ASTM D578/D578M-05(2011)e1
(Specification)Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Strands
Standard Specification for Glass Fiber Strands
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for continuous fiber and staple fiber glass strands, including single, plied and multiple wound. It also covers textured glass fiber yarns. It is one of a series to provide a substitute for Military Specifications: MIL-Y-1140 Yarn, Cord, Sleeving, Cloth and Tape-Glass; and MIL-C-9084 Cloth, Glass Finished for Resin Laminates. The nominal twist in S and Z directions and breaking strength of the continuous filament yarns shall conform to the specified requirements. The fibers shall be free of any free alkali metal oxides, such as soda or potash, and from foreign particles, dirt, and other impurities. The direction of twist, twist level, filament diameter, breaking strength, and ignition loss (organic content) of the fiber shall be tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for continuous fiber and staple fiber glass strands, including single, plied and multiple wound. It also covers textured glass fiber yarns. This specification is intended to assist ultimate users by designating the general nomenclature for the strand products that age generally manufactured in the glass fiber industry.
1.2 Glass fibers are produced having various compositions. General applications are identified by means of a letter designation. The letter designation represents a family of glasses that have provided acceptable performance to the end-user in the intended application. For example, the composition limits stated for E-Glass in this specification representing the glass fiber family for general and most electrical applications is designated by the letter E. Military specifications, such as, MIL-R-60346, recognize the composition limits described in this specification as meeting the respective requirements for E-Glass strands used in reinforced plastic structure applications.
1.3 Glass fiber strands have a variety of general uses under specific conditions, such as high physical or chemical stress, high moisture, high temperature, or electrical environments. Property requirements under specific conditions are agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. Electrical property requirements vary with specific end-use applications. For printed circuit board applications, other requirements may be needed such as the use of Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits (IPC) Specification EG 4412 A for finished fabric woven from E-Glass for printed circuit boards, or Specification MIL-P-13949 for printed wiring boards applicable to glass fabric base.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This specification is one of a series to provide a substitute for Military Specifications: MIL-Y-1140 Yarn, Cord, Sleeving, Cloth and Tape-Glass; and MIL-C-9084 Cloth, Glass Finished for Resin Laminates.
1.6 Additional ASTM specifications in this series have been drafted and appear in current editions of the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. These include finished glass fabrics, unfinished glass fabrics, glass tapes, glass sleevings, glass cords, glass sewing threads, and finished laminates made from finished glass fabrics.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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´1
Designation:D578/D578M −05 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
Glass Fiber Strands
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D578/D578M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in August 2011.
1. Scope each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for continu-
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
ous fiber and staple fiber glass strands, including single, plied
with the standard.
and multiple wound. It also covers textured glass fiber yarns.
This specification is intended to assist ultimate users by 1.5 This specification is one of a series to provide a
designating the general nomenclature for the strand products substitute for Military Specifications: MIL-Y-1140Yarn, Cord,
that age generally manufactured in the glass fiber industry. Sleeving,ClothandTape-Glass;andMIL-C-9084Cloth,Glass
Finished for Resin Laminates.
1.2 Glass fibers are produced having various compositions.
General applications are identified by means of a letter 1.6 AdditionalASTMspecificationsinthisserieshavebeen
designation. The letter designation represents a family of drafted and appear in current editions of the Annual Book of
glasses that have provided acceptable performance to the ASTM Standards. These include finished glass fabrics, unfin-
end-user in the intended application. For example, the compo- ished glass fabrics, glass tapes, glass sleevings, glass cords,
sitionlimitsstatedforE-Glassinthisspecificationrepresenting glass sewing threads, and finished laminates made from fin-
the glass fiber family for general and most electrical applica- ished glass fabrics.
tions is designated by the letter E. Military specifications, such
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
as, MIL-R-60346, recognize the composition limits described
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
in this specification as meeting the respective requirements for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E-Glass strands used in reinforced plastic structure applica-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tions.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 Glass fiber strands have a variety of general uses under
2. Referenced Documents
specific conditions, such as high physical or chemical stress,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
high moisture, high temperature, or electrical environments.
