ASTM F1407-99a(2006)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Resistance of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials to Liquid Permeation-Permeation Cup Method
Standard Test Method for Resistance of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials to Liquid Permeation-Permeation Cup Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method establishes a standard procedure for rapidly (in 1 h or less) determining the chemical resistance of specimens of protective clothing materials. This test method can be used to rank materials as to their suitability for use with liquids of known or unknown composition.
The breakthrough detection time, permeation rate, or cumulative permeation can be used to identify protective clothing materials that are more likely to limit potential exposures to chemicals. Longer breakthrough detection times and lower cumulative amounts permeated and permeation rates are characteristics of materials that are better barriers to the test chemical.
In general this test method is less sensitive than Test Method F 739 coupled with sensitive analytical procedures. In cases where the chemical of concern is highly toxic and contact of even a very small amount with the skin may be detrimental to health, the permeation cup method is not recommended. Use Test Method F 739.
Upon permeating the clothing material, the chemical must evaporate in order for a weight loss to occur and permeation to be detected. Consequently, the test method may not be applicable for chemicals having low volatility (that is, vapor pressure). The vapor pressure below which this test method is not applicable has not been determined.
5.4.1 A procedure for assessing volatility is described in Section 10.
The results of this test method are highly dependent on the test temperature. If the objective is to compare different clothing materials, all tests shall be conducted at the same temperature (±3°C).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the barrier effectiveness of a specimen of protective clothing upon continuous contact with a liquid.
1.1.1 Procedure A For use when a value for the cumulative amount of chemical permeated in 1 h is desired.
1.1.2 Procedure B For use when breakthrough detection time and permeation rate values are desired.
1.2 Although not addressed herein, the effect of the test chemical on the clothing material can be determined by comparing the weight or other physical properties of the specimen before and after the permeation test.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section .
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Designation:F1407–99a (Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Resistance of Chemical Protective Clothing Materials to
Liquid Permeation—Permeation Cup Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Workers involved in the production, use, and transportation of chemicals can be exposed to
numerous compounds capable of causing harm upon contact with the human body. The deleterious
effects of these chemicals can range from acute trauma, such as dermatitis or burns, to chronic
degenerative disease, such as cancer or pulmonary fibrosis. Since engineering controls may not
eliminate all possible exposures, attention is often given to reducing the potential for direct skin
contact through the use of protective clothing that resists degradation, penetration, and permeation.
This test method provides a simple, gravimetric means for measuring the resistance of clothing
materialstopermeationbyliquidchemicals.Permeationtestingbyamoresophisticatedprocedureand
penetrationtestingareaddressedbyseparatemethods:TestMethodsF739andF903,respectively.Test
Methods for measuring the effects of chemicals on the physical properties of rubbers, plastics, and
coated fabrics may be found in Test Method D471, Test Method D543, and Test Methods D751,
respectively. Guide F1001 designates 21 chemicals for use with these tests.
1. Scope bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
tionary statements are given in Section 2.
1.1 This test method measures the barrier effectiveness of a
specimen of protective clothing upon continuous contact with
2. Referenced Documents
a liquid.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1.1 Procedure A—For use when a value for the cumula-
D471 Test Method for Rubber Property—Effect of Liquids
tive amount of chemical permeated in1his desired.
D543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to
1.1.2 Procedure B—For use when breakthrough detection
Chemical Reagents
time and permeation rate values are desired.
D751 Test Methods for Coated Fabrics
1.2 Although not addressed herein, the effect of the test
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
chemical on the clothing material can be determined by
F739 Test Method for Permeation of Liquids and Gases
comparing the weight or other physical properties of the
through Protective Clothing Materials under Conditions of
specimen before and after the permeation test.
Continuous Contact
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
F903 Test Method for Resistance of Materials Used in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Protective Clothing to Penetration by Liquids
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
F1001 Guide for Selection of Chemicals to Evaluate Pro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tective Clothing Materials
2.2 Federal Standard:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on
Protective Clothing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F23.30 on
Chemicals. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Published February 2006. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as F1407 - 99a. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/F1407-99AR06. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
F1407–99a (2006)
No. 191, Method 5030.2 Measurement of the Thickness of
Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 cumulative permeation, n—the total mass of chemical
that permeates during a specified time from when the material
is first contacted.
3.1.2 degradation, n—a deleterious change in one or more
properties of a material.
3.1.3 penetration, n—in a protective clothing material or
item, the process by which a solid, liquid, or gas moves
NOTE—Dimensions in centimetres.
through closures, seams, interstices, and pinholes or other
FIG. 1 ASTM Permeation Cup
imperfections on a non-molecular level.
