ASTM D189-06(2019)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners. Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present, provided the test is performed on the base fuel without additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approximately with combustion chamber deposits.
5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an ash-forming detergent additive may increase the carbon residue value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form deposits.
5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue values of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright stocks, are useful in the manufacture of lubricants.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as determined by Test Method D482 or IP Method 4 will have an erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).
Note 1: The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
Note 2: Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D524. Approximate correlations have been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide variety of petroleum products.
Note 3: The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (see Fig. X1.2).
Note 4: In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in the fuel can be detected by Test Method D4046.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardiza...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D189 − 06 (Reapproved 2019) British Standard 4380
Standard Test Method for
Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D189; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationoftheamount
standard.
of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally ap-
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
plicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure.
materials.Cautionshouldbetakenwhenhandlingmercuryand
Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
determined by Test Method D482 or IP Method 4 will have an
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
NOTE 1—The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and
may be prohibited by law.
pyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test
method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE 2—Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
same as those obtained by Test Method D524. Approximate correlations
have been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
variety of petroleum products.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
NOTE 3—The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (see
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Fig. X1.2).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 4—In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than
observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in
the fuel can be detected by Test Method D4046.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Petroleum Products
Subcommittee D02.06 on Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally
D4046 Test Method for Alkyl Nitrate in Diesel Fuels by
approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D189 – 06 (2014).
Spectrophotometry (Withdrawn 2019)
DOI: 10.1520/D0189-06R19.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization
Petroleum Products
Committee and is issued under the fixed designation IP 13. The final number
indicatestheyearoflastrevision.ThistestmethodwasadoptedasajointASTM–IP
standard in 1964.
ThisprocedureisamodificationoftheoriginalConradsonmethodandapparatus
for Carbon Test and Ash Residue in Petroleum Lubricating Oils. See Proceedings, For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, New York, Vol 1, p. 131, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
September 1912; also Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, IECHA, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Vol 4, No. 11, December 1912. the ASTM website.
In 1965, a new Fig. 2 on reproducibility and repeatability combiningASTM and The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
IP precision data replaced old Fig. 2 and Note 4. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D189 − 06 (2019)
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid having the vertical opening closed. The horizontal opening of
Fuels, and Lubricants about 6.5 mm shall be kept clean. The outside diameter of the
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and flat bottom shall be 30 mm to 32 mm.
Petroleum Products
6.3 Iron Crucible—Spun sheet-iron crucible with cover;
D4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue
78 mm to 82 mm in outside diameter at the top, 58 mm to
(Micro Method)
60 mm in height, and approximately 0.8 mm in thickness.
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Place at the bottom of this crucible, and level before each test,
E133 Specification for Distillation Equipment
a layer of about 25 mL of dry sand, or enough to bring the
Skidmore crucible, with cover on, nearly to the top of the
3. Terminology
sheet-iron crucible.
3.1 Definitions:
6.4 Wire Support—Triangle of bare Nichrome wire of ap-
3.1.1 carbon residue, n—the residue formed by evaporation
proximately No. 13B&S gage having an opening small
and thermal degradation of a carbon containing material.
enough to support the bottom of the sheet-iron crucible at the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Theresidueisnotcomposedentirelyof
same level as the bottom of the heat-resistant block or hollow
carbon but is a coke that can be further changed by carbon
sheet-metal box (6.6).
pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is retained in deference to
6.5 Hood—Circular sheet-iron hood from 120 mm to
its wide common usage. D4175
130 mm in diameter the height of the lower perpendicular side
4. Summary of Test Method
to be from 50 mm to 53 mm; provided at the top with a
chimney 50 mm to 60 mm in height and 50 mm to 56 mm in
4.1 Aweighedquantityofsampleisplacedinacrucibleand
inside diameter, which is attached to the lower part having the
subjected to destructive distillation. The residue undergoes
perpendicular sides by a cone-shaped member, bringing the
cracking and coking reactions during a fixed period of severe
total height of the complete hood to 125 mm to 130 mm. The
heating. At the end of the specified heating period, the test
hood can be made from a single piece of metal, provided it
crucible containing the carbonaceous residue is cooled in a
conforms to the foregoing dimensions. As a guide for the
desiccator and weighed.The residue remaining is calculated as
height of the flame above the chimney, a bridge made of
a percentage of the original sample, and reported as Conradson
approximately 3 mm iron or Nichrome wire, and having a
carbon residue.
height of 50 mm above the top of the chimney, shall be
attached.