Property requirements under specific conditions are agreed D123Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1423Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
upon between the purchaser and the supplier. Electrical prop-
erty requirements vary with specific end-use applications. For D1907Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Num-
ber) by the Skein Method
printed circuit board applications, other requirements may be
needed such as the use of Institute for Interconnecting and D2256/D2256MTestMethodforTensilePropertiesofYarns
by the Single-Strand Method
Packaging Electronic Circuits (IPC) Specification EG 4412 A
for finished fabric woven from E-Glass for printed circuit D2258Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D2904Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test
boards, or Specification MIL-P-13949 for printed wiring
boards applicable to glass fabric base. Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data (With-
drawn 2008)
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D2906Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Textiles (Withdrawn 2008)
1 2
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D13 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
TextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.18onGlassFiberand contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
its Products. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally the ASTM website.
approved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D578–05. DOI: The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
10.1520/D0578-05R11E01. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D578/D578M−05 (2011)
D4963Test Method for Ignition Loss of Glass Strands and
Al O 12 to 16
2 3
SiO 52 to 56
Fabrics
MgO 0to5
D7018TerminologyRelatingtoGlassFiberandItsProducts
Na O and K O 0 to 2
2 2
2.2 ASTM Adjunct:
TiO 0to0.8
Fe O 0.05 to 0.4
2 3
TEX-PAC
Fluoride 0 to 1.0
2.3 ANSI Standard:
4.2.2 The following certified chemical composition applies
ANSI/ASQC Z1.4Sampling Procedures for Inspection by
5 to glass fiber products used in general applications.
Attributes
Chemical % by Weight
2.4 Military Standards and Specifications:
MIL-P-13949Specification for Plastic Sheet, Laminated,
B O 0to10
2 3
Metal-Clad For Printed Wiring Board CaO 16 to 25
Al O 12 to 16
2 3
MIL-R-60346 Roving, Glass Fibrous (for Prepreg Tape,
SiO 52 to 62
6 2
Rovings,FilamentWinding,andPultrusionApplications)
MgO 0to5
Total alkali metal oxides 0 to 2
MIL-G-55636BGlass Cloth, Resin Preimpreginated (B-
TiO 0to1.5
STAGE) (For Multilayer Printed Wiring Boards)
Fe O 0.05 to 0.8
2 3
MIL-Y-1140Specification for Yarn, Cord, Sleeving, Cloth,
Fluoride 0 to 1.0
and Tape-Glass
4.2.3 Electrical applications include a wide variety of uses.
MIL-C-9084Specification for Cloth Finished for Resin
The composition in 4.2.1 is identical to IPC EG 4412 A for
Laminates
printed circuit boards and to MIL-G-55636B. Additionally,
2.5 Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Circuits
such fiber glass products often are specified for aerospace
Standard:
applications. Products covered by the composition range in
IPC EG 4412 ASpecification for Finished Fabric Woven
4.2.2 are used in general applications, such as power company
from E-Glass for Printed Circuit Boards
equipment, high voltage devices, residential electric boxes,
third rail covers, high voltage standoff rods, electrical pultru-
3. Terminology
sion products, light poles, electrical tool covers, and electrical
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.18, Glass Fiber and
tape. Other applications include roofing, flooring, filtration,
Its Products, see Terminology D7018.
panel rovings, gun rovings, smc rovings, chopped strand
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard:
reinforcements, paper yarns, and industrial yarns.
atmosphere for testing textiles, chopped strand, continuous
4.2.4 The nomenclature “E-CR-Glass” is used for boron-
filament yarn, roving, staple glass yarn, strand, textured glass
free modified E-Glass compositions for improved resistance to
yarn.
corrosion by most acids.
