244 may not meet the requirements for this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for conducting impact tests on loaded containers or shipping units (pallet loads), as follows:
1.1.1 Procedure A to test the ability of a container or shipping unit to withstand impacts, and
1.1.2 Procedure B to test the ability of a container or shipping unit or interior packing, or both, to provide protection to the contents, when subjected to impacts.
1.2 Either of these two procedures may be used to evaluate different designs of containers of the same size and carrying the same load. These procedures are suitable for testing various types of containers such as boxes, crates, barrels, drums, kegs, bags, sacks, or pails made of various materials or combinations of materials and for shipping units such as pallet loads or palletized units.
1.3 The procedures described in this test method are particularly suitable for testing large or heavily loaded containers.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 1 and Section 7.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D880–92 (Reapproved 2002)
Standard Test Method for
Impact Testing for Shipping Containers and Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 880; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
Packaging Components for Testing
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for conducting
D 5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizon-
impact tests on loaded containers or shipping units (pallet
tal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
loads), as follows:
E 122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
1.1.1 Procedure A, to test the ability of a container or
With a Specified Tolerable Error, the Average for a
shipping unit to withstand impacts, and
Characteristic of a Lot or Process
1.1.2 Procedure B, to test the ability of a container or
2.2 ISO Standard:
shipping unit or interior packing, or both, to provide protection
ISO 2244 Horizontal Impact Test (Horizontal or Incline
to the contents, when subjected to impacts.
Plane Test: Pendulum Test)
1.2 Either of these two procedures may be used to evaluate
differentdesignsofcontainersofthesamesizeandcarryingthe
3. Terminology
same load. These procedures are suitable for testing various
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms applicable to this
types of containers such as boxes, crates, barrels, drums, kegs,
test method see Terminology D 996.
bags, sacks, or pails made of various materials or combinations
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
of materials and for shipping units such as pallet loads or
3.2.1 hazard— removable solid object of any size or shape
palletized units.
placed on an impact surface (backstop) so as to contact a test
1.3 The procedures described in this test method are par-
specimen at any desired location during the impact of the
ticularly suitable for testing large or heavily loaded containers.
specimen into the impact surface (backstop).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
4. Summary of Test Method
information only.
4.1 An apparatus having a guided carriage capable of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
holding a test container or shipping unit impacts into a rigid
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
impact surface (backstop) with or without hazards at a prede-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
termined impact velocity. When testing the ability of a con-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tainer or shipping unit to withstand impact (Procedure A)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
multiple tests with the same impact velocity or increasing
tionary statements are given in Note 1 and Section 7.
impact velocities may be conducted until failure occurs. When
testing the ability of the container, shipping unit, or interior
2. Referenced Documents
2 packing, or combination thereof, to provide protection to the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
contents (Procedure B), a predetermined number of impacts, at
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
predetermined velocities, are applied and the container(s) and
ments
contents are then inspected.
D 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact
Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The impact test has been found useful in laboratory
simulation of impacts such as those encountered in manual and
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Handling and
mechanical handling and transportation. The impact test simu-
Transportation.
lates some types of shocks that could occur in the handling of
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1992. Published November 1992. Originally
packages or shipping units and helps evaluate the ability of the
published as D 880 – 68. Last previous edition D 880 – 86.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd Street, 13th
the ASTM website. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D880–92 (2002)
package to protect the contents against these shocks. The test testing is within a laboratory and for comparative purposes
mayalsopermitobservationofprogressivefailureofapackage only, instrumentation is optional.
and damage to the contents.
7. Safety Precautions
5.2 The test results within a given laboratory using this test
method may be useful for evaluating and comparing packages.
7.1 The procedures given in this test method may produce
However, because of the variability of test machines that have
severe mechanical responses in the test specimen. Therefore,
been used in the past, especially the impact surface (backstop),
operating personnel must remain alert to potential hazards and
it has been found that interlaboratory correlation of test results
take necessary precautions for their safety.The test area should
has been poor.
be cleared prior to each test. Stop the test immediately if a
5.3 These procedures are not intended to simulate rail car
dangerous condition should develop. The testing of hazardous
coupling environment. Refer to Test Method D 4003 and Test
materials or products may require special precautions that must
Methods D 5277.
be observed. Safety equipment may be required and its use
5.4 This test method fulfills the requirement of ISO 2244.
must be understood before starting the test.
NOTE 1—ISO 2244 may not meet the requirements for this test method.
8. Sampling
6. Apparatus
8.1 The number of test specimens depends on the desired
degree of precision and the availability of specimens. Practice
6.1 Testing Machine:
E 122 provides guidance on the choice of sample size. It is
6.1.1 The test machine shall consist of a guided test carriage
recommended that at least three representative test specimens
with a flat test specimen mounting surface and an impact
be used.
surface (backstop) with the plane of the face perpendicular
within 630 min ( ⁄2 °) to the direction of movement of the
9. Test Specimens
carriage at impact.
6.1.2 There shall be an impact surface (backstop) that is
9.1 When the specimen is being tested by Procedure A to
integral with a solid mass at least 50 times the maximum mass determine the ability of the container or shipping unit to
of the test specimen. The impact surface firmly attached to the withstand impact stresses, either the actual contents or a
mass, shall be a steel plate not less than ⁄2 in. (13 mm) thick. dummy load simulating such contents can be used. When the
The impact surface (backstop) must have dimensions greater specimen is being tested by Procedure B to determine the
than those of the impacting surface of the test specimen to ability of the container or shipping unit or interior packing, or
permit full contact with the shipping container. both,toprovideprotectiontothecontents,actualcontentsshall
be used. For both procedures closing, strapping, or sealing
NOTE 2—The purpose of the apparatus is to provide an impact surface
should be the same as will be used in actual shipment.
(backstop) and mass that will improve interlaboratory correlation of test
results and the accuracy of tests between laboratories. The test can be
NOTE 4—Certain contents or ingredients of the objects under test may
conducted on apparatus that does not meet the requirements of 6.1.2,
be replaced by inert materials of approximately the same weight and
provided it is clearly stated in 14.1.1.
characteristics.
6.1.3 The test machine shall provide some means of moving
9.2 Identification of Members—See Annex A1.
the test carriage to obtain the desired impact velocity.This may
be the result of mechanical or pneumatic means, gravity 10. Calibration
through the use of a 10 ° (nominal) incline, or a pendulum
10.1 Calibrate the impact carriage so that the desired impact
device.
velocity (65 %) may be achieved.
10.2 Make the calibration using the carriage with a load
NOTE 3—Depending upon the configuration of the test machine there
may be other forces acting before, during, or after the impact that may simulating actual contents equivalent to the package/product’s
affect the test results.
weight.Measurethevelocityofthecarriagejustbeforeimpact.
6.1.4 The test machine sh
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.