ASTM D4486-91(1996)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids
Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of kinematic viscosity of transparent, Newtonian liquids which because of their reactivity, instability, or volatility cannot be used in conventional capillary kinematic viscometers. This test method is applicable up to 2 10-5 N/m2 /sup> (2 atm) pressure and temperature range from -53 to + 135oC (-65 to + 275oF).
1.1.1 For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity of other liquids, see Test Method D445.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 7.2 , 7.3 , and 7.4.
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e1
Designation: D 4486 – 91 (Reapproved 1996) An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
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Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Kinematic Viscosity of Volatile and Reactive Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4486; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Footnote 4 was corrected editorially in December 1996.
1. Scope 3.1.2 density—the mass per unit volume of the liquid.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The cgs unit of density (r) has the
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of kinematic
dimensions of grams per cubic centimetre. The SI unit of
viscosity of transparent, Newtonian liquids which because of
density has the dimensions of kilograms per cubic metre.
their reactivity, instability, or volatility cannot be used in
3.1.3 kinematic viscosity—The ratio of the viscosity to the
conventional capillary kinematic viscometers. This test method
−5 2
density of the liquid.
is applicable up to 2 3 10 N/m (2 atm) pressure and
3.1.3.1 Discussion—For gravity flow under a given hydro-
temperature range from − 53 to + 135°C (−65 to + 275° F).
static head, the pressure head of a liquid is proportional to its
1.1.1 For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity of
density r. For any particular viscometer, the time of flow of a
other liquids, see Test Method D 445.
fixed volume of liquid is directly proportional to h/r. This ratio
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
is the kinematic viscosity coefficient (n). The cgs unit of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
kinematic viscosity is the stoke and has the dimensions of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
centimetre squared per second: the centistoke (0.01 St) is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
frequently used. The SI unit of kinematic viscosity has the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
2 4
dimensions of metre /second, and is equivalent to 10 St.
precautionary statements, see 6.2, 6.3, and 6.4.
3.1.4 vulnerable liquid—a liquid which by reason of its
2. Referenced Documents volatility, instability or reactivity in the presence of air or any
other specific gaseous medium may undergo physical or
2.1 ASTM Standards:
chemical changes that may affect its viscosity.
D 445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
and Opaque Liquids (and the Calculation of Dynamic
4. Summary of Test Method
Viscosity)
4.1 The time is measured, in seconds, for a fixed volume of
D 2162 Test Method for Basic Calibration of Master Vis-
liquid to flow under gravity through the capillary of the
cometers and Viscosity Oil Standards
viscometer under a reproducible driving head and at a closely
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
controlled temperature. The kinematic viscosity is calculated
from the measured flow time and the calibration constant of the
3. Terminology
viscometer.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
5. Significance and Use
3.1.1 viscosity—the ratio between the applied shear stress
and rate of shear.
5.1 Kinematic viscosity is a physical property which is of
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This ratio is called the coefficient of
importance in the design of systems in which flowing liquids
viscosity. The coefficient of viscosity (h) is thus a measure of
are used or handled.
the resistance to flow of the liquid. This is commonly called the
6. Apparatus
viscosity of the liquid. The cgs unit of viscosity is the poise. P,
6.1 Viscometer Thermostat—Any transparent liquid or va-
which has the dimensions of dyne-seconds per square centi-
por bath of sufficient depth such that at no time during the
metre: the centipoise (0.01 poise) is frequently used. The SI
measurement will any portion of the sample in the viscometer
unit of viscosity has the dimensions of newton second/metre ,
be less than 20 mm below the surface of the bath liquid or less
and is equivalent to 10 P.
than 20 mm above the bottom of the bath may be used. The
temperature control must be such that for the range from 15 to
100°C (60 to 212°F) the temperature of the bath medium does
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D-2 on Petroleum
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.11 on
not vary by more than 0.02°F (0.01°C) over the length of the
Engineering Science of High Performance Fluids and Solids.
viscometers, or between the position of each viscometer, or at
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 1991. Published December 1991.
the location of the thermometer. For temperatures outside this
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03. range, the variation must not exceed 0.05°F (0.03°C).
D 4486
6.2 Temperature-Measuring Device—Suitable liquid-in- 7.2.1 Other suitable cleaning solutions are available. In
glass Kinematic Viscosity Test Thermometers, covering the referee testing situations, glassware shall be cleaned with a
cleaning solution agreed upon by the parties involved.
range of test temperatures indicated in Table 1, as listed in
7.3 Acetone—(Warning—Extremely flammable. Vapors
Specification E 1, make certain that they have been standard-
may cause flash fire. See Annex A1.3.)
ized before use (see 5.2). Any other thermometric device is
7.4 Hydrochloric Acid (Concentrated)—(Warning—
permissible provided that the same accuracy can be obtained.
Poison. Corrosive. May be fatal if swallowed. Liquid and
6.3 Timing Device—Any timing device may be used pro-
vapor cause severe burns. Harmful if inhaled. See Annex
vided that the readings can be taken with a discrimination of
A1.4.)