3.2 For allother terminology related to textiles, refer to
4.3 “S” Glass—Afamily of glasses composed primarily of
Terminology D123.
the oxides of magnesium, aluminum, and silicon with a
certified chemical composition which conforms to an appli-
4. Classification of Glass Fiber
cablematerialspecificationandwhichproduceshighmechani-
4.1 “C” Glass—Afamily of glasses composed primarily of
cal strength.
the oxides of sodium, calcium, boron, aluminum, and silicon
4.4 “R”Glass—A family of boron-free glasses composed
with a certified chemical composition which conforms to an
primarily of the oxides of silicon, aluminum, calcium and
applicablematerialspecificationandwhichproducesgoodacid
magnesium, such glasses possessing excellent acid and water
resistance (excluding HF).
durability as well as specific strength and specific modulus
4.2 “E” Glass—Afamily of glasses composed primarily of
levels significantly greater than E glass.
the oxides of calcium, aluminum, and silicon, which has the
DESCRIPTION OF GLASS STRANDS
following certified chemical compositions.
4.2.1 The following certified chemical composition applies
5. General
to glass fiber yarn products for printed circuit boards and
aerospace.
5.1 The construction of glass strands is described in a series
Chemical % by Weight
of two to four segments of alphabetical or numerical charac-
ters.
B O 5to10
2 3
CaO 16 to 25
NOTE 1—In glass fiber strand designations, and in the conversion of
yards per pound to tex units, the following rules are used:
(1) less than 2.50 tex—round to nearest 0.01 tex
(2) 2.50 tex to less than 5.00 tex—round to nearest 0.05 tex
PC programs on floppy disk for analyzing Committee D13 interlaboratory data
are available through ASTM. Request ADJD2904. (3) 5.00 tex to less than 10.0 tex—round to nearest 0.1 tex
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., (4) 10.0 tex to less than 250 tex—round to nearest 1.0 tex
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
(5) 250 tex to less than 2000 tex—round to nearest 5.0 tex
AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
(6) 2000 tex to less than 100000 tex—round to nearest 100 tex
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
5.1.1 Forstrandsdescribedininch-poundunits,theapproxi-
Available from Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits,
7380 N. Lincoln Ave., Lincolnwood, IL 60646. mate yards per pound of the final strand can be computed by
´1
D578/D578M−05 (2011)
multiplying the yarn number designation of the single yarn or nearest 1 tpm. For yarns described in inch-pound units, the
strand by 100 to obtain yards per pound for the single yarn or description consists of the twist level in turns per inch (tpi) to
strand and then dividing by the total number of single yarns or the nearest 0.1 tpi immediately followed by an S or Z to show
strands in the final yarn. Actual yardage is less because of direction of twist.
organic content and twist take-up during plying.
NOTE 4—Twist in turns per metre (tpm) equals twist in turns per inch
(tpi) times 40. The exact factor 39.37 is rounded to 40 to obtain the twist
NOTE 2—Letter designations for filament diameter averages are shown
in turns per metre to the nearest 1 tpm when starting from turns per inch
in Table1. The yards per pound stated in Table2 is an approximate yarn
to the nearest 0.1 tpi.
number. The “As Received” yards per pound will be less than the bare
glass values stated. This may be contributed by twist take-up, sizing
6.2 Examples of Descriptions of Continuous Filament
percent, or purchaser agreement to produce to a lower yarn number to
Yarns:
meet other requirements for a further manufactured product, or both. For
6.2.1 Example 1a, Singles Yarn Using SI Units—The de-
example, EC9 66 1×0 (ECG 75 1/0) stated at approximately 66 tex [7500
yd/lb] will actually be about 68 tex [7300 yd/lb] in the delivered state for
scription of a singles continuous filament yarn using SI units
use in the electrical laminate industry.”
might be:
EC6 331 30Z40
6. Continuous Filament Yarns
where:
6.1 Descriptions of Continuous Filament Yarns—The de-
scriptionofcontinuousfilamentyarnsconsistsofthefollowing E = symbol for glass family used in general and most
four segments:
electrical applications,
C = symbol for continuous filament yarn,
Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Segment 4
6 = symbol for filament diameter average range 5.50 to
Glass family Yarn number Construction Twist level
Fiber form Twist direction
6.49 µm,
Fiber diameter
33 = nominal yarn number of single yarn, tex,
6.1.1 Segment One—The parts of Segment one are respec-
1×0 = one single yarn twisted without plying or cabling,
tively the symbol for the glass family as directed in Section 4;
and
the symbol for fiber form, “C” for Continuous, and a symbol
Z40 = a twist level of 40 tpm in the “Z” direction.
for average filament diameter range as directed in Table1.
