ASTM E1995-21
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test Specimen Oriented Horizontally
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials, products, or assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherent fundamental properties of the material, product, or assembly tested.
5.2 This test method uses a photometric scale to measure smoke obscuration, which is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. The test method does not measure physiological aspects associated with vision.
5.3 At the present time no basis exists for predicting the smoke obscuration to be generated by the specimens upon exposure to heat or flame under any fire conditions other than those specified. Moreover, as with many smoke obscuration test methods, the correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.
5.4 The current smoke density chamber test, Test Method E662, is used by specifiers of floor coverings and in the rail transportation industries. The measurement of smoke obscuration is important to the researcher and the product development scientist. This test method, which incorporates improvements over Test Method E662, also will increase the usefulness of smoke obscuration measurements to the specifier and to product manufacturers.
5.4.1 The following are improvements offered by this test method over Test Method E662: the horizontal specimen orientation solves the problem of melting and flaming drips from vertically oriented specimens; the conical heat source provides a more uniform heat input; the heat input can be varied over a range of up to 50 kW/m2, rather than having a fixed value of 25 kW/m2; and, the (optional) load cell permits calculations to be made of mass optical density, which associates the smoke obscuration fire-test-response characteristic measured with the mass loss.
5.5 Limitations8:
5.5.1 The following behavi...
SCOPE
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.
1.2 This test method provides a means of measuring smoke obscuration resulting from subjecting essentially flat materials, products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), not exceeding 25 mm (1 in.) in thickness, in a horizontal orientation, exposed to specified levels of thermal irradiance, from a conical heater, in the presence of a pilot flame, in a single closed chamber. Optional testing modes exclude the pilot flame.
Note 1: The equipment used for this test method is technically equivalent to that used in ISO 5659-2 and in NFPA 270.
1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristic obtained from this test method is the specific optical density of smoke from the specimens tested, which is obtained as a function of time, for a period of 10 min.
1.4 An optional fire-test-response characteristic measurable with this test method is the mass optical density (see Annex A1), which is the specific optical density of smoke divided by the mass lost by the specimens during the test.
1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the material, product, or assembly.
1.6 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions other than those conditions specified in this test method. For limitations of this test method, see 5.5.
1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditi...
General Information
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1995 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical
Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test
1
Specimen Oriented Horizontally
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself
incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.
assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under
1.2 This test method provides a means of measuring smoke
actual fire conditions.
obscuration resulting from subjecting essentially flat materials,
1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently
products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), not ex-
hazardous,andadequatesafeguardsforpersonnelandproperty
ceeding 25 mm (1 in.) in thickness, in a horizontal orientation,
shall be employed in conducting these tests. This test method
exposed to specified levels of thermal irradiance, from a
may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.
conical heater, in the presence of a pilot flame, in a single
See also 6.2.1.2, Section 7, and 11.7.2.
closed chamber. Optional testing modes exclude the pilot
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
flame.
NOTE 1—The equipment used for this test method is technically safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
equivalent to that used in ISO 5659-2 and in NFPA 270.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristic obtained
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from this test method is the specific optical density of smoke
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
from the specimens tested, which is obtained as a function of
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
time, for a period of 10 min.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.4 An optional fire-test-response characteristic measurable
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
with this test method is the mass optical density (see Annex
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
A1), which is the specific optical density of smoke divided by
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
the mass lost by the specimens during the test.
1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this
2. Referenced Documents
test are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the
C1186Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement Sheets
material, product, or assembly.
C1288Specification for Fiber-Cement Interior Substrate
1.6 This test method does not provide information on the
Sheets
fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions
D2843Test Method for Density of Smoke from the Burning
other than those conditions specified in this test method. For
or Decomposition of Plastics
limitations of this test method, see 5.5.
D4100 Test Method for Gravimetric Determination of
SmokeParticulatesfromCombustionOfPlasticMaterials
1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see
3
(Withdrawn 1997)
IEEE/ASTMSI-10.Theinch-poundunitsgiveninparentheses
D5424Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of Insulating
are for information only.
Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables
1.8 This test method is used to measure and describe the
When Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray Configuration
response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and
1 2
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Combustion Products. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved June 1, 2021. Published June 2021. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E1995–18. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/E1995-21. www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © A
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1995 − 18 E1995 − 21 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Smoke Obscuration Using a Conical
Radiant Source in a Single Closed Chamber, With the Test
1
Specimen Oriented Horizontally
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.
1.2 This test method provides a means of measuring smoke obscuration resulting from subjecting essentially flat materials,
products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), not exceeding 25 mm [1 in.](1 in.) in thickness, in a horizontal orientation,
exposed to specified levels of thermal irradiance, from a conical heater, in the presence of a pilot flame, in a single closed chamber.
Optional testing modes exclude the pilot flame.
NOTE 1—The equipment used for this test method is technically equivalent to that used in ISO 5659-2 and in NFPA 270.
1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristic obtained from this test method is the specific optical density of smoke from the
specimens tested, which is obtained as a function of time, for a period of 10 min.
1.4 An optional fire-test-response characteristic measurable with this test method is the mass optical density (see Annex A1),
which is the specific optical density of smoke divided by the mass lost by the specimens during the test.
1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and thickness
tested, and are not an inherent property of the material, product, or assembly.
1.6 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions other than
those conditions specified in this test method. For limitations of this test method, see 5.5.
1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The inch-pound units given in bracketsparentheses are
for information only.
1.8 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,
products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and Combustion
Products.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2018June 1, 2021. Published January 2019June 2021. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20162018 as
E1995 – 16.E1995 – 18. DOI: 10.1520/E1995-18.10.1520/E1995-21.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E1995 − 21
1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be
employed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. See also
6.2.1.2, Section 7, and 11.7.2.
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1186 Specification for Flat Fiber-Cement Sheets
C1288 Specification for Fiber-Cement Interior Substrate Sheets
D2843 Test Method for Density of Smoke from the Burning or Decomposition of Plastics
D4100 Test Method for Gravimetric Determination of Smoke Particulates from Combustion Of Plastic Materials (Withdrawn
3
1997)
D5424 Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fi
...
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