0.2 s or better, and that it has an accuracy within 60.07 %
when tested over intervals of 15 min.
8. Standardization
6.3.1 Electrical timing devices may be used if the current
8.1 Viscometers—Only calibrated viscometers standardized
frequency is controlled to an accuracy of 0.05 % or better.
as described in Annex A2 shall be used.
Alternating currents, as provided by some public power sys-
8.2 Thermometers—Liquid-in-glass thermometers shall be
tems, are intermittently rather than continuously controlled.
checked to the nearest 0.01°C (0.02°F) by direct comparison
When used to actuate electrical timing devices, such control
with a suitable standardized thermometer. Kinematic Viscosity
can cause large errors in viscosity flow measurements.
Test Thermometers shall be standardized at “total immersion”
which means immersion to the top of the mercury column, with
7. Reagents and Materials the remainder of the stem and the expansion chamber at the top
of the thermometer exposed to room temperature; do not
7.1 Viscosity Oil Standards, conforming to ASTM viscosity
submerge the expansion bulb at the top of the thermometer. It
oil standards having the approximate kinematic viscosity
is essential that the ice point of standardized thermometers be
shown in Table 2. Certified kinematic viscosity values are
determined periodically and the official corrections be adjusted
compared by annual cooperative tests by a number of labora-
to conform to the change in ice point.
tories and are supplied with each portion.
8.3 Timers—Standard time signals available in some na-
7.2 Chromic Acid (Cleaning Solution)—(Warning—
tions may be used in checking the accuracy of timing devices.
Causes severe burns. A recognized carcinogen. Strong oxidizer, In the United States of America, time signals, as broadcast by
contact with organic material may cause fire. Hygroscopic. See the National Bureau of Standards, Station WWV, Washington,
D. C. 20234, at 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 MHz are a
A1.2.)
convenient and primary standard reference for calibrating
timing devices; the signals are broadcast 24 h daily. Station
CHU from Ottawa, Canada, at 3.330, 7.335, and 14.670 MHz
A
TABLE 1 Kinematic Viscosity Test Thermometers
or Station MSF at Rugby, United Kingdom, at 2.5, 5, and 10
Thermometer
B B
MHz may be received better in some locations.
Test Temperature Scale Error
Number
8.4 Viscosity standards may also be used to check the
C D
°F °C ASTM IP
over-all kinematic viscosity procedure in a laboratory. If the
−65 −53.9 74F 69F, C
measured kinematic viscosity does not agree within 60.35 %
−60 to − 35 −51 to − 35 43F 65F, C
of the certified value, each step in the procedure should be
−40 −40 73F, C 68F, C
rechecked, including thermometer and viscometer calibration
0 −17.8 72F 67F, C
32 0 33F, C
to locate source of error.
68 and 70 20 and 21.1 44F, C 29F, C
77 25 45F, C 30F, C
9. Cleaning of Viscometer
86 30 118F, C
100 37.8 28F 31F, C
9.1 Between successive determinations, clean the viscom-
40 120C
eter thoroughly by several rinsings with an appropriate solvent
122 50 46F, C 66F, C
completely miscible with the sample, followed by a completely
130 54.4 29F 34F, C
140 60 47F, C 35F, C
volatile solvent. Dry the viscometer with vacuum attached to
180 82.2 48F 90F, C
Tube A or by placing viscometer in a vacuum oven.
200 93.3 36F, C
210 and 212 98.9 and 100 30F 32F, C 9.2 Periodically clean the instrument with chromic acid
100 121C
(Warning—Causes severe burns. A recognized carcinogen.
275 135 110F, C
Strong oxidizer, contact with organic material may cause fire.
−20 99C
80 100C Hygroscopic. See Annex A1.2) to remove organic deposits,
40 120C 92C
rinse thoroughly with distilled water and acetone, (Warning—
A
The smallest graduation of the Fahrenheit thermometers is 0.1°F and for the
Extremely flammable. Vapors may cause flash fire. See Annex
Celsius thermometers is 0.05°C except for ASTM 43F and IP 65F for which it is
A1.3) and dry with clean dry air. Inorganic deposits may be
0.2°F.
B
removed by hydrochloric acid (Warning—Poison. Corrosive.
Scale error for the Fahrenheit thermometers is not to exceed 60.2°F (except
for ASTM 110F which is 60.3°F); for the Celsius thermometers it is 60.1°C. These
scale errors are required to apply only at the given test temperature.
C
Complete construction detail is given in Specification E 1.
D
Other suitable chromium free, sulfuric acid-based cleaning solutions are
Complete construction detail is given in Part 1 of IP Standards for Petroleum
and its Products. available.
D 4486
TABLE 2 Approximate Values of the ASTM Viscosity Standards
Viscosity
Approximate Kinematic Viscosity, cSt
Standard
B B
At At At
Conformi
...
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