The nominal yarn number in tex of the final yarn will be
6.1.2 Segment Two—The second segment of the description
approximately 33 since there is only one strand in the final
of continuous filament yarns specifies the yarn number of the
yarn.
singleyarn.ForyarnsdescribedinSIunits,theyarnnumberis
6.2.2 Example 1b, Singles Yarn Using Inch-Pound Units—
specified in tex. For yarns described in inch-pound units, the
The description of a singles continuous filament yarn using
yarn number is specified in hundreds of yards per pound, that
inch-pound units might be:
is yards per pound divided by 100.
ECDE1501/0 1.0Z
6.1.2.1 Some manufacturing processes are designed specifi-
callytoproduceyarnsconsistingofhollowfilaments.Forthese
where:
yarns, the suffix HF is attached to the second segment of the
E = symbol for glass family used in general and most
yarn description. For example, 40 HF (125HF) represents a 40
electrical applications,
tex [125×100 yd⁄lb] single yarn consisting of hollow fila-
C = symbol for continuous filament yarn,
ments.
DE = symbolforfilamentdiameteraveragerange0.00023
6.1.3 Segment Three—The third segment of the description
to 0.000269 in.,
of continuous filament yarns specifies the number of single
150 = nominal yarn number of single yarns in hundreds of
yarns in the complete yarn. For yarn described in SI units, the
yards per pound [yd/lb],
description consists of a count of the single yarns twisted
1/0 = one single yarn twisted without plying or cabling,
together, a lower case multiplication sign or x, and a count of
and
the twisted yarns plied together to form the final yarn. For
1.0Z = a twist level of 1.0 tpi in the “Z” direction.
yarnsdescribedininch-poundunits,thedescriptionconsistsof
The nominal yarn number in yards per pound of the final
a count of the singles yarns twisted together, a division sign or
yarn will be approximately 15 000 since there is only one
“/”, and a count of the twisted yarns plied together to form the
strand in the final yarn.
final yarn.
6.2.3 Example 2a, Plied Yarn Using SI Units—The descrip-
NOTE 3—If additional stages of plying are involved, a lower case
tion of a plied continuous filament yarn using SI units might
multiplication sign for SI units or a diagonal for inch-pound units,
be:
followed by the count of plied yarns being cabled is added for each
EC9 332 32 S152
additionalcablingstep.Thetotalsingleyarnsinthefinalyarnwillalways
be the product of all the counts in this segment.When 0 (zero) appears as
where:
a count it is considered as 1 (one) for multiplication purposes.
E = symbol
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:D578–05 Designation: D578/D578M – 05 (Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
Glass Fiber Strands
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D578/D578M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout in August 2011.
1. Scope
1.1This specification covers the requirements for continuous fiber and staple fiber glass strands, including single, plied and
multiple wound. It also covers textured glass fiber yarns.
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for continuous fiber and staple fiber glass strands, including single, plied and
multiple wound. It also covers textured glass fiber yarns. This specification is intended to assist ultimate users by designating the
general nomenclature for the strand products that age generally manufactured in the glass fiber industry.
1.2 Glassfibersareproducedhavingvariouscompositions.Generalapplicationsareidentifiedbymeansofaletterdesignation.
The letter designation represents a family of glasses that have provided acceptable performance to the end-user in the intended
application. For example, the composition limits stated for E-Glass in this specification representing the glass fiber family for
generalandmostelectricalapplicationsisdesignatedbytheletter E.Militaryspecifications,suchas,MIL-R-60346,recognizethe
composition limits described in this specification as meeting the respective requirements for E-Glass strands used in reinforced
plasticstructureapplications.Thisspecificationisintendedtoassistultimateusersbydesignatingthegeneralnomenclatureforthe
strand products that are generally manufactured in the glass fiber industry.