5. Significance and Use
6.6 Insulator—Heat-resistant block, refractory ring, or hol-
5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a
low sheet-metal box, 150 mm to 175 mm in diameter if round,
rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form
or on a side if square, 32 mm to 38 mm in thickness, provided
deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners.
with a metal-lined, inverted cone-shaped opening through the
Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present,
center; 83 mm in diameter at the bottom, and 89 mm in
provided the test is performed on the base fuel without
diameter at the top. In the case of the refractory ring no metal
additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approxi-
lining is necessary, providing the ring is of hard, heat-resistant
mately with combustion chamber deposits.
material.
5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time
NOTE 5—It is not know what type of insulators were used in the round
regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits
robin conducted for obtaining the precision given in Section 13.
a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an
engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to
6.7 Burner, Meker type, having an orifice approximately
the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an
24 mm in diameter.
ash-formingdetergentadditivemayincreasethecarbonresidue
value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form
7. Sampling
deposits.
7.1 For sampling techniques see Practices D4057 and
5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide
D4177.
in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue
values of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright stocks, are
8. Procedure
useful in the manufacture of lubricants.
8.1 Shakethoroughlythesampletobetested,firstheatingto
50 °C 610 °Cfor0.5 hwhennecessarytoreduceitsviscosity.
6. Apparatus (see Fig. 1)
Immediately following the heating and shaking, filter test
6.1 Porcelain Crucible, wide form, glazed throughout, or a
portion through a 100 mesh screen. Weigh to the nearest 5 mg
silica crucible; 29 mL to 31 mL capacity, 46 mm to 49 mm in
a 10 g sample of the oil to be tested, free of moisture and other
rim diameter.
suspended matter, into a tared porcelain or silica crucible
6.2 Iron Crucible—Skidmore iron crucible, flanged and containing two glass beads about 2.5 mm in diameter. Place
ringed, 65 mL to 82 mL capacity, 53 mm to 57 mm in
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D189 − 06 (Reapproved 2019) British Standard 4380
Standard Test Method for
Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D189; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount
standard.
of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many
of an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative
regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause
coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally ap-
central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or
plicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which
its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to
partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure.
materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and
Petroleum products containing ash-forming constituents as
mercury containing products. See the applicable product Ma-
determined by Test Method D482 or IP Method 4 will have an
terial Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s
erroneously high carbon residue, depending upon the amount
website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for addi-
of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).
tional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury
NOTE 1—The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method
and/or mercury containing products into your state or country
to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and
may be prohibited by law.
pyrolysis of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test
method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
which can be further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
NOTE 2—Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
same as those obtained by Test Method D524. Approximate correlations
have been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
variety of petroleum products.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
NOTE 3—The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (see
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Fig. X1.2).
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
NOTE 4—In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than
observed in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in
the fuel can be detected by Test Method D4046.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Petroleum Products
Subcommittee D02.06 on Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally D4046 Test Method for Alkyl Nitrate in Diesel Fuels by
approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D189 – 06 (2014).
Spectrophotometry (Withdrawn 2019)
DOI: 10.1520/D0189-06R19.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization
Petroleum Products
Committee and is issued under the fixed designation IP 13. The final number
indicates the year of last revision. This test method was adopted as a joint ASTM–IP
standard in 1964.
