ASTM E953/E953M-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
Standard Test Method for Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The standard is available to producers and users of RDF to use in determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.
Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data are too often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the RDF, and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash behavior more than the ash fusibility characteristics determined by the laboratory test. Furthermore, conditions existing during applied combustion of RDF are so complex that they are impossible to duplicate completely in a small-scale laboratory test. Therefore, the test should be considered an empirical one and the data, at best, only qualitative.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly-reducing, and oxidizing atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for additional hazard information.
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Designation: E953/E953M − 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E953/E953M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions and Symbols—The critical temperature
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the tempera-
points to be observed are as follows, denoting the atmosphere
tures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF
ash attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow used:
when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly-reducing,
3.2 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature at
and oxidizing atmospheres.
which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs.
Shrinking or warping of the cone is ignored if the tip remains
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of
sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the
the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain repro-
second cone, IT, is a typical cone at the initial deformation
ducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain
stage.
concordant results.
3.3 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which the
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height is
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
equal to the width at the base as shown by the third cone, ST,
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
in Fig. 1.
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.4 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at
with the standard.
which point the height is one half the width of the base as
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.5 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
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maximum height of 1.6 mm [ ⁄16 in.] as shown in the fifth
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for
cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
additional hazard information.
3.6 For definitions of additional terms used in this test
2. Referenced Documents
method, refer to Terminology D5681.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4. Significance and Use
D5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
4.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF
E180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
to use in determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
3
4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data
cialty Chemicals (Withdrawn 2009)
are too often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning
E829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)
3
equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire
Laboratory Samples for Analysis (Withdrawn 2002)
bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the
RDF, and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash
1 behaviormorethantheashfusibilitycharacteristicsdetermined
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste
Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.02 on
by the laboratory test. Furthermore, conditions existing during
Municipal Recovery and Reuse (Disbanded 06/09).
applied combustion of RDF are so complex that they are
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally
impossible to duplicate completely in a small-scale laboratory
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E953 – 88 (2004).
test. Therefore, the test should be considered an empirical one
DOI: 10.1520/E0953_E0953M-08.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
and the data, at best, only qualitative.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
5. Apparatus
the ASTM website.
3
5.1 Furnace—Any gas-fired or electric furnace conforming
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. to the following requirements may be used.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E953–88(Reapproved 2004) Designation: E 953/E 953M – 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Fusibility of Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Ash
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 953/E 953M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash
attainandpassthroughcertainstagesoffusingandflowwhenheatedataspecificrateincontrolled,mildly-reducing,andoxidizing
atmospheres.
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible
temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain concordant results.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system
may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two
systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for additional hazard information.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: ASTM Standards:
D 5681 Terminology for Waste and Waste Management
E 180 Practice for Determining the Precision Data of ASTM Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Specialty
Chemicals
E 829 Practice for Preparing Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Laboratory Samples for Analysis
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions and Symbols:Symbols—
3.1.1TheThe critical temperature points to be observed are as follows, denoting the atmosphere used:
3.2 initial deformation temperature, IT—the temperature at which the first rounding of the apex of the cone occurs. Shrinking
or warping of the cone is ignored if the tip remains sharp. In Fig. 1, the first cone shown is an unheated one; the second cone, IT,
is a typical cone at the initial deformation stage.
3.3 softening temperature, ST—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a spherical lump in which the height is
equal to the width at the base as shown by the third cone, ST, in Fig. 1.
3.4 hemispherical temperature, HT—the temperature at which the cone has fused down to a hemispherical lump at which point
the height is one half the width of the base as shown by the fourth cone, HT, in Fig. 1.
3.5 fluid temperature, FT—the temperature at which the fused mass has spread out in a nearly flat layer with a maximum height
1
of 1.6 mm ([ ⁄16 in.) in.] as shown in the fifth cone, FT, in Fig. 1.
3.6forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF):
RDF-1—Waste used as a fuel in as-discarded form.
RDF-2—Waste processed to coarse particle size with or without ferrous metal separation.
RDF-3—Shredded fuel derived from municipal solid waste (MSN) that has been processed to remove metal, glass, and other
inorganics. This material has a particle size such that 95 weight % passes through a 2-in. square mesh screen.
RDF-4—Combustible waste processed into powder form, 95 weight% passing a 10-mesh screening.
RDF-5—Combustible waste densified (compressed) into the form of pellets, slugs, cubettes, or briquettes.
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D34 on Waste Management and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D34.03.02 on Municipal
Recovery and Reuse.
Current edition approved AprilSept. 1, 2004.2008. Published May 2004.November 2008. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 19982004 as
E 953 – 88 (1998).(2004).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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E 953/E 953M – 08
FIG. 1 Critical
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