ASTM A983/A983M-06(2021)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines
Standard Specification for Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines
ABSTRACT
This specification deals with continuous grain flow carbon and alloy steel crankshaft forgings intended for medium speed diesel and natural gas engines. The steel used in the manufacture of the forgings is required to be vacuum degassed. Heat treatment, which may be done either before or after rough machining, shall consist of normalizing followed by tempering at a subcritical temperature, or austenitizing, liquid quenching and subcritical tempering. Charpy impact and tensile tests, which shall be performed at a frequency of one test per heat treatment load, shall be used to evaluate tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and Brinell hardness requirements of forgings. Chemical composition requirements shall also be examined by heat analysis. Grain size tests and non-destructive magnetic particle examinations shall be conducted as well. When required by the purchaser, crankshafts may be surface hardened in designated areas for the purposes of enhanced wear resistance and fatigue strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers continuous grain flow forged carbon and alloy steel crankshafts for medium speed diesel and natural gas engines.
1.2 The steel used in the manufacture of the forgings is required to be vacuum degassed.
1.3 The choice of steel composition grade for a given strength class is normally made by the forging supplier, unless otherwise specified by the purchaser.
1.4 Provision is made for treatment of designated surfaces of the crankshaft to provide enhanced fatigue strength, or wear resistance, or both.
1.5 Except as specifically required in this specification, all provisions of Specification A788/A788M apply.
1.6 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.
1.7 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:A983/A983M −06 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Specification for
Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel
Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA983/A983M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers continuous grain flow forged 2.1 ASTM Standards:
carbon and alloy steel crankshafts for medium speed diesel and A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
natural gas engines. of Steel Products
A503/A503M Specification for Ultrasonic Examination of
1.2 The steel used in the manufacture of the forgings is
Forged Crankshafts
required to be vacuum degassed.
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
1.3 The choice of steel composition grade for a given
quirements
strength class is normally made by the forging supplier, unless
A966/A966M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
otherwise specified by the purchaser.
Steel Forgings Using Alternating Current
1.4 Provision is made for treatment of designated surfaces A986/A986M Specification for Magnetic Particle Examina-
tion of Continuous Grain Flow Crankshaft Forgings
of the crankshaft to provide enhanced fatigue strength, or wear
resistance, or both. E45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of
Steel
1.5 Except as specifically required in this specification, all
E112 Test Methods for Determining Average Grain Size
provisions of Specification A788/A788M apply.
E340 Practice for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
1.6 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-
2.2 Other Standards:
tion designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch- 3
AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code
pound units.
DIN 50 602
1.7 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI JIS G 0555 Microscopic Testing Method for the Non-
(metric) units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within
Metallic Inclusions in Steel
the text and tables the SI units are shown in brackets. The
3. Ordering Information
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
3.1 In addition to the ordering requirements of Specification
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
A788/A788M, the following items should be included:
from the two systems shall not be combined.
3.2 Choice of mechanical property class from Table 1.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.3 Choice of chemical composition Grade from Table 2 if
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
this purchaser option is exercised (4.1.3).
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 8669 NW 36 St., #130,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Miami, FL 33166-6672, http://www.aws.org.
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. AvailablefromStahleisen,MaenkenKommunikation,GmbHVon-der-Wettern-
Current edition approved March 1, 2021. Published March 2021. Originally Str. 25, 51149 Cologne, Germany, http://www.stahleisen.de.
