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ASTM E376-06

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Examination Methods

Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Examination Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
General—No presently available thickness gage is applicable to all combinations of coating-substrate thicknesses and materials. The limitations of a particular instrument are generally delineated by its manufacturer.
Magnetic—Magnetic-type gages measure either magnetic attraction between a magnet and a coating or its substrate, or reluctance of a magnetic flux path passing through the coating and substrate. These gages are designed to measure thickness of a nonmagnetic coating on a magnetic substrate. Some of them will also measure thickness of nickel coatings on a magnetic or nonmagnetic substrate.5  
Eddy Current—Eddy-current-type thickness gages are electronic instruments that measure variations in impedance of an eddy-current inducing coil caused by coating thickness variations. They can only be used if the electrical conductivity of the coating differs significantly from that of the substrate.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of magnetic- and eddy-current-type thickness instruments (gages) for nondestructive thickness measurement of a coating on a metal substrate.
1.2 More specific uses of these instruments are covered by Practice D 7091 and the following test methods issued by ASTM: Test Methods B 244, B 499, B 530, and G 12.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only and may be approximate.
1.4 Measurements made in accordance with this practice will be in compliance with the requirements of ISO 2178 as printed in 1982.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2006
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.07 - Electromagnetic Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E376-03 - Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Examination Methods
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E376-11 - Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Testing Methods
Effective Date
01-Jul-2011
Referred By
ASTM A865/A865M-06(2017) - Standard Specification for Threaded Couplings, Steel, Black or Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Welded or Seamless, for Use in Steel Pipe Joints
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM A767/A767M-19 - Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM F2329/F2329M-15 - Standard Specification for Zinc Coating, Hot-Dip, Requirements for Application to Carbon and Alloy Steel Bolts, Screws, Washers, Nuts, and Special Threaded Fasteners
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM F1941/F1941M-16 - Standard Specification for Electrodeposited Coatings on Mechanical Fasteners, Inch and Metric
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2338-22 - Standard Practice for Characterization of Coatings Using Conformable Eddy Current Sensors without Coating Reference Standards
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM G33-99(2020) - Standard Practice for Recording Data from Atmospheric Corrosion Tests of Metallic-Coated Steel Specimens
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM D3794-22 - Standard Guide for Testing Coil Coatings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM G198-17 - Standard Test Method for Determining the Relative Corrosion Performance of Driven Fasteners in Contact with Treated Wood
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM D7803-19 - Standard Practice for Preparation of Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coated Iron and Steel Product and Hardware Surfaces for Powder Coating
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM A1060/A1060M-22 - Standard Specification for Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM F1428-23 - Standard Specification for Aluminum Particle-Filled Basecoat/Organic or Inorganic Topcoat, Corrosion Protective Coatings for Fasteners
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM A1094/A1094M-20 - Standard Specification for Continuous Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006

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ASTM E376-06 - Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Examination MethodsASTM E376-06 - Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Examination Methods
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ASTM E376-06 - Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-Current (Electromagnetic) Examination Methods
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E376 – 06
Standard Practice for
Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy-
1
Current (Electromagnetic) Examination Methods
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E376; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
1.1 This practice covers the use of magnetic- and eddy-
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
current-type thickness instruments (gages) for nondestructive
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-
thickness measurement of a coating on a metal substrate.
tive Testing
1.2 More specific uses of these instruments are covered by
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
Practice D7091 and the following test methods issued by
G12 Test Method for Nondestructive Measurement of Film
ASTM: Test Methods B244, B499, B530, and G12.
Thickness of Pipeline Coatings on Steel
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3
2.2 ASNT Standards:
standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for informa-
SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-
tion only and may be approximate.
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
1.4 Measurements made in accordance with this practice
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certi-
will be in compliance with the requirements of ISO 2178 as
fication of NDT Personnel
printed in 1982.
2.3 AIA Standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4
Testing Personnel
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.4 International Standard:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ISO 2178 Nonmagnetic Coatings on Magnetic Substrate—
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Measurement of Coating Thickness—Magnetic
5
2. Referenced Documents Method
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
NOTE 1—See Appendix X1.