1.3 Glass fiber strands have a variety of general uses under specific conditions, such as high physical or chemical stress, high
moisture, high temperature, or electrical environments. Property requirements under specific conditions are agreed upon between
the purchaser and the supplier. Electrical property requirements vary with specific end-use applications. For printed circuit board
applications, other requirements may be needed such as the use of Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits
(IPC) Specification EG-4412EG 4412 A for finished fabric woven from E-Glass for printed circuit boards, or Specification
MIL-P-13949 for printed wiring boards applicable to glass fabric base.
1.4This specification shows the values in both SI units and inch-pound units. “SI” units is the technically correct name for the
system of metric units known as the International System of Units.“ Inch-pound units” is the technically correct name for the
customary units used in the United States. The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be regarded
separately as standard. The values expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used
independently of the other, without combining in any way.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard.The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This specification is one of a series to provide a substitute for Military Specifications: MIL-Y-1140 Yarn, Cord, Sleeving,
Cloth and Tape-Glass; and MIL-C-9084 Cloth, Glass Finished for Resin Laminates.
1.6 AdditionalASTMspecificationsinthisserieshavebeendraftedandappearincurrenteditionsofthe Annual Book of ASTM
Standards. These include finished glass fabrics, unfinished glass fabrics, glass tapes, glass sleevings, glass cords, glass sewing
threads, and finished laminates made from finished glass fabrics.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD13onTextilesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD13.18onGlassFiberanditsProducts.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally approved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D578–00. DOI:
10.1520/D0578-05.
Current edition approved July 1, 2011. Published September 2011. Originally approved in 1940. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D578–05. DOI:
10.1520/D0578-05R11E01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D578/D578M – 05 (2011)
D76Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Textiles ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1423 Test Method for Twist in Yarns by Direct-Counting
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
D22562256/D2256M Test Method for Tensile Properties of Yarns by the Single-Strand Method
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D2904 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of a Textile Test Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
D2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for Textiles
D4963 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Glass Strands and Fabrics
D7018 Terminology Relating to Glass Fiber and Its Products
E171SpecificationforAtmospheresforConditioningandTestingFlexibleBarrierMaterialsTerminologyRelatingtoGlassFiber
and Its Products
2.2 ASTM Adjunct:
TEX-PAC
2.3 ANSI Standard:
ANSI/ASQC Z1.4 Sampling Procedures for Inspection by Attributes
2.4 Military Standards and Specifications:
MIL-P-13949 Specification for Plastic Sheet, Laminated, Metal-Clad For Printed Wiring Board
MIL-R-60346 Roving, Glass Fibrous (for Prepreg Tape, Rovings, Filament Winding, and Pultrusion Applications)
MIL-G-55636B Glass Cloth, Resin Preimpreginated (B-STAGE) (For Multilayer Printed Wiring Boards)
MIL-Y-1140 Specification for Yarn, Cord, Sleeving, Cloth, and Tape-Glass
MIL-C-9084 Specification for Cloth Finished for Resin Laminates
2.5 Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Circuits Standard:
IPC-EG-4412IPC EG 4412 A Specification for Finished Fabric Woven from E-Glass for Printed Circuit Boards
3. Terminology
3.1 For all terminology related to D13.18, Glass Fiber and Its Products, see Terminology D7018.
3.1.1 The following terms are relevant to this standard: atmosphere for testing textiles, chopped strand, continuous filament
yarn, roving, staple glass yarn, strand, textured glass yarn.
3.2 For allother terminology related to textiles, refer to Terminology D123.
4. Classification of Glass Fiber
4.1 “C” Glass—Afamily of glasses composed primarily of the oxides of sodium, calcium, boron, aluminum, and silicon with
a certified chemical composition which conforms to an applicable material specification and which produces good acid resistance
(excluding HF).
