ASTM D5071-06(2021)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Exposure of Photodegradable Plastics in a Xenon Arc Apparatus
Standard Practice for Exposure of Photodegradable Plastics in a Xenon Arc Apparatus
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Materials made from photodegradable plastics are intended to deteriorate rapidly when exposed to solar radiation, oxygen, heat, moisture and other degrading elements of the weather. This practice is used for evaluating the photodegradability of plastics when exposed in an apparatus that produces simulated daylight (1,2)6 and controlled temperature and moisture. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and salt water exposure. There can be no positive correlation of exposure results between this and other laboratory weathering devices.
4.2 Variations in results can be expected when operating conditions are varied within the accepted limits of this practice. Therefore, all test results using this practice must be accompanied by the specific operating conditions required in Section 9. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the caveats applicable to use of results obtained in accordance with this practice.
4.3 The results of laboratory exposure cannot be directly extrapolated to estimate absolute rate of deterioration by the environment because the acceleration factor is material dependent and can be significantly different for each material and for different formulations of the same material. However, exposure of a similar material of known outdoor performance, a control, at the same time as the test specimens allows comparison of the durability relative to that of the control under the test conditions. Evaluation in terms of relative durabilities also greatly improves the agreement in test results among different laboratories (3).
4.4 Test results will depend on the care that is taken to operate the equipment in accordance with Practice G155. Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedom from salt or other deposits from water, temperature and humidity control and condition and age of the burners and ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test conditions that are applicable for xenon arc exposure of photodegradable plastics conducted in accordance with Practices G151 and G155. This practice also covers the preparation of test specimens, the test conditions best suited for photodegradable plastics, and the evaluation of test results.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This practice is technically equivalent to ISO 4892-2 and Practice D2565 which cover xenon arc exposures of plastics intended for long term use in outdoor applications.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5071 − 06 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Practice for
Exposure of Photodegradable Plastics in a Xenon Arc
Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5071; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* Using Universal Calibration (Withdrawn 1993)
D3826 Practice for Determining Degradation End Point in
1.1 This practice covers specific procedures and test condi-
Degradable Polyethylene and Polypropylene Using a Ten-
tions that are applicable for xenon arc exposure of photode-
sile Test
gradable plastics conducted in accordance with Practices G151
D3890 Practice for Number of Strokes to Prime a Mechani-
and G155. This practice also covers the preparation of test
cal Pump Dispenser
specimens, the test conditions best suited for photodegradable
D5870 Practice for Calculating Property Retention Index of
plastics, and the evaluation of test results.
Plastics
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
G113 Terminology Relating to Natural andArtificial Weath-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
ering Tests of Nonmetallic Materials
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
G141 Guide for Addressing Variability in Exposure Testing
NOTE 1—This practice is technically equivalent to ISO 4892-2 and
of Nonmetallic Materials
Practice D2565 which cover xenon arc exposures of plastics intended for
G147 Practice for Conditioning and Handling of Nonmetal-
long term use in outdoor applications.
lic Materials for Natural and Artificial Weathering Tests
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
G151 Practice for Exposing Nonmetallic Materials inAccel-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
erated Test Devices that Use Laboratory Light Sources
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
G155 Practice for Operating XenonArc LampApparatus for
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Exposure of Materials
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
G169 Guide for Application of Basic Statistical Methods to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Weathering Tests
2. Referenced Documents
2.2 Other Standards:
2.1 ASTM Standards: ISO 4892-2 Plastics—Method of Exposure to Laboratory
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
Light Sources—Part 2, Xenon Arc Sources
Sheeting
Publication C.I.E. No. 85 (1989)
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
DIN 53384 Testing of Plastics: Artificial Weathering or
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
ExposureinLaboratoryExposureWeatheringorExposure
D2565 Practice for Xenon-Arc Exposure of Plastics In-
in Laboratory Exposure Apparatus to UV Radiation
tended for Outdoor Applications
D3593 Test Method for Molecular Weight Averages/ Distri-
3. Terminology
bution of Certain Polymers by Liquid Size-Exclusion
3.1 Definitions—The definitions given in Terminologies
Chromatography (Gel Permeation Chromatography GPC)
D883 and G113 are applicable to this practice.
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD20onPlasticsand
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.50 on Durability of Plastics.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published December 2021. Originally The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D5071 - 06(2013). www.astm.org.