B244 TestMethodforMeasurementofThicknessofAnodic
3. Terminology
Coatings onAluminum and of Other Nonconductive Coat-
ings on Nonmagnetic Basis Metals with Eddy-Current
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms relating to electro-
Instruments
magnetic examination are given in Terminology E1316.
B499 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-
4. Significance and Use
nessesbytheMagneticMethod:NonmagneticCoatingson
Magnetic Basis Metals
4.1 General—No presently available thickness gage is ap-
B530 Test Method for Measurement of Coating Thick-
plicable to all combinations of coating-substrate thicknesses
nesses by the Magnetic Method: Electrodeposited Nickel
and materials. The limitations of a particular instrument are
Coatings on Magnetic and Nonmagnetic Substrates
generally delineated by its manufacturer.
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
4.2 Magnetic—Magnetic-type gages measure either mag-
neticattractionbetweenamagnetandacoatingoritssubstrate,
or reluctance of a magnetic flux path passing through the
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-
coating and substrate. These gages are designed to measure
structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.07 on
Electromagnetic Method.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally
3
approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E376 – 03. DOI: AvailablefromTheAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.
10.1520/E0376-06. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM St., NW, Washington, DC 20005. (Replacement standard for MIL-STD-410.)
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E376 – 06
thickness of a nonmagnetic coating on a magnetic substrate. average value that is more truly representative of the overall
Someofthemwillalsomeasurethicknessofnickelcoatingson coating thickness. Roughness also may cause certain instru
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The techniques described provide indirect measurement of thickness of sections of materials not exceeding temperatures of 93 °C [200 °F]. Measurements are made from one side of the object, without requiring access to the rear surface.  
5.2 Ultrasonic thickness measurements are used extensively on basic shapes and products of many materials, on precision machined parts, and to determine wall thinning in process equipment caused by corrosion and erosion.  
5.3 Recommendations for determining the capabilities and limitations of ultrasonic thickness gages for specific applications can be found in the cited references.7,8
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1.1 This practice2 provides guidelines for measuring the thickness of materials using the contact pulse-echo method at temperatures not to exceed 93 °C [200 °F].  
1.2 This practice is applicable to any material in which ultrasonic waves will propagate at a constant velocity throughout the part, and from which back wall reflections can be obtained and resolved.  
1.3 This practice is primarily for flat components with parallel surfaces and has limited applicability for components with non-parallel or concentric surfaces per 1.2.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E376-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Coating Thickness by Magnetic-Field or Eddy Current (Electromagnetic) Testing Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 General—Most thickness gauges are not applicable to all combinations of coating-substrate thicknesses and materials. The limitations of a particular instrument are generally delineated by its manufacturer. The substrate material and coating combination to be measured as well as the inherent variations in the substrate and coating shall be reviewed prior to selecting the instrument to be used and the measurement accuracy required.  
4.2 Magnetic—Magnetic-type gauges measure either magnetic attraction between a magnet and a coating or its substrate, or reluctance of a magnetic flux path passing through the coating and substrate. These gauges are designed to measure thickness of a nonmagnetic coating on a magnetic substrate. Some of them will also measure thickness of nickel coatings on a magnetic or nonmagnetic substrate.6  
4.3 Eddy Current—Eddy current-type thickness gauges are electronic instruments that measure variations in impedance of an eddy current inducing coil caused by coating thickness variations. They can only be used if the electrical conductivity of the coating differs significantly from that of the substrate.  
4.4 Accuracy—The accuracy of a measurement depends on the instrument, the foils, its calibration and standardization, and its operating conditions. The accuracy is also affected by the interferences listed in Section 5, such as part geometry (curvature), magnetic permeability, electrical conductivity, and surface roughness.