This procedure is a modification of the original Conradson method and apparatus
for Carbon Test and Ash Residue in Petroleum Lubricating Oils. See Proceedings, For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Eighth International Congress of Applied Chemistry, New York, Vol 1, p. 131, contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
September 1912; also Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, IECHA, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Vol 4, No. 11, December 1912. the ASTM website.
In 1965, a new Fig. 2 on reproducibility and repeatability combining ASTM and The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
IP precision data replaced old Fig. 2 and Note 4. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D189 − 06 (2019)
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid having the vertical opening closed. The horizontal opening of
Fuels, and Lubricants about 6.5 mm shall be kept clean. The outside diameter of the
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and flat bottom shall be 30 mm to 32 mm.
Petroleum Products
6.3 Iron Crucible—Spun sheet-iron crucible with cover;
D4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue
78 mm to 82 mm in outside diameter at the top, 58 mm to
(Micro Method)
60 mm in height, and approximately 0.8 mm in thickness.
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Place at the bottom of this crucible, and level before each test,
E133 Specification for Distillation Equipment
a layer of about 25 mL of dry sand, or enough to bring the
Skidmore crucible, with cover on, nearly to the top of the
3. Terminology
sheet-iron crucible.
3.1 Definitions:
6.4 Wire Support—Triangle of bare Nichrome wire of ap-
3.1.1 carbon residue, n—the residue formed by evaporation
proximately No. 13 B & S gage having an opening small
and thermal degradation of a carbon containing material.
enough to support the bottom of the sheet-iron crucible at the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The residue is not composed entirely of
same level as the bottom of the heat-resistant block or hollow
carbon but is a coke that can be further changed by carbon
sheet-metal box (6.6).
pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is retained in deference to
6.5 Hood—Circular sheet-iron hood from 120 mm to
its wide common usage. D4175
130 mm in diameter the height of the lower perpendicular side
4. Summary of Test Method to be from 50 mm to 53 mm; provided at the top with a
chimney 50 mm to 60 mm in height and 50 mm to 56 mm in
4.1 A weighed quantity of sample is placed in a crucible and
inside diameter, which is attached to the lower part having the
subjected to destructive distillation. The residue undergoes
perpendicular sides by a cone-shaped member, bringing the
cracking and coking reactions during a fixed period of severe
total height of the complete hood to 125 mm to 130 mm. The
heating. At the end of the specified heating period, the test
hood can be made from a single piece of metal, provided it
crucible containing the carbonaceous residue is cooled in a
conforms to the foregoing dimensions. As a guide for the
desiccator and weighed. The residue remaining is calculated as
height of the flame above the chimney, a bridge made of
a percentage of the original sample, and reported as Conradson
approximately 3 mm iron or Nichrome wire, and having a
carbon residue.
height of 50 mm above the top of the chimney, shall be
attached.
5. Significance and Use
6.6 Insulator—Heat-resistant block, refractory ring, or hol-
5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a
low sheet-metal box, 150 mm to 175 mm in diameter if round,
rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form
or on a side if square, 32 mm to 38 mm in thickness, provided
deposits in vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners.
with a metal-lined, inverted cone-shaped opening through the
Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present,
center; 83 mm in diameter at the bottom, and 89 mm in
provided the test is performed on the base fuel without
diameter at the top. In the case of the refractory ring no metal
additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approxi-
lining is necessary, providing the ring is of hard, heat-resistant
mately with combustion chamber deposits.
material.
5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time
regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits NOTE 5—It is not know what type of insulators were used in the round
robin conducted for obtaining the precision given in Section 13.
a motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an
engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to
6.7 Burner, Meker type, having an orifice approximately
the presence of additives in many oils. For example, an 24 mm in diameter.
ash-forming detergent additive may increase the carbon residue
value of an oil yet will generally reduce its tendency to form
7. Sampling
deposits.
7.1 For sampling techniques see Practices D4057 and
5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide
D4177.
in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue
values of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright stocks, are
8. Procedure
useful in the manufacture of lubricants.
