ASTM G204-21

Standard Test Method for Damage to Contacting Solid Surfaces under Fretting Conditions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fretting wear and corrosion are potential serviceability factors in many machines. They have always been factors in shipping finished goods by truck or rail. Packing materials rubbing on a product in transit can make the product unsalable. Beverage cans and food cans can lose their trade dress and consumers often equate container damage to content damage.  
5.2 Clamping surfaces on injection molds are damaged by fretting motions on clamping. This damage is a significant cause for mold replacement.  
5.3 Machines in shipment are subject to fretting damage in the real area of contact of the bearings on the machines.  
5.4 Operating vibration and movement of mechanically clamped components, like screwed assemblies, can produce damage on the clamped faces and other faces that affects machine function or use. Many times fretting damage appears in the form of pits, which are stress concentrators that can lead to mechanical fractures.  
5.5 Electrical contacts in any device that is subject to vibration are susceptible to failure (open circuit) due to fretting damage at real areas of contact.  
5.6 This test method is intended to be used to identify mating couples that may be less prone to fretting damage than others. This information in turn is used to select materials of construction or surface treatments that are less prone to fretting damage for applications where fretting conditions are known or perceived to exist.  
5.7 When using this test method to screen candidate material pairs for a specific application, the user should ensure that the prescribed geometry and test conditions described in Sections 6 – 8 adequately simulate the intended end use. The rationale for any deviations from the prescribed test conditions, if any, shall be explained in the test report and, accordingly, the user shall report that they used a modified version of the standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method may be used for either fundamental or applications-oriented studies of fretting damage. Accordingly, data from these tests may be used to rank the wear resistance of candidate material couples for certain types of machine components whose service life is limited by fretting.  
1.2 This test method uses a tribological bench test apparatus with a mechanism or device that will produce the necessary relative motion between a contacting hemispherical rider and a flat counterface. The rider is pressed against the flat counterface with a loading mass. The test method is intended for use in room temperature air. Other configurations or test parameters may be needed to investigate fretting in the presence of lubricants or other environments.  
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to rub two solid surfaces together under controlled fretting conditions and to quantify the damage to both surfaces in units of volume loss.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 31-May-2021
• ICS: 21.260 - Lubrication systems
• Technical Committee: G02 - Wear and Erosion
• Drafting Committee: G02.40 - Non-Abrasive Wear

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: G204 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Damage to Contacting Solid Surfaces under Fretting
1
Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G204; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Fretting is small amplitude oscillating motion usually in the range of 10 µm to 300 µm. Contacting
solidsurfacessubjectedtothistypeofmotioncandevelopsignificantdamageintheformofmassloss,
pitting, and debris generation. Frequently, pitting damage caused by fretting creates stress concen-
trations that contribute to mechanical failures. This test method is intended to assess a tribocouple’s
relative susceptibility to damage under fretting conditions.
The onset of fretting wear in a given tribocouple depends on factors such as the critical amplitude
of slip, frequency of oscillation, contact pressure, environment, cumulative cycles of oscillation, state
of lubrication, and contact geometry.
When metal couples are subjected to fretting motion, there is a potential for chemical reaction with
the ambient environment to be a component of the damage. In metals rubbing in air, oxidation of
freshly fractured surfaces can occur. When chemical reaction is conjoint with the mechanical damage
produced by fretting, it is called fretting corrosion.When most plastic (polymer) couples are damaged
by fretting motion, the fractured surfaces may not react with the environment and fretting wear occurs
as opposed to fretting corrosion.
1. Scope 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This test method may be used for either fundamental or
standard.
applications-oriented studies of fretting damage. Accordingly,
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
data from these tests may be used to rank the wear resistance
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
of candidate material couples for certain types of machine
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
components whose service life is limited by fretting.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.2 This test method uses a tribological bench test apparatus
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
with a mechanism or device that will produce the necessary
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
relative motion between a contacting hemispherical rider and a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
flat counterface. The rider is pressed against the flat counter-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
face with a loading mass. The test method is intended for use
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
in room temperature air. Other configurations or test param-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
eters may be needed to investigate fretting in the presence of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
lubricants or other environments.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to rub two solid
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
surfaces together under controlled fretting conditions and to
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
quantify the damage to both surfaces in units of volume loss.
ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear
and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non-
2
Abrasive Wear. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2021.PublishedJuly2021.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as G204–15. DOI:10.1520/G0204- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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G204 − 21
G40 Terminology Relating to Wear and Erosion shipping finished goods by truck or rail. Packing materials
G99 Test Method for Wear Testing with a Pin-on-Disk rubbing on a product in transit can make the product unsalable.
Apparatus Beverage cans and food cans can lose their trade
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: G204 − 15 G204 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Damage to Contacting Solid Surfaces under Fretting
1
Conditions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G204; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Fretting is small amplitude oscillating motion usually in the range of 1010 μm to 300 μm.
Contacting solid surfaces subjected to this type of motion can develop significant damage in the form
of mass loss, pitting, and debris generation, etc. generation. Frequently, pitting damage caused by
fretting creates stress concentrations that contribute to mechanical failures. Most material couples are
susceptible to fretting damage and this This test method is intended to assess a tribocouple’s relative
susceptibility to damage under fretting conditions.
When tribocouples experience oscillating relative motion less than about 10 μm, gross slip (all
points in a contact experience relative slip over a complete cycle) may not occur. The elastic behavior
of the real contacts may accommodate this motion and fretting damage may not occur.The onset of
fretting wear in a given tribocouple depends on factors such as the critical amplitude of slip, frequency
of oscillation, contact pressure, environment, cumulative cycles of oscillation, state of lubrication, and
contact geometry.
When metal couples are subjected to fretting motion, there is a potential for chemical reaction with
the ambient environment to be a component of the damage. In metals rubbing in air, oxidation of
freshly fractured surfaces can occur. When chemical reaction is conjoint with the mechanical damage
produced by fretting, it is called fretting corrosion. When most plastic (polymer) couples are damaged
by fretting motion, the fractured surfaces may not react with the environment and fretting wear occurs
as opposed to fretting corrosion.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the studying or ranking the susceptibility of candidate materials to fretting corrosion or fretting wear
for the purposes of material selection for applications where fretting corrosion or fretting wear can limit serviceability.may be used
for either fundamental or applications-oriented studies of fretting damage. Accordingly, data from these tests may be used to rank
the wear resistance of candidate material couples for certain types of machine components whose service life is limited by fretting.
1.2 This test method uses a tribological bench test apparatus with a mechanism or device that will produce the necessary relative
motion between a contacting hemispherical rider and a flat counterface. The rider is pressed against the flat counterface with a
loading mass. The test method is intended for use in room temperature air, but future editions could include air. Other
configurations or test parameters may be needed to investigate fretting in the presence of lubricants or other environments.
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to rub two solid surfaces together under controlled fretting conditions and to quantify the
damage to both surfaces in units of volume loss for the test method.loss.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G02 on Wear and Erosion and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G02.40 on Non-Abrasive Wear.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2015June 1, 2021. Published December 2015July 2021. Originally approved in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 20102015 as
G204–10. DOI:10.1520/G0204–15.–15. DOI:10.1520/G0204-21.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G204 − 21
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of In
...