3.1.4 permeation, n—the process by which a chemical
moves through a protective clothing material on a molecular
chemical that permeates the material and subsequently evapo-
level.
rates to the atmosphere.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Permeation involves the following: (1)
4.4 Based on the amount of chemical lost from the cup
sorption of molecules of the chemical into the contacted
during the exposure period, the breakthrough detection time,
(challenge side) surface of the material, (2) diffusion of the
permeation rate, and cumulative mass of chemical permeating
sorbed molecules in the material, and (3) desorption of the
the clothing material are calculated.
molecules from the opposite (collection side) surface of the
4.5 Detection of permeation requires sufficient volatility of
material.
thetestchemical,andtheappropriatecombinationofanalytical
3.1.5 steady-state permeation rate, n—a constant rate of
balance and weighing interval.
permeation that occurs after breakthrough when all forces
4.5.1 See Section 10 for volatility test.
affecting permeation have reached equilibrium.
4.5.2 The likelihood of detecting chemical permeation in-
3.1.6 test chemical, n—the liquid that is used to challenge
creases as (1) the sensitivity of the balance is increased and (2)
the protective clothing material specimen.
the time between weighings and the length of the test are
3.1.6.1 Discussion—The liquid can be either one compo-
increased.
nent (that is, a neat liquid) or have several components (that is,
4.6 In extreme cases the chemical could so severely degrade
a mixture).
the clothing material that the chemical will drip or otherwise
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to this Standard:
flow from the inverted cup.
3.2.1 breakthrough detection time, n—the elapsed time
measured from the start of the test to the weighing time
5. Significance and Use
immediately preceding the weighing time at which permeation
5.1 This test method establishes a standard procedure for
is indicated.
rapidly (in1hor less) determining the chemical resistance of
3.2.2 protective clothing material, n—any material or com-
specimens of protective clothing materials. This test method
binationofmaterialsusedinanitemofclothingforthepurpose
can be used to rank materials as to their suitability for use with
of isolating parts of the body from a potential hazard.
liquids of known or unknown composition.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—In this test method the particular haz-
5.2 The breakthrough detection time, permeation rate, or
ard is permeation of a hazardous chemical.
cumulative permeation can be used to identify protective
3.2.3 time interval, n—the time between weighings of the
clothing materials that are more likely to limit potential
permeation cup.
exposures to chemicals. Longer breakthrough detection times
andlowercumulativeamountspermeatedandpermeationrates
4. Summary of Test Method
arecharacteristicsofmaterialsthatarebetterbarrierstothetest
4.1 The resistance of a protective clothing material to
chemical.
permeation by a test chemical is assessed by measuring the
5.3 In general this test method is less sensitive than Test
cumulative permeation, breakthrough detection time, and per-
Method F739 coupled with sensitive analytical procedures. In
meation rate through replicate specimens of the material.
caseswherethechemicalofconcernishighlytoxicandcontact
4.2 Aclothing material specimen is secured over the mouth
of even a very small amount with the skin may be detrimental
of a shallow cup that holds the test chemical. The normally
to health, the permeation cup method is not recommended. Use
outside surface of the material faces the chemical; the other
Test Method F739.
side is open to the atmosphere. See Fig. 1.
5.4 Upon permeating the clothing material, the chemical
4.3 The cup assembly is weighed, inverted, and reweighed
must evaporate in order for a weight loss to occur and
at predetermined time intervals to determine the amount of
permeation to be detected. Consequently, the test method may
not be applicable for chemicals having low volatility (that is,
vapor pressure). The vapor pressure below which this test
AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS. method is not applicable has not been determined.
F1407–99a (2006)
5.4.1 A procedure for assessing volatility is described in 7.4 The test should be performed in a laboratory fume hood
Section 10. or outdoors.
5.5 The results of this test method are highly dependent on
NOTE 1—In order to obtain stable readings from the analytical balance,
the test temperature. If the objective is to compare different
it may be necessary to shield the balance or at least its pan from air
clothing materials, all tests shall be conducted at the same
currents.
temperature (63°C).
8. Test Specimen
6. Apparatus
8.1 A protective clothing material specimen may consist of
either a single layer or a composite of multiple layers that is
6.1 Thickness Gauge, suitable for measuring thickness to
representative of an actual protective clothing construction
the nearest 0.02 mm [0.001 in.], as specified in Fed. Std. No.
with all layers arranged in proper order. In each test, the
191, Method 5030.2, shall be used to determine the thickness
specimen’s normally outer surface shall contact the test chemi-
of each material specimen tested.
cal.