8.1 Shake thoroughly the sample to be tested, first heating to
50 °C 6 10 °C for 0.5 h when necessary to reduce its viscosity.
6. Apparatus (see Fig. 1)
Immediately following the heating and shaking, filter test
6.1 Porcelain Crucible, wide form, glazed throughout, or a
portion through a 100 mesh screen. Weigh to the nearest 5 mg
silica crucible; 29 mL to 31 mL capacity, 46 mm to 49 mm in
a 10 g sample of the oil to be tested, free of moisture and other
rim diameter.
suspended matter, into a tared porcelain or silica crucible
6.2 Iron Crucible—Skidmore iron crucible, flanged and containing two glass beads about 2.5 mm in diameter. Place
ringed, 65 mL to 82 mL capacity, 53 mm to 57 mm inside and this crucible in the center of the Skidmore crucible. Level the
60 mm to 67 mm outside d
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D189 − 06 (Reapproved 2014) D189 − 06 (Reapproved 2019) British Standard 4380
Standard Test Method for
Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D189; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of carbon residue (Note 1) left after evaporation and pyrolysis of
an oil, and is intended to provide some indication of relative coke-forming propensities. This test method is generally applicable
to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products which partially decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure. Petroleum products
containing ash-forming constituents as determined by Test Method D482 or IP Method 4 will have an erroneously high carbon
residue, depending upon the amount of ash formed (Note 2 and Note 4).
NOTE 1—The term carbon residue is used throughout this test method to designate the carbonaceous residue formed after evaporation and pyrolysis
of a petroleum product under the conditions specified in this test method. The residue is not composed entirely of carbon, but is a coke which can be
further changed by pyrolysis. The term carbon residue is continued in this test method only in deference to its wide common usage.
NOTE 2—Values obtained by this test method are not numerically the same as those obtained by Test Method D524. Approximate correlations have
been derived (see Fig. X1.1), but need not apply to all materials which can be tested because the carbon residue test is applied to a wide variety of
petroleum products.
NOTE 3—The test results are equivalent to Test Method D4530, (see Fig. X1.2).
NOTE 4—In diesel fuel, the presence of alkyl nitrates such as amyl nitrate, hexyl nitrate, or octyl nitrate causes a higher residue value than observed
in untreated fuel, which can lead to erroneous conclusions as to the coke forming propensity of the fuel. The presence of alkyl nitrate in the fuel can be
detected by Test Method D4046.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central
nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution
should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS) for details and EPA’s website— http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/
faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your
state or country may be prohibited by law.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.06 on Analysis of Liquid Fuels and Lubricants.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Dec. 1, 2019. Published November 2014December 2019. Originally approved in 1924. Last previous edition approved in 20102014
ε1
as D189 – 06 (2010)(2014). . DOI: 10.1520/D0189-06R14.10.1520/D0189-06R19.
In the IP, this test method is under the jurisdiction of the Standardization Committee and is issued under the fixed designation IP 13. The final number indicates the year
of last revision. This test method was adopted as a joint ASTM–IP standard in 1964.
This procedure is a modification of the original Conradson method and apparatus for Carbon Test and Ash Residue in Petroleum Lubricating Oils. See Proceedings, Eighth
International Congress of Applied Chemistry, New York, Vol 1, p. 131, September 1912; also Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, IECHA, Vol 4, No. 11,
December 1912.
