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ASTM E1591-13

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models

Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and developers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for people conducting fire tests, making them aware of some important applications and uses for small-scale fire test results. The guide thus contributes to increased accuracy in fire growth model calculations, which depend greatly on the quality of the input data.  
4.2 The emphasis of this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.  
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.  
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2013
ICS
13.220.01 - Protection against fire in general
Technical Committee
E05 - Fire Standards
Drafting Committee
E05.33 - Fire Safety Engineering
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1591-07 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Deterministic Fire Models
Effective Date
01-Apr-2013
Replaced By
ASTM E1591-20 - Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
Effective Date
01-Apr-2020
Referred By
ASTM E2280-21 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of the Effect of Upholstered Seating Furniture Within Patient Rooms of Health Care Facilities
Effective Date
01-Apr-2013
Referred By
ASTM E1355-23 - Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models
Effective Date
01-Apr-2013
Referred By
ASTM D7309-21b - Standard Test Method for Determining Flammability Characteristics of Plastics and Other Solid Materials Using Microscale Combustion Calorimetry
Effective Date
01-Apr-2013
Referred By
ASTM E2061-23 - Standard Guide for Fire Hazard Assessment of Rail Transportation Vehicles
Effective Date
01-Apr-2013

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1591 − 13 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope (DSC) (Withdrawn 2004)
D5865Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for math-
Coke
ematical fire growth models.
E176Terminology of Fire Standards
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be
E408Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces
obtained.
Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and
E472Practice for Reporting Thermoanalytical Data (With-
3
flame spread models for solid materials.
drawn 1995)
E537Test Method for The Thermal Stability of Chemicals
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
E793Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalliza-
standard.
tion by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E906Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
E967Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differen-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tial Scanning Calorimeters and Differential ThermalAna-
1.6 Thisfirestandardcannotbeusedtoprovidequantitative
lyzers
measures.
E968Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential
2. Referenced Documents
Scanning Calorimeters
2
E1321Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Flame Spread Properties
C177Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-
E1354Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release
ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of
Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-
the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
sumption Calorimeter
C518Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission
E1537Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furni-
Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
ture
C835Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of
Surfaces up to 1400°C E1623Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal
Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an
C1371Test Method for Determination of Emittance of
Materials Near Room Temperature Using Portable Emis- Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)
someters E2058Test Methods for Measurement of Synthetic Polymer
D2395Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Material Flammability Using a Fire Propagation Appara-
Wood-Based Materials tus (FPA)
D3417Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystalli-
E2257Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling
zation of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
Materials and Assemblies
3. Terminology
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE05onFireStandards
andisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeE05.33onFireSafetyEngineering.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms appearing in this
Current edition approved April 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originally
guide, refer to Terminology E176.
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as E1591–07. DOI:
10.1520/E1591-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1591 − 13
4. Significance and Use 6.2.1.2 There are two reasons for density to change as a
material is heated: volatile (flammable or nonflammable, or
4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and develop-
both) may be lost and dimensional changes (expansion or
ers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for
contraction) may occur. Although corrections for temperature
people conducting fire tests, making them aware of some
dependencecanbemade (1),manymodelsuseconstant(room)
important applications and uses for small-scale fire test results.
temperature values.
Theguidethuscontributestoincreasedaccuracyinfiregrowth
6.2.2 Procedures t
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1591 − 07 E1591 − 13 An American National Standard
Standard Guide for
1
Obtaining Data for Deterministic Fire Growth Models
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1591; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on compartment zone fire models.ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid
materials.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measurements and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the
Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus
C518 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus
C835 Test Method for Total Hemispherical Emittance of Surfaces up to 1400°C
D835C1371 Specification for Refined Benzene-485Test Method for Determination of Emittance of Materials Near Room
Temperature Using Portable Emissometers (Withdrawn 1997)
D2395 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
D3417 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization of Polymers by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
3
(Withdrawn 2004)
D5865 Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Coal and Coke
E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
E408 Test Methods for Total Normal Emittance of Surfaces Using Inspection-Meter Techniques
3
E472 Practice for Reporting Thermoanalytical Data (Withdrawn 1995)
E537 Test Method for The Thermal Stability of Chemicals by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
E793 Test Method for Enthalpies of Fusion and Crystallization by Differential Scanning Calorimetry
E906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile Method
E967 Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters and Differential Thermal Analyzers
E968 Practice for Heat Flow Calibration of Differential Scanning Calorimeters
E1321 Test Method for Determining Material Ignition and Flame Spread Properties
E1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption
Calorimeter
E1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered Furniture
E1623 Test Method for Determination of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using an
Intermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.33 on Fire Safety Engineering.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2007April 1, 2013. Published February 2007May 2013. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20002007 as
ε1
E1591–00–07. . DOI: 10.1520/E1591-07.10.1520/E1591-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1591 − 13
E2058 Test Methods for Measurement of Synthetic Polymer Material Flammability Using a Fire Propagation Apparatus (FPA)
E2257 Test Method for Room Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials and Assemblies
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms appearing in this guide, refer to Terminology E176.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and developers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for people
conducting fire t
...