Note 2: This practice under ideal conditions may allow the coating thickness to be determined within ±10 % of its true thickness or to within ±2.5 μm (or ±0.0001 in.), whichever is the greater. (See exceptions in Appendix X2.)
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of magnetic- and eddy current-type thickness instruments (gauges) for nondestructive thickness measurement of a coating on a metal (that is, electrically conducting) substrate. The substrate may be ferrous or nonferrous. The coating or plating being measured may be electrically conducting or insulating as well as ferrous or non-ferrous.  
1.2 More specific uses of these instruments are covered by Practice D7091 and the following test methods issued by ASTM: Test Methods B244, B499, and B530.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 Measurements made in accordance with this practice will be in compliance with the requirements of ISO 2178 as printed in 1982.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM G99-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Wear and Friction Testing with a Pin-on-Disk or Ball-on-Disk Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The amount of wear in any system will, in general, depend upon the number of system factors such as the applied load, machine characteristics, sliding speed, sliding distance, the environment, and the material properties. The value of any wear test method lies in predicting the relative ranking of material combinations. Since the pin-on-disk test method does not attempt to duplicate all the conditions that may be experienced in service (for example, lubrication, load, pressure, contact geometry, removal of wear debris, and presence of corrosive environment), there is no insurance that the test will predict the wear rate of a given material under conditions differing from those in the test.  
5.2 The use of this test method will fall in one of two categories: (1) the test(s) will follow all particulars of the standard, and the results will have been compared to the ILS data (Table 2), or (2) the test(s) will have followed the procedures/methodology of Test Method G99 but applied to other materials or using other parameters such as load, speed, materials, etc., or both. In this latter case, the results cannot be compared to the ILS data (Table 2). Further, it must be clearly stated what choices of test parameters/materials were chosen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining the wear of materials and friction during sliding using a pin-on-disk apparatus. Materials are tested in pairs under nominally non-abrasive conditions. The principal areas of experimental attention in using this type of apparatus to measure wear are described.  
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5.2 This test method should be considered when damaged (galled) surfaces render components non-serviceable. Experience has shown that galling is most prevalent in sliding systems that are slow moving and operate intermittently. The galling and seizure of threaded components is a classic example which this test method most closely simulates.  
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1.3 The coefficient of friction values averaged between the test reaching full test pressure and the time of the onset of adhesion or the end of tests run for a predetermined time period are recorded. Systems are ranked by their average coefficients of friction before adhesion occurs.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard except psi and pounds in Table 1.  
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4.2 The coulometric method destroys the coating over a very small (about 0.1 cm2) test area. Therefore its use is limited to applications where a bare spot at the test area is acceptable or the test piece may be destroyed.
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This specification covers infrared thermometers, which are electronic instruments intended for the intermittent measurement and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor. The specification addresses the assessment of the subject's internal body temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Though, performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided. Limits are set for laboratory accuracy, and determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments are required. Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are all established herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers electronic instruments intended for intermittent measuring and monitoring of patient temperatures by means of detecting the intensity of thermal radiation between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The specification addresses assessing subject’s body internal temperature through measurement of thermal emission from the ear canal. Performance requirements for noncontact temperature measurement of skin are also provided.  
1.3 The specification sets limits for laboratory accuracy and requires determination and disclosure of clinical accuracy of the covered instruments.  
1.4 Performance and storage limits under various environmental conditions, requirements for labeling, and test procedures are established.
Note 1: For electrical safety, consult Underwriters Laboratory Standards.2
Note 2: For electromagnetic emission requirements and tests, refer to CISPR 11: 1990 Lists of Methods of Measurement of Electromagnetic Disturbance Characteristics of Industrial, Scientific, and Medical (ISM) Radiofrequency Equipment.3  
1.5 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.  
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E284-22(Terminology)
Standard Terminology of Appearance

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3.1 This terminology standard contains definitions of appearance terms applicable to the work of many ASTM technical committees. Its use by committees other than Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, and its citation in the standards of such committees, is encouraged.  