In 1965, a new Fig. 2 on reproducibility and repeatability combining ASTM and IP precision data replaced old Fig. 2 and Note 4.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D189 − 06 (2019)
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
D4046 Test Method for Alkyl Nitrate in Diesel Fuels by Spectrophotometry (Withdrawn 2019)
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue (Micro Method)
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
E133 Specification for Distillation Equipment
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 carbon residue, n—the residue formed by evaporation and thermal degradation of a carbon containing material.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
The residue is not composed entirely of carbon but is a coke that can be further changed by carbon pyrolysis. The term carbon
residue is retained in deference to its wide common usage. D4175 D4175
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A weighed quantity of sample is placed in a crucible and subjected to destructive distillation. The residue undergoes
cracking and coking reactions during a fixed period of severe heating. At the end of the specified heating period, the test crucible
containing the carbonaceous residue is cooled in a desiccator and weighed. The residue remaining is calculated as a percentage
of the original sample, and reported as Conradson carbon residue.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The carbon residue value of burner fuel serves as a rough approximation of the tendency of the fuel to form deposits in
vaporizing pot-type and sleeve-type burners. Similarly, provided alkyl nitrates are absent (or if present, provided the test is
performed on the base fuel without additive) the carbon residue of diesel fuel correlates approximately with combustion chamber
deposits.
5.2 The carbon residue value of motor oil, while at one time regarded as indicative of the amount of carbonaceous deposits a
motor oil would form in the combustion chamber of an engine, is now considered to be of doubtful significance due to the presence
of additives in many oils. For example, an ash-forming detergent additive may increase the carbon residue value of an oil yet will
generally reduce its tendency to form deposits.
5.3 The carbon residue value of gas oil is useful as a guide in the manufacture of gas from gas oil, while carbon residue values
of crude oil residuums, cylinder and bright stocks, are useful in the manufacture of lubricants.
6. Apparatus (see Fig. 1)
6.1 Porcelain Crucible, wide form, glazed throughout, or a silica crucible; 29-29 mL to 31-mL31 mL capacity, 4646 mm to 49
mm 49 mm in rim diameter.
6.2 Iron Crucible—Skidmore iron crucible, flanged and ringed, 65-65 mL to 82-mL82 mL capacity, 5353 mm to 57 mm 57 mm
inside and 60-60 mm to 67-mm67 mm outside diameter of flange, 3737 mm to 39 mm 39 mm in height supplied with a cover
without delivery tubes and having the vertical opening closed. The horizontal opening of about 6.5 mm 6.5 mm shall be kept clean.
The outside diameter of the flat bottom shall be 3030 mm to 32 mm.32 mm.
6.3 Iron Crucible—Spun sheet-iron crucible with cover; 7878 mm to 82 mm 82 mm in outside diameter at the top, 5858 mm
to 60 mm 60 mm in height, and approximately 0.8 mm 0.8 mm in thickness. Place at the bottom of this crucible, and level before
each test, a layer of about 25 mL 25 mL of dry sand, or enough to bring the Skidmore crucible, with cover on, nearly to the top
of the sheet-iron crucible.
6.4 Wire Support—Triangle of bare Nichrome wire of approximately No. 13 B & S gage having an opening small enough to
support the bottom of the sheet-iron crucible at the same level as the bottom of the heat-resistant block or hollow sheet-metal box
(6.6).
6.5 Hood—Circular sheet-iron hood from 120120 mm to 130 mm 130 mm in diameter the height of the lower perpendicular side
to be from 5050 mm to 53 mm; 53 mm; provided at the top with a chimney 5050 mm to 60 mm 60 mm in height and 5050 mm
to 56 mm 56 mm in inside diameter, which is attached to the lower part having the perpendicular sides by a cone-shaped member,
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FIG. 1 Apparatus for Determining Conradson Carbon Residue
bringing the total height of the complete hood to 125125 mm to 130 mm. 130 mm. The hood can be made from a single piece of
metal, provided it conforms to the foregoing dimensions. As a guide for the height of the flame above the chimney, a bridge made
of approximately 3-mm3 mm iron or Nichrome wire, and having a height of 50 mm 50 mm above the top of the chimney, shall
be attached.