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ASTM E535-23(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard is to be used by those concerned with the development of fire-test-response standards.  
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4.2.3 That data provided by the analytical instruments are accurate for the compositions and concentrations at the point of sampling.  
4.3 This document includes a comprehensive survey that will permit an individual, technically skilled and practiced in the study of analytical chemistry, to select a suitable technique from among the alternatives. It will not provide enough information for the setup and use of a procedure (this information is available in the references).  
4.4 Data generated by the use of techniques cited in this document should not be used to rank materials for regulatory purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 Analytical methods for the measurement of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, carbonyl sulfide, hydrogen halides, hydrogen cyanide, aldehydes, and hydrocarbons are described, along with sampling considerations. Many of these gases may be present in any fire environment. Several analytical techniques are described for each gaseous species, together with advantages and disadvantages of each. The test environment, sampling constraints, analytical range, and accuracy often dictate use of one analytical method over another.  
1.2 These techniques have been used to measure gases under fire test conditions (laboratory, small scale, or full scale). With proper sampling considerations, any of these methods could be used for measurement in most fire environments.  
1.3 This document is intended to be a guide for investigators and for subcommittee use in developing standard test methods. A single analytical technique has not been recommended for any chemical species unless that technique is the only one available.  
1.4 The techniques described herein can be used to determine the concentration of a specific gas in the total sample collected for analysis. These techniques do not determine the total amount of fire gases that would be generated by a specimen during a fire test.  
1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assembles to heat and flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1591-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Obtaining Data for Fire Growth Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended primarily for users and developers of mathematical fire growth models. It is also useful for people conducting fire tests, making them aware of some important applications and uses for small-scale fire test results. The guide thus contributes to increased accuracy in fire growth model calculations, which depend greatly on the quality of the input data.  
4.2 The emphasis of this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes data required as input for mathematical fire growth models.  
1.2 Guidelines are presented on how the data can be obtained.  
1.3 The emphasis in this guide is on ignition, pyrolysis and flame spread models for solid materials.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E535-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Standards

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard is to be used by those concerned with the development of fire-test-response standards.  
4.2 The resultant fire-test-response standards are intended to be useful in one or more of the following areas, among others: product development, quality control, product comparisons, screening, information to be used as part of a fire hazard or a fire risk assessment, and regulatory purposes.  
4.3 This practice is intended to be useful to users and developers of fire-test-response standards (Section 5) because it provides much of the general rationale for the development and use of such standards.  
4.4 This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of fire hazard assessment standards or fire risk assessment standards.  
4.5 This practice is not intended to provide guidance for the preparation of standards not related to fire-test responses of materials, products or assemblies.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a supplement to Form and Style for ASTM Standards,2 which shall be consulted in writing all ASTM standards.  
1.2 This practice contains, directly or by reference, all of the information required to comply with the policy on fire standards and the additional guidelines recommended by Committee E05.  
1.3 This practice, intended to assist ASTM Committees, establishes guidelines and criteria for the preparation of fire-test-response standards (that is, standards for response to heat or flame under prescribed conditions).  
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1355-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating the Predictive Capability of Deterministic Fire Models

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The process of model evaluation is critical to establishing both the acceptable uses and limitations of fire models. It is not possible to evaluate a model in total; instead, this guide is intended to provide a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities for a specific use. Validation for one application or scenario does not imply validation for different scenarios. Several alternatives are provided for performing the evaluation process including: comparison of predictions against standard fire tests, full-scale fire experiments, field experience, published literature, or previously evaluated models.  
5.2 The use of fire models currently extends beyond the fire research laboratory and into the engineering, fire service and legal communities. Sufficient evaluation of fire models is necessary to ensure that those using the models can judge the adequacy of the scientific and technical basis for the models, select models appropriate for a desired use, and understand the level of confidence which can be placed on the results predicted by the models. Adequate evaluation will help prevent the unintentional misuse of fire models.  
5.3 This guide is intended to be used in conjunction with other guides under development by Committee E05. It is intended for use by:  
5.3.1 Model Developers—To document the usefulness of a particular calculation method perhaps for specific applications. Part of model development includes identification of precision and limits of applicability, and independent testing.  
5.3.2 Model Users—To assure themselves that they are using an appropriate model for an application and that it provides adequate accuracy.  
5.3.3 Developers of Model Performance Codes—To be sure that they are incorporating valid calculation procedures into codes.  
5.3.4 Approving Officials—To ensure that the results of calculations using mathematical models stating conformance to this guide, cited in a submission, show clearly that the model is used withi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a methodology for evaluating the predictive capabilities of a fire model for a specific use. The intent is to cover the whole range of deterministic numerical models which might be used in evaluating the effects of fires in and on structures.  
1.2 The methodology is presented in terms of four areas of evaluation:  
1.2.1 Defining the model and scenarios for which the evaluation is to be conducted,  
1.2.2 Verifying the appropriateness of the theoretical basis and assumptions used in the model,  
1.2.3 Verifying the mathematical and numerical robustness of the model, and  
1.2.4 Quantifying the uncertainty and accuracy of the model results in predicting of the course of events in similar fire scenarios.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This fire standard cannot be used to provide quantitative measures.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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