3.2 In this terminology standard, definitions of terms used in other ASTM standards are indicated by placing the designation of that standard in parentheses at the end of the definition. Definitions used by other organizations (see Refs (3–4)) are indicated similarly by placing in parentheses at the end of the definition the acronym of the organization, occasionally with the date of its terminology standard quoted. In either case, a superscript letter may be used to indicate the degree of correspondence between the definition given herein and that in the citation. Superscript A indicates that the two are identical; B that the given definition is a modification of that cited, with little difference in essential meaning; and C that the two differ substantially.  
3.3 A further parenthetical inclusion at the end of the definition gives the revision, if after 1981, in which the definition was added to this terminology standard or last revised.  
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3.5 In the 1990 edition of this terminology standard, a great many terms were relocated to conform to the recommendation of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards, (Blue Book) that listings be in spoken word order. In general, there are no cross-references between the old and new listings, except where a special function is served. An example of such a special function is to list all terms relating to a given basic quantity, for example, all terms defining various ...
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard defines terms used in the description of appearance, including but not limited to color, gloss, opacity, scattering, texture, and visibility of both materials (ordinary, fluorescent, retroreflective) and light sources (including visual display units).  
1.2 It is the policy of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance that this terminology standard include important terms and definitions explicit to the scope, whether or not the terms are currently used in an ASTM standard. Terms that are in common use and appear in common-language dictionaries (see Refs (1–2)2) are generally not included, except when the dictionaries show multiple definitions and it seems desirable to indicate the definitions recommended for E12 standards.  
1.3 The usage of terms describing appearance varies considerably. In some cases, different usage of a term in different fields has been noted.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7091-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice describes three operational steps necessary to ensure accurate coating thickness measurement: calibration, verification and adjustment of coating thickness measuring gages, as well as proper methods for obtaining coating thickness measurements on both ferrous and non-ferrous metal substrates.  
4.2 Many specifications for commercial and industrial coatings projects stipulate a minimum and a maximum dry film thickness for each layer in a coating system. Additionally, most manufacturers of high performance coatings will warranty coating systems based upon, in part, achieving the proper thickness of each layer and the total coating system. Even if a project specification is not provided, the coating manufacturer’s recommendations published on product data sheets can become the governing document(s). Equipment manufacturers produce nondestructive coating thickness testing gages that are used to measure the cumulative or individual thickness of the coating layers, after they are dry. The manufacturers provide information for the adjustment and use of these gages, normally in the form of operating instructions. The user of this equipment must be knowledgeable in the proper operation of these devices, including methods for verifying the accuracy of the equipment prior to, during and after use as well as measurement procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the use of magnetic and eddy current gages for dry film thickness measurement. This practice is intended to supplement the manufacturers’ instructions for the manual operation of the gages and is not intended to replace them. It includes definitions of key terms, reference documents, the significance and use of the practice, the advantages and limitations of coating thickness gages, and a description of test specimens. It describes the methods and recommended frequency for verifying the accuracy of gages and for adjusting the equipment and lists the reporting recommendations.  
1.2 These procedures are not applicable to coatings that will be readily deformed under the load of the measuring gages/probes, as the gage probe must be placed directly on the coating surface to obtain a reading. Provisions for measuring on soft or tacky coatings are described in 5.7.  
1.3 Coating thickness can be measured using a variety of gages. These gages are categorized as “magnetic pull-off” and “electronic.” They use a sensing probe or magnet to measure the gap (distance) between the base metal and the probe. This measured distance is displayed as coating thickness by the gages.  
1.4 Coating thickness can vary widely across a surface. As a result, obtaining single-point measurements may not accurately represent the actual coating system thickness. SSPC-PA 2 prescribes a frequency of coating thickness measurement based on the size of the area coated. A frequency of measurement for coated steel beams (girders) and coated test panels is also provided in the appendices to SSPC-PA 2. The governing specification is responsible for providing the user with the minimum and the maximum coating thickness for each layer, and for the total coating system.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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