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as A983/A983M – 06 Available from Japanese StandardsAssociation (JSA), Mita MTBldg., 3-13-12
(2016). DOI: 10.1520/A0983_A0983M-06R21. Mita, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan, http://www.jsa.or.jp.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A983/A983M−06 (2021)
TABLE 1 Tensile and Hardness Requirements
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Class 7
Tensile Strength, ksi [Mpa] min 80 [550] 100 [690] 110 [760] 120 [830] 130 [900] 140 [965] 150 [1035]
Yield Strength, (0.2% offset), ksi [Mpa] min 45 [310] 70 [485] 80 [550] 90 [620] 100 [690] 110 [760] 120 [830]
Elongation, min % in 2 in. (4D) [% in 62.5 20 [18] 18 [16] 18 [16] 17 [15] 16 [14] 15 [13] 14 [12]
mm] (5D)
Reduction of Area, % min 45 45 45 45 40 40 40
Brinell Hardness, min 163 207 229 248 262 285 302
Brinell Hardness, max 217 255 269 293 302 331 341
TABLE 2 Chemical Requirements Composition %
Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 7A Grade 8 Grade 8A
Carbon 0.43-0.53 0.43-0.52 0.28-0.33 0.38-0.48 0.30-0.48 0.35-0.45 0.28-0.35 0.38–0.48 0.30-0.35 0.38–0.48
Manganese 0.60-1.10 0.75-1.10 0.40-1.00 0.75-1.10 0.65-1.00 0.65-1.00 0.40-1.00 0.40–1.00 0.40-0.80 0.40–0.80
Phosphorous 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max
Sulfur 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max 0.025 max
Silicon 0.15-0.40 0.15-0.40 0.15-0.40 0.15-0.40 0.15-0.40 0.15-0.40 0.15-0.40 0.15–0.40 0.15-0.40 0.15–0.40
Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.30-1.70 1.30–1.70
Chromium . . . 0.20-0.35 0.80-1.20 0.80-1.20 0.80-1.20 0.80-1.20 2.8-3.3 2.8–3.3 1.00-1.40 1.00–1.40
Molybdenum . . . 0.10 max 0.15-0.25 0.15-0.25 0.15-0.25 0.30-0.50 0.30-0.50 0.30–0.50 0.20-0.35 0.20–0.35
Vanadium 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.10 max 0.15 max 0.15 max
3.4 Whether surface hardening in designated areas is Supplementary Requirement S2, additional grain flow sections
required, referencing Supplementary Requirements S10, S11, may be taken by agreement between the manufacturer and
or S12, and providing the necessary instructions. purchaser.
3.5 For crankshafts designed to include welded counter-
4.3 Heat Treatment for Mechanical Properties:
weightsthepurchasermayspecifyanalternateweldingcodeto
4.3.1 Heat treatment of crankshaft forgings may be done
AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code.
either before or after rough machining, at the manufacturer’s
option. By the use of Supplementary Requirement S3 the
3.6 For alternate tensile and hardness test requirements
purchaser can specify that heat treatment be done after rough
specify Supplementary Requirement S2.
machining.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.3.2 When counterweights are to be attached to the crank-
shaft by welding (see 4.3.4), then the heat treatment for
4.1 Melting Practice:
mechanical properties shall follow after completion of the
4.1.1 The steel making section of Specification A788/
welding. Intermediate post weld heat treatment may be applied
A788M shall apply together with mandatory vacuum degas-
to the assembly at the manufacturer’s option.
sing.
4.3.3 Heat treatment for mechanical properties shall consist
4.1.2 Supplementary Requirement S1 may be used if non-
of normalizing followed by tempering at a subcritical
metallic inclusion rating of the steel is required.
temperature, or austenitizing, liquid quenching and subcritical
4.1.3 Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser (3.2), the
tempering. A normalizing cycle may precede the austenitizing
forging supplier shall select the chemical composition grade to
stage.
be used from Table 2.
4.3.3.1 The minimum tempering temperature shall be
4.2 Forging:
1100 °F [595 °C].
4.2.1 The use of bar from starting stock produced by slitting
4.3.4 If the crankshaft design includes attaching counter-
a rectangular section is not permitted.
weights to the webs by welding, then the manufacturer shall
4.2.2 The procedure used in forging the crankshaft shall
qualify the weld procedure and welders in accordance with a
ensure that the centerline of the starting forged or rolled bar
written procedure acceptable to the purchaser. The procedure
will follow the centerline contour of the main bearings, webs,
shall incorporate AWS specifications.
and crankpins of the crankshaft.
4.3.5 If forgings receive thermal stress relief after comple-
4.2.3 The grain flow present between adjacent main bearing
tion of heat treatment, then the stress relieving temperature
journals, webs, and the intervening crankpin shall be demon-
shallnotexceed(T-50) °F[(T-30) °C]whereTisthetempering
strated for the first article testing of a new crankshaft design by
temperature. If this stress relieving temperature is exceeded,
a given forging facility. This need not be repeated for other
then the mechanical testing required in Section 6 shall be
crankshafts of the same design that differ from the first article
repeated.
crankshaft by the number of crankpin throws or, by agreement
with the purchaser, for V-Cylinder configurations of the same 4.3.6 If crankshaft counterweights are to be welded to the
engine. The axial grain flow shown after etching a centerline webs, then the welding shall be done to a written, and qualified
longitudinal section of the main bearing-web-crankpin-web- procedure conforming to AWS D1.1 Structural Welding Code
main bearing section shall be approved by the purchaser. or another similar welding code acceptable to the purchaser.
