ASTM D7407-07(2012)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Determining The Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes
Standard Guide for Determining The Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes
ABSTRACT
This guide discusses the relevancy of applicable test methods, including the materials and conditions involved, in obtaining the vapor transmission in geomembranes. This guide does not purport to critique barrier system permeability, nor does it address transmission through seams. The guide assumes the material being examined exhibits Fickian diffusion behavior. The tests discussed here evaluate gas and vapor transfer through semi-permeable and permeable geomembranes. The data is important for design of containment systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is used as a discussion of the relevancy of several methods to obtain the vapor transmission of geomembranes.
1.2 This guide discusses applicable test methods, test materials and conditions.
1.3 The guide assumes the material being measured exhibits Fickian behavior.
1.4 This guide does not purport to critique barrier system permeability,
1.5 The guide does not address transmission through seams,
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7407 − 07 (Reapproved 2012)
Standard Guide for Determining
The Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Using a Flame Ionization Detector (Withdrawn 2004)
F1927TestMethodforDeterminationofOxygenGasTrans-
1.1 This guide is used as a discussion of the relevancy of
mission Rate, Permeability and Permeance at Controlled
several methods to obtain the vapor transmission of geomem-
Relative Humidity Through Barrier Materials Using a
branes.
Coulometric Detector
1.2 This guide discusses applicable test methods, test mate-
rials and conditions.
3. Terminology
1.3 Theguideassumesthematerialbeingmeasuredexhibits 3.1 Definitions:
Fickian behavior.
3.1.1 Definitions of terms applying to this test method
appear in Terminology D4439
1.4 This guide does not purport to critique barrier system
3.1.2 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air main-
permeability,
tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a
1.5 Theguidedoesnotaddresstransmissionthroughseams,
temperature of 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Summary of Guide
safety problems, if any associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 This guide gives commentary as to the relevancy of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
severalmethodstoobtainFickiandiffusionthroughageomem-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
brane. The tests evaluate gas and vapor transfer through
semi-permeable and permeable geomembranes. The data is
2. Referenced Documents
important for design of containment systems.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. D1434 Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability
D1434TestMethodforDeterminingGasPermeabilityChar-
Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
acteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D3985Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate 5.1 This test method covers the estimation of the steady-
Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric state rate of transmission of a gas through plastics in the form
Sensor of film, sheeting, laminates, and plastic-coated papers or
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics fabrics. This test method provides for the determination of (1)
E96/E96MTest Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of gastransmissionrate(GTR),(2)permeance,and,inthecaseof
Materials homogeneous materials, (3) permeability.
F1249Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate
5.2 Two procedures are provided: M Manometric and V
Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated
Volumetric.
Infrared Sensor
5.3 This is an old test which relies of the physical measure-
F1769 Test Method for Measurement of Diffusivity,
ment of gas through a geomembrane with respect to log time.
Solubility, and Permeability of Organic Vapor Barriers
This test has poor accuracy and takes a very long time.
6. D3985 Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission
Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Cou-
lometric Sensor
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD35onGeosynthetics
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
6.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2012. Published January 2012. DOI: 10.1520/
of the steady-state rate of transmission of oxygen gas through
D7407-07R12.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7407 − 07 (2012)
plastics in the form of film, sheeting, laminates, coextrusions, become linear. Caution must be used to assure that all weight
or plastic-coated papers or fabrics. It provides for the determi- loss is due to water vapor transmission through the specimen.
nation of (1) oxygen gas transmission rate (O2GTR), (2) the
7.4 For geomembrane: inverted cup technique is generally
permeance of the film to oxygen gas (PO2), and ( 3) oxygen
conducted with water. Standard conditions are 50 % relative
permeability coefficient (P’O2) in the case of homogeneous
humidity and 23 deg Celsius.The problem with the test is two
materials. 7.2 7.3
fold, a) the mass loss is very small over time compared to the
6.2 Thistestmethoddoesnotpurporttobetheonlymethod mass of the apparatus being measured and b) the seal of the
for measurement of O2GTR. There may be other methods of apparatustothegeomembraneneedstobelesspermeablethan
O2GTR determination that use other oxygen sensors and the geomembrane itself. This second point is difficult to
procedures. accomplish for geomembranes greater than 20 mil thickness.
6.3 Thismethodisusedinthefoodpackagingindustrywere
8. F1249 Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Trans-
plastic films rather than sheet are used. The method looks at
mission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using
oxygentransmissionexclusively.Althoughinterestingforfood
a Modulated Infrared Sensor
applications,resultsfromthismethodmaynotcorrelatewellto
geomembrane performance in other non-food containment
8.1 Thistestmethodcoversaprocedurefordeterminingthe
applications.
rate of water vapor transmission through flexible barrier
materials.The method is applicable to sheets and films up to 3
7. E96/E96M Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor
mm (0.1 in.) in thickness, consisting of single or multilayer
Transmission of Materials
synthetic or natural polymers and foils, including coated
materials. It provides for the determination of ( 1) water vapor
7.1 These test methods cover the determination of water
transmission rate (WVTR), (2) the permeance of the film to
vapor transmission (WVT) of materials through which the
water vapor, and (3) for homogeneous materials, water vapor
passage of water vapor may be of importance, such as paper,
permeability coefficient.
plastic films, other sheet materials, fiberboards, gypsum and
plasterproducts,woodproducts,andplastics.Thetestmethods
8.2 Values for water vapor permeance and water vapor
are limited to specimens not over 1.25 in. (32 mm) in
permeability must be used with caution. The inverse relation-
thickness. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the
ship of WVTR to thickness and the direct relationship of
Water Method, are provided for the measurement of
WVTR to the partial pressure differential of water vapor may
permeance, and two variations include service conditions with
not always apply.
one side wetted and service conditions with low humidity on
8.3 This is a good test for geomembranes unfortunately the
onesideandhighhumidityontheother.Agreementshouldnot
device used for the method is proprietary.
beexpectedbetweenresultsobtainedbydifferentmethods.The
8.4 Like many of the methods critiqued, sealing issues of
method should be selected that more nearly approaches the
the device to the geomembrane exist.
conditions of use.
8.5 This high end test is sophisticated and relinquishes
7.2 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
separately as the standard. Within the text, the SI units are results quickly.
showninparentheses.Thevaluesstatedineachsystemarenot
exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used inde- 9. F1769 Standard Test Method for Measurement of
pendently of the other. Combining values from two systems Diffusivity, Solubility, and Permeability of Organic
will result in non-conformance with the standard. However Vapor Barriers Using a Flame Ionization Detector
derived results can be converted from one system to other
9.1 This test method covers the measurement of volatile
using appropriate conversion factors (see Table 1).
organic-vapor-barrier properties of films, plastic sheeting,
7.3 A cup is filled with distilled water leaving a small gap coated papers, and laminates. The specific material properties
(0.75" to 0.25") of air space between the specimen and the measured include diffusivity, solubility, and permeability coef-
water. The cup is then sealed to prevent vapor loss except ficients;parametervalueswhicharerequiredforthesolution
...
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