4.2 “E” Glass—A family of glasses composed primarily of the oxides of calcium, aluminum, and silicon, which has the
following certified chemical compositions.
4.2.1 Thefollowingcertifiedchemicalcompositionappliestoglassfiberyarnproductsforprintedcircuitboardsandaerospace.
Chemical % by Weight
B O 5to10
2 3
CaO 16 to 25
Al O 12 to 16
2 3
SiO 52 to 56
MgO 0to5
Na O and K O 0 to 2
2 2
TiO 0to0.8
Fe O 0.05 to 0.4
2 3
Fluoride 0to1.0
4.2.2 The following certified chemical composition applies to glass fiber products used in general applications.
Chemical % by Weight
B O 0to10
2 3
CaO 16 to 25
Al O 12 to 16
2 3
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,orcontactASTMCustomerServiceatservice@astm.org.For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
PC programs on floppy disk for analyzing Committee D13 interlaboratory data are available through ASTM. Request ADJD2904.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4 Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Available from Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits, 7380 N. Lincoln Ave., Lincolnwood, IL 60646.
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D578/D578M – 05 (2011)
SiO 52 to 62
MgO 0to5
Total alkali metal oxides 0 to 2
TiO 0to1.5
Fe O 0.05 to 0.8
2 3
Fluoride 0to1.0
4.2.3 Electrical applications include a wide variety of uses. The composition in 4.2.1 is identical to IPC-EG-4412 is identical
to IPC EG 4412A for printed circuit boards and to MIL-G-55636B.Additionally, such fiber glass products often are specified for
aerospace applications. Products covered by the composition range in 4.2.2 are used in general applications, such as power
company equipment, high voltage devices, residential electric boxes, third rail covers, high voltage standoff rods, electrical
pultrusion products, light poles, electrical tool covers, and electrical tape. Other applications include roofing, flooring, filtration,
panel rovings, gun rovings, smc rovings, chopped strand reinforcements, paper yarns, and industrial yarns.
4.2.4 The nomenclature “E-CR-Glass” is used for boron-free modified E-Glass compositions for improved resistance to
corrosion by most acids.
4.3 “S” Glass—A family of glasses composed primarily of the oxides of magnesium, aluminum, and silicon with a certified
chemical composition which conforms to an applicable material specification and which produces high mechanical strength.
´1
D578/D578M – 05 (2011)
DESCRIPTION OF GLASS STRANDS —A family of glasses composed primarily of the oxides of magnesium,
aluminum, and silicon with a certified chemical composition which conforms to an applicable material specification and
which produces high mechanical strength.
4.4 “R”Glass—Afamilyofboron-freeglassescomposedprimarilyoftheoxidesofsilicon,aluminum,calciumandmagnesium,
such glasses possessing excellent acid and water durability as well as specific strength and specific modulus levels significantly
greater than E glass.
DESCRIPTION OF GLASS STRANDS
5. General
5.1 The construction of glass strands is described in a series of two to four segments of alphabetical or numerical characters.
NOTE 1—In glass fiber strand designations, and in the conversion of yards per pound to tex units, the following rules are used:
(1) less than 2.50 tex—round to nearest 0.01 tex
(2) 2.50 tex to less than 5.00 tex—round to nearest 0.05 tex
(3) 5.00 tex to less than 10.0 tex—round to nearest 0.1 tex
(4) 10.0 tex to less than 250 tex—round to nearest 1.0 tex
(5) 250 tex to less than 2000 tex—round to nearest 5.0 tex
(6) 2000 tex to less than 100000 tex—round to nearest 100 tex
5.1.1 For strands described in inch-pound units, the approximate yards per pound of the final strand can be computed by
multiplyingtheyarnnumberdesignationofthesingleyarnorstrandby100toobtainyardsperpoundforthesingleyarnorstrand
andthendividingbythetotalnumberofsingleyarnsorstrandsinthefinalyarn.Actualyardageislessbecauseoforganiccontent
and twist take-up during plying.