Etching shall be done in accordance with Practice E340. Using This procedure shall contain instructions concerning repair of
A983/A983M−06 (2021)
counterweight welds, including preheat and post weld heat designated areas for purposes of wear resistance and, when the
treatment requirements. bearing fillets are included, enhanced fatigue strength.
8.2 The method and extent of the surface hardening shall be
5. Chemical Composition
specified by the purchaser by including reference to Supple-
5.1 Heat Analysis—The heat analysis obtained after sam-
mentary Requirements S9 (nitriding), S10 (induction harden-
pling in accordance with Specification A788/A788M shall
ing of the bearing journals), or S11 (full induction hardening of
comply with Table 2 for the chosen grade, and the require-
bearing journals and fillets).
ments agreed upon by Supplementary Requirement S4 if this
was selected.
9. Nondestructive Examination
6. Mechanical Requirements
9.1 Because ac magnetizing equipment is required to be
6.1 Tension Testing:
used, the magnetic particle examination of the crankshaft shall
6.1.1 Theheattreatedforgingshallcomplywiththerequire-
be done on completion of all machining operations. The
ments of Table 1 for the selected grade when tested in
examination shall be in accordance with Practice A966/
accordance with this section. See also Test Methods and
A966M.
Definitions A370. It should be noted that when the SI system
9.1.1 Acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle exami-
is specified the gauge length for the tension test shall be
nation shall be in accordance with Specification A986/A986M.
measured over a length of 5D.
6.1.2 Test Material—An integral test prolongation equal in
9.2 Supplementary Requirement S8 shall be specified if
diameter to that of the starting bar diameter shall be provided ultrasonic examination of the crankshaft bar or the crankshaft
at one end of each crankshaft subject to mechanical testing.
forging is required.
6.1.3 Sampling—The longitudinal axis of the axially ori-
ented tension test specimen shall be located at the mid-radius
10. Workmanship
position in the integral crankshaft test prolongation. Supple-
10.1 In addition to the specific order or drawing require-
mentary Requirement S5 provides for a tension test prolonga-
ments for surface finish, the general appearance with respect to
tion to be provided at both ends of the heat treated crankshaft,
soundness and finish shall be consistent with good crankshaft
and Supplementary Requirement S6 provides for testing of
practice, as determined by ordinary visual inspection.
each crankshaft in lieu of the test frequency specified in
Supplementary Requirement S5.
11. Certification
6.1.4 Orientation—Longitudinal tension test specimens
shall be taken from the crankshaft prolongation.
11.1 When certification of a crankshaft includes inspection
6.1.5 Number of Tests—Unless Supplementary Require-
by a classification agency, the manufacturer shall be notified of
ments S5 or S6, or both, are specified, one tension test
this provision, so that arrangements can be made to allow for
specimen shall be tested to the requirements of Table 1, for the
witnessing of such manufacturing and testing operations as
selected grade, at a frequency of one test per heat treatment
needed.
load.
6.2 Impact Testing—If Charpy impact testing of the crank- 12. Delivery
shaft is required, Supplementary Requirement S7 shall be
12.1 In addition to the requirements of Specification A788/
specified.
A788M, the purchaser shall notify the producer on any special
corrosion protection and packing instructions. Supplementary
7. Grain Size
Requirement S12 may be used to call for specific packing
7.1 The grain size of the forging following heat treatment
instructions, otherwise the producer’s normal product protec-
shall be ASTM 5 or finer when tested at the tension test
tion practices shall apply.
location(s) in accordance with Test Methods E112.
13. Keywords
8. Surface Hardening
8.1 When required by the purchaser, and indicated in the 13.1 crankshafts, continuous grain flow; medium speed
crankshaft drawing, the crankshaft shall be surface hardened in diesel engines; steel forgings; surface hardening
A983/A983M−06 (2021)
SUPPLEMENTARY REQUIREMENTS
One or more of the following supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified by the
purchaser in the inquiry or order. Details of these supplementary requirements shall be agreed upon
by the manufacturer and the purchaser.
S1. Nonmetallic Inclusion Rating atroomtemperature.Thenotchshallbeorientedatrightangles
to the surface of the prolongation, that is, radially. The
S1.1 The nonmetallic inclusion rating for steel bars or
absorbed energy requirements shall be specified by the pur-
billets to be used for making CGF crankshafts shall be done in
chaser.
accordance with an agreed upon practice, or one of the
following standards: Test Methods E45—Method D, DIN 50
S8. Ultrasonic Examinati
...
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