6.6 Insulator—Heat-resistant block, refractory ring, or hollow sheet-metal box, 150150 mm to 175 mm 175 mm in diameter if
round, or on a side if square, 3232 mm to 38 mm 38 mm in thickness, provided with a metal-lined, inverted cone-shaped opening
through the center; 83 mm 83 mm in diameter at the bottom, and 89 mm 89 mm in diameter at the top. In the case of the refractory
ring no metal lining is necessary, providing the ring is of hard, heat-resistant material.
NOTE 5—It is not know what type of insulators were used in the round robin conducted for obtaining the precision given in Section 13.
6.7 Burner, Meker type, having an orifice approximately 24 mm 24 mm in diameter.
7. Sampling
7.1 For sampling techniques see Practices D4057 and D4177.
8. Procedure
8.1 Shake thoroughly the sample to be tested, first heating to 50°50 °C 6 10°C10 °C for 0.5 h 0.5 h when necessary to reduce
its viscosity. Immediately following the heating and shaking, filter test portion through a 100 mesh screen. Weigh to the nearest
5 mg 5 mg a 10-g10 g sample of the oil to be tested, free of moisture and other suspended matter, into a tared porcelain or silica
crucible containing two glass beads about 2.5 mm 2.5 mm in diameter. Place this crucible in the center of the Skidmore crucible.
Level the sand in the large sheet-iron crucible and set the Skidmore crucible on it in the exact center of the iron crucible. Apply
covers to both the Skidmore and the iron crucible, the one on the latter fitting loosely to allow free exit to the vapors as formed.
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8.2 On a suitable stand or ring, place the bare Nichrome wire triangle and on it the insulator. Next center the sheet-iron crucible
in the insulator with its bottom resting on top of the triangle, and cover the whole with the sheet-iron hood in order to distribute
the heat uniformly during the process (see Fig. 1).
8.3 Apply heat with a high, strong flame from the Meker-type gas burner, so that the pre-ignition period will be 1010 min 6
1.5 min 1.5 min (a shorter time can start the distillation so rapidly as to cause foaming or too high a flame). When smoke appears
above the chimney, immediately move or tilt the burner so that the gas flame plays on the sides of the crucible for the purpose
of igniting the vapors. Then remove the heat temporarily, and before replacing adjust by screwing down the pinch-cock on the gas
tubing so that the ignited vapors burn uniformly with the flame above the chimney but not above the wire bridge. Heat can be
increased, if necessary, when the flame does not show above the chimney. The period of burning the vapors shall be 1313 min 6
1 min. 1 min. If it is found impossible to meet the requirements for both flame and burning time, the requirement for burning time
is the more important.
8.4 When the vapors cease to burn and no further blue smoke can be observed, readjust the burner and hold the heat as at the
beginning so as to make the bottom and lower part of the sheet-iron crucible a cherry red, and maintain for exactly 7 min. 7 min.
The total period of heating shall be 3030 min 6 2 min, 2 min, which constitutes an additional limitation on the tolerances for the
pre-ignition and burning periods. There should be no difficulty in carrying out the test exactly as directed with the gas burner of
3 3
the type named, using city gas (20(20 MJ ⁄m to 40 40 MJ MJ/m⁄m ), with the top of the burner about 50 mm 50 mm below the
bottom of the crucible. The time periods shall be observed with whatever burner and gas is used.
8.5 Remove the burner and allow the apparatus to cool until no smoke appears, and then remove the cover of the Skidmore
crucible (about 15 min). 15 min). Remove the porcelain or silica crucible with heated tongs, place in the desiccator, cool, and
weigh. Calculate the percentage of carbon residue on the original sample.
9. Procedure for Residues Exceeding 5 %
9.1 This procedure is applicable to such materials as heavy crude oils, residuums, heavy fuel oils, and heavy gas oils.
9.2 When the carbon residue as obtained by the procedure described in Section 8 (using a 10-g10 g sample) is in excess of 5 %,
difficulties can be experienced due to boiling over of the sample. Trouble also can be encountered with samples of heavy products
which are difficult to dehydrate.
9.3 For samples sh
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