6.2 Analytical Balance,readableandreproducibletoatleast
8.1.1 If, in a proposed design of an article of protective
61 mg, is required for measuring the weight loss of the
clothing, different materials or thicknesses of materials are
permeation cup. The capacity of the balance should be at least
specified at different locations, specimens from each location
50 g more than the weight of an empty permeation cup.
shall be tested.
6.3 Permeation Cup, shown in Fig. 1, is constructed of
8.1.2 If, in a proposed design of an article of protective
metal(aluminumisrecommended)andiscomposedofthecup,
clothing, seams are specified, additional specimens containing
O-ring (PTFE is recommended), retaining ring (aluminum is
such seams shall be tested. Care must be taken to ensure that
recommended), and six fasteners (stainless steel is recom-
the permeation cup can be properly sealed when specimens of
mended) for securing the retaining ring to the cup.The circular
nonuniform thickness are tested.
opening in the retaining ring has a diameter of 7.8 6 0.05 cm,
8.2 Each material specimen shall have a diameter at least 5
corresponding to an area of 47.8 cm .
mm greater than the outside diameter of the O-ring or sealing
6.3.1 Materials other than aluminum may be used in the
mechanism.
construction of the permeation cup. Such materials may be
8.3 A minimum of three specimens shall be tested for each
desirable for tests involving chemicals which are incompatible
material, composite, area (in the case of a heterogeneous
with aluminum (for example, acids).
design), or other condition. Random specimens may be gener-
6.3.2 A chemically resistant coating may be applied to the
ated as described in Practice E105.
permeation cup to increase its range of chemical compatibility.
Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE)hasbeenusedsuccessfullyasa
9. Conditioning
coating.
9.1 No conditioning of the test specimen is required.
6.3.3 In place of the O-ring, either the cup or the retaining
ring may be machined such that a seal is achieved when the
10. Volatility Test
retaining ring is fastened to the cup.
10.1 Weight loss from the cup is the result of chemical
6.3.4 The volume available for the test liquid is approxi-
diffusion to and evaporation from the surface of the clothing
mately 80 mL, although this amount of chemical is not
specimen that faces the air. If the volatility of the chemical is
required nor recommended for performing the test.
too low, the diffusing chemical will not evaporate from this
6.4 Torquing Device, to seal the retaining ring to the cup.
surface of the specimen as rapidly as it arrives there. In the
6.5 Lubricant, to prevent galling between the fasteners and
extreme case, there might be no weight loss even though
the cup.
chemical has diffused through the specimen.
10.2 Evaporation rate increases with temperature.
7. Safety Precautions
10.3 Detection of evaporation is dependent on the sensitiv-
7.1 Before carrying out this test method, safety precautions
ity of the balance and the surface area available for evapora-
recommended for handling any potentially hazardous chemical
tion.
should be identified and reviewed to provide full protection to
10.4 Todeterminewhetherthevolatilityofthetestchemical
all personnel. is sufficient for the permeation cup method to be applicable,
7.1.1 For carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and other
use the following test:
toxic (poisonous) chemicals, the work area should be isolated, 10.4.1 Place about 20 g of the test chemical into the cup.
well-ventilated, and meticulously clean. Involved personnel
10.4.2 Place the cup (uncovered) on the balance, being
should be outfitted with appropriate protective clothing and careful not to spill the chemical.
equipment.
10.4.3 Record the weight of the cup.
7.1.2 For corrosive or otherwise hazardous chemicals, in- 10.4.4 Leave the cup on the balance for the shortest weigh-
volved personnel should, as a minimum, be outfitted with
ing time interval that will be used during the test. The shortest
protective clothing and equipment. time interval may be the entire duration of the test if cumula-
7.2 Provisions should be made for handling spills of the test
tive weight loss is the test objective (see Procedure A).
chemical or splashes to the eyes or skin. 10.4.5 Attheendoftheperiod,recordtheweightofthecup.
7.3 Appropriate procedures for the disposal of chemicals If the weight loss is >10 mg, then the chemical has sufficient
should be followed. volatility for the permeation cup test to be performed.
F1407–99a (2006)
10.4.5.1 Because volatility is dependent on temperature and 12.3 Add approximately 25 mL of the test chemical to the
the detection of evaporation is dependent on the sensitivity of cup.
the balance, it may be necessary to rerun the volatility test each 12.4 Center the material specime
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