DOI: 10.1520/D5071-06R21. Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
5 st
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Publication No. CIE 85, 1 Ed., 1989 Technical Report, “Solar Spectral
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Irradiance,” available from U.S. National Committee CIE, Mr.Thomas M. Lemons,
the ASTM website. TLA-Lighting Consultants, Inc., 72 Loring Ave., Salem, MA 01970.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5071 − 06 (2021)
4. Significance and Use 5.1.1 Unless otherwise specified, the spectral power distri-
bution (SPD) of the xenon lamp shall conform to the require-
4.1 Materials made from photodegradable plastics are in-
ments of Table 1 in Practice G155 for a xenon lamp with
tended to deteriorate rapidly when exposed to solar radiation,
daylight filters.
oxygen, heat, moisture and other degrading elements of the
weather. This practice is used for evaluating the photodegrad-
6. Test Specimens
ability of plastics when exposed in an apparatus that produces
simulated daylight (1,2) and controlled temperature and mois-
6.1 The size and shape of specimens to be exposed will be
ture. The exposure used in this practice is not intended to
determined by the specifications of the particular test method
simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phe-
used to evaluate the effects of the exposure on the specimens;
nomena such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and
the test method shall be determined by the parties concerned.
salt water exposure. There can be no positive correlation of
Where practical, it is recommended that specimens be sized to
exposure results between this and other laboratory weathering
fit specimen holders and racks supplied with the exposure
devices.
apparatus. Unless supplied with a specific backing as an
integral part of the test, specimens shall be mounted so that
4.2 Variations in results can be expected when operating
only the minimum specimen area required for support by the
conditionsarevariedwithintheacceptedlimitsofthispractice.
holder is covered. This unexposed surface must not be used as
Therefore, all test results using this practice must be accom-
part of the test area. To provide rigidity, flexible specimens are
panied by the specific operating conditions required in Section
typically attached to, or backed by, a panel made of aluminum,
9. Refer to Practice G151 for detailed information on the
0.025-in. (0.64-mm) thick.
caveatsapplicabletouseofresultsobtainedinaccordancewith
this practice.
6.2 Unless otherwise specified, prepare at least three repli-
cate specimens of each test and control material to be exposed.
4.3 The results of laboratory exposure cannot be directly
extrapolated to estimate absolute rate of deterioration by the
6.3 Retain a supply of unexposed file specimens of all
environment because the acceleration factor is material depen-
materials evaluated.
dent and can be significantly different for each material and for
6.3.1 When destructive tests are used, it is recommended
differentformulationsofthesamematerial.However,exposure
thatasufficientnumberoffilespecimensberetainedsothatthe
of a similar material of known outdoor performance, a control,
property of interest can be determined on the file specimens
atthesametimeasthetestspecimensallowscomparisonofthe
each time the exposed materials are evaluated.
durability relative to that of the control under the test condi-
6.4 Follow the procedures described in Practice G147 for
tions. Evaluation in terms of relative durabilities also greatly
identification and conditioning and handling of specimens of
improves the agreement in test results among different labora-
test, control, and reference materials prior to, during, and after
tories (3).
exposure.
4.4 Test results will depend on the care that is taken to
6.5 Do not mask the face of a specimen for the purpose of
operate the equipment in accordance with Practice G155.
showing on one panel the effects of various exposure times.
Significant factors include regulation of line voltage, freedom
Accurateresultsarenotguaranteedsincethemaskedportionof
from salt or other deposits from water, temperature and
the specimen is still exposed to temperature and humidity
humidity control and condition and age of the burners and
cycles that, in many cases, will affect results.
filters.
6.6 In some materials, specimen thickness markedly affects
NOTE 2—Additional information on sources of variability and on
strategies for addressing variability in the design, execution and data thetestresults.Thicknessoftestandcontrolspecimensshallbe
analysis of laboratory accelerated exposure tests is found in Guide G141.
within 610 % of the nominal dimensions.
4.5 Before proceeding with this practice, it is common
NOTE 3—Thickness of a specimen is especially important when
practice to reference the specifications of the material being
mechanical properties are being investigated.
tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning,
dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof,
7. Procedure
coveredinthematerialspecificationshalltakeprecedenceover
7.1 It is recommended that a control material be exposed
those mentioned in this practice. If there are no material
simultaneously with experimental materials for determination
specifications, then the default conditions apply.
of relative performance, if performance comparisons are not
being made between the test materials themselves. All con-
5. Apparatus
cerned parties must agree on the control material used.