NOTE2—LetterdesignationsforfilamentdiameteraveragesareshowninTable1.TheyardsperpoundstatedinTable2isanapproximateyarnnumber.
The “As Received” yards per pound will be less than the bare glass values stated.This may be contributed by twist take-up, sizing percent, or purchaser
agreement to produce to a lower yarn number to meet other requirements for a further manufactured product, or both. For example, EC9 66 130 (ECG
75 1/0) stated at approximately 66 tex (7500 yd/lb) will actually be about 68 tex (7300 yd/lb) in the delivered state for use in the electrical laminate
industry.”
TABLE 1 Letter Designations for Glass Strand Filament
Diameters
Nominal Range for Filament Diameter
Filament Size Designation
Average
Inch-
Pound SI System,
A
in. µm
System, Number
Letter
B 3.5 0.00013 to 0.000159 3.30 to 4.05
C 4.5 0.00016 to 0.000189 4.06 to 4.82
D 5 0.00019 to 0.000229 4.83 to 5.83
DE 6 0.00023 to 0.000269 5.84 to 6.85
E 7 0.00025 to 0.000299 6.35 to 7.61
F 8 0.00030 to 0.000345 7.62 to 8.88
G 9 0.00035 to 0.000399 8.89 to 10.15
H 11 0.00040 to 0.000449 10.16 to 11.42
J 12 0.00045 to 0.000499 11.43 to 12.69
K 13 0.00050 to 0.000549 12.70 to 13.96
L 14 0.00055 to 0.000599 13.97 to 15.23
M 16 0.00060 to 0.000649 15.24 to 16.50
N 17 0.00065 to 0.000699 16.51 to 17.77
P 18 0.00070 to 0.000749 17.78 to 19.04
Q 20 0.00075 to 0.000799 19.05 to 20.31
R 21 0.00080 to 0.000849 20.32 to 21.58
S 22 0.00085 to 0.000899 21.59 to 22.85
T 23 0.00090 to 0.000949 22.86 to 24.12
U 24 0.00095 to 0.000999 24.13 to 25.40
A
The low values stated for each micrometre range are exact equivalents to
inches, rounded to the nearest hundredth micrometre. The high values stated for
each micrometre range are slightly higher than exact equivalents to inches to
provide continuation between ranges. They are consistent for inch-pound and SI
filamentsizedescriptionscommonlyusedintheindustry.Insomepublications,the
SI designation for H filament size has been shown as 10.
´1
D578/D578M – 05 (2011)
TABLE 2 Physical Properties of Continuous Filament Yarns
Nominal Twist
Approximate Yarn Number Breaking Strength,
A
Yarn Designation
B
(Bare Glass) Individual Minimum
“Z’’ “S”
SI Unit Inch-Pound
tpm tpi tpm tpi tex yd/lb N lbf
(tex) Unit
EC5 2.75 ECD 1800 20 to 40 0.5to1.0 . . 2.75 180 000 1.1 0.25
130 1/0
EC5 2.75 ECD 1800 . . 152 to 176 3.8to4.4 5.5 90 000 . .
132 1/2
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 20 to 40 0.5to1.0 . . 5.5 90 000 2.2 0.5
130 1/0
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 160 to 200 4.0to5.0 . . 5.5 90 000 2.2 0.5
130 1/0
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 120 to 160 3.0to4.0 . . 5.5 90 000 2.2 0.5
130 1/0
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 400 10.0 . . 5.5 90 000 2.2 0.5
130 1/0
EC6 8.25 ECDE 600 20 to 40 0.5to1.0 . . 8.25 60 000 3.3 0.75
1/0
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 160 to 200 4.0to5.0 152 to 176 3.8to4.4 11 45 000 4.9 1.1
132 1/2
EC5 5.5 ECD 900 . . 340 8.5 11 45 000 4.9 1.1
132 1/2
EC5 11 ECD 450 20 to 40 0.5to1.0 .
...
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