5.1 The exposure apparatus employed shall use as the
7.1.1 Identification of any control specimen used shall
source of radiation a xenon arc lamp and apparatus which
accompany the report.
conforms to the requirements defined in Practices G151 and
7.2 Mount the test specimens in the specimen exposure area
G155.
with the test surfaces facing the lamp.When the test specimens
do not completely fill the exposure area, fill the empty spaces
with blank metal panels to maintain the test conditions within
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
this standard. the chamber.
D5071 − 06 (2021)
7.3 Confine specimens to an exposure area where the after the equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test and
irradiance is at least 90 % of that measured at the center of the correct the cause of the disagreement before continuing.
exposure area. In areas where the irradiance is between 70 and
7.5 Unless otherwise specified, do not remove specimens
90 % of maximum irradiance, either reposition in accordance
from the exposure apparatus for more than 24 h and then
with the schedule agreed upon by all concerned parties, or
returned for additional testing, since this type of interruption
randomly position replicate specimens and determine the
can alter results. Report any elapsed time in accordance with
averagechangeinproperty.Determineirradianceuniformityin
Section 9.
accordance with Practice G151.
NOTE 4—Since the stability of the file specimen can also be time-
7.4 Table 1 describes three cycles that have been used for
dependent, users are cautioned that over prolonged exposure periods, or
xenon arc exposure of photodegradable plastics. Unless other-
when small differences in the order of acceptable limits are anticipated,
wise specified, use Cycle 1 for exposure of materials that will
comparison of exposed specimens with the file specimen are not guaran-
be tested for toxicity after exposure. Obtain mutual agreement
teed to be valid. Instrumental measurements are recommended whenever
among all concerned parties for the specific exposure cycle to
possible.
be used. Other test conditions can be used by mutual consent
7.6 Water Purity:
provided that the conditions are reported in conformance with
7.6.1 The purity of water used for specimen spray is very
Section 9. Different conditions can result in significant differ-
important.Without proper treatment to remove cations, anions,
ences in test results.
organics and particularly silica, exposed panels will develop
7.4.1 Unless otherwise specified, operate the device so that
spots or stains that are not typical in exterior exposures.
the allowable deviation about the set point conditions given in
Table 1 is within the limits specified in Table 2. If the actual 7.6.2 Follow the requirements for water purity described in
operating conditions do not agree with the machine settings Practice G151.
A
TABLE 1 Test Cycles Commonly Used for Xenon Arc Exposure of Photodegradable Plastics
Uninsulated
Cycle Cycle Typical
F
Black Panel Typical Uses
B,C,D B,C,D
Number Description Irradiance
C,D,E
Temperature (°C)
1 Continuous light 63 0.35 W/(m · nm) Required when exposed
at 340 nm specimens will be used for
41.5 W/(m · nm) toxicity tests
from 300 – 400 nm
365 W/(m · nm)
from 300 – 800 nm
2 Continuous light 63 0.35 W/(m · nm) Exposures when a slight
H
using 102 min at 340 nm moisture stress is desired
light only and 41.5 W/(m · nm)
18 min light and from 300 – 400 nm
G
water spray
365±20W/(m · nm)
from 300 – 800 nm
3 18 h continuous light 63 0.35 W/(m · nm) Recommended when a
using 102 min at 340 nm dark period with high
light only and 41.5 W/(m · nm) moisture stress is required
18 min light and from 300 – 400 nm
G
water spray
365 W/(m · nm)
from 300 – 800 nm
6 h dark using: 38
95 % relative humidity
(no water spray)
repeated continuously
A
The cycles described are not listed in any order indicating importance, and are not necessarily recommended for the applications shown.
B
As stated in 5.1.1, the SPD of the xenon lamp shall conform to the requirements of Practice G155 for a xenon lamp with daylight filters.
C
Unless otherwise specified, operate the apparatus to maintain the specified operational fluctuations in Table 2 for the parameters in this table. If the actual operating
conditions do not agree with the machine settings after the equipment has stabilized, discontinue the test and correct the cause of the disagreement before continuing.
D
Set points and operational fluctuations could either be listed independently of each other, or they could be listed in the format: Set point ± operational fluctuations. The
set point is the target condition for the sensor used at the operational control point as programmed by the user. Operational fluctuations are deviations from the indicated
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