ASTM D5277-92(1997)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of shock pulses experienced by lading in rail switching of rail cars with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be used for pallet marshalling tests.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 6.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or
withdrawn. Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 5277 – 92 (Reapproved 1997)
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an
Inclined Impact Tester
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5277; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope test method may be found in Terminology D 996.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for reproducing
3.2.1 programming material—a resilient elastomer with
and comparing shock damage, such as that which may result
characteristics suitable to control the shock pulse generated, or
from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts, using an
any other suitable means of control.
incline impact tester. It is suitable for simulating the types of
3.2.2 velocity change—the sum of the velocity at impact
shock pulses experienced by lading in rail switching of rail cars
and the rebound velocity.
with standard draft gear, but not for those with long travel draft
gear or cushioned underframes. The test method can also be
4. Significance and Use
used for pallet marshalling tests.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded 4.1 This test method is for use in evaluating the capability of
as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for a container or shipping system to withstand sudden shocks and
information only. crushing forces, such as those generated from rail switching
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the impacts or pallet marshalling, or to evaluate the capability of a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the container and its inner packing, or shipping system, to protect
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- its contents during the sudden shocks and crushing forces
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- resulting from rail switching or pallet marshalling impacts.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards This test method may also be used to compare the performance
statements, see Section 6. of different container designs or shipping systems. The test
may also permit observation of the progressive failure of a
2. Referenced Documents
container or shipping system and damage to the contents. See
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Practice D 4169 for additional guidance.
D 644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and
4.2 This test method is not suitable for reproducing impact
Paperboard by Oven Drying
resulting from the switching of rail cars using long-travel draft
D 880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Con-
gear or cushioned underframes. Refer to Method D 4003
tainers and Systems
(revised) as a more suitable method for testing under these
D 996 Terminology Relating to Packaging and Distribution
circumstances, or when more precise control of shock inputs is
Environments
required.
D 4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact
Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
5. Apparatus
D 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
5.1 Inclined Impact Test Equipment, conforming to the
tainers and Systems
following requirements:
D 4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
5.1.1 The incline track, backstop, and carriage shall con-
Packaging Components for Testing
form to the requirements of Method D 880, except that the
E 122 Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate a
backstop need not have a solid steel plate surface or a solid
Measure of Quality for a Lot or Process
integral mass at least 50 times the mass of the test specimen.
5.1.1.1 No removable hazard shall be fitted.
3. Terminology
5.1.1.2 In lieu of steel wheels, wheels of polyoxymethylene
3.1 Definitions—General terms and definitions used in this
(Delrin) plastic may be used in order to reduce noise and
improve shock pulse recording.
5.1.2 A programming material or device is required to shape
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.22 on Handling and
and control the shock pulse seen by the test specimen(s). This
Transportation.
material or device may be fastened to either the backstop or the
Current edition approved Aug. 15, 1992. Published October 1992.
impacting face of the bulkhead. Any material or device may be
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.09.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. used, provided that is yields a repeatable, controllable test.
NOTICE:¬This¬standard¬has¬either¬been¬superseded¬and¬replaced¬by¬a¬new¬version¬or
discontinued.¬Contact¬ASTM¬International¬(www.astm.org)¬for¬the¬latest¬information.¬
D 5277
Package cushionings of suitable elasticity have been found to 6. Hazards
be satisfactory.
6.1 This test method may produce severe mechanical re-
5.1.3 The carriage shall be fitted with a bulkhead at a sponses in the test specimen and apparatus. Operating person-
90-degree 6 30 min (90 6 ⁄2-degree) angle to the top surface
nel must therefore remain alert to potential hazards and take
of the carriage. The bulkhead shall be fitted so that, upon necessary safety precautions. The test area should be cleared
release, either the bulkhead impacts first on the programming
prior to each impact. The testing of hazardous materials or
material, or the carriage and bulkhead impact on the program- products may require special precautions that must be ob-
ming material at the same time. The bulkhead shall be attached
served. Safety equipment may be required, and its use must be
securely to the carriage and shall be sufficiently rigid to understood before starting the test.
withstand impact shocks without significant distortion.
7. Sampling
5.1.4 When specified, a backload suitable to reproduce the
7.1 The test specimens and number of samples shall be
crushing forces from other products impacting the test unit
shall be provided. This will necessitate sufficient carriage and chosen to permit an adequate determination of representative
performance. Practice E 122 is recommended.
bulkhead strength, as well as rigidity in the backstop, to
withstand the additional forces generated without significant 7.2 In the absence of any sampling plan, at least three
representative specimens should be selected for performance
distortion. The face of this backload that contacts the test
evaluation.
specimen shall replicate a backload of the same product in
dimension, area of contact, and resilience.
8. Test Specimens
5.1.5 To prevent secondary impacts, the test apparatus shall
8.1 When the protective capability of a container or ship-
be fitted with a means of arresting the motion of the carriage
ping system is to be evaluated, it is preferable to pack the
after the primary impact.
container with the actual contents for which it was designed
5.1.6 Instrumentation shall be provided to determine the
(Note 1). When the integrity of a container or shipping system
velocity at impact and the rebound velocity to an accuracy of
is to be evaluated, pack the container or shipping system with
6 5 %. Additional instrumentation shall be provided to record
either the actual contents or a load simulating the contents.
the shock pulse shape, magnitude, and duration. The shock
Regardless of which procedure is used, close the container or
recording instrumentation shall have a frequency response at
shipping system in the same manner that will be used in
least 20 times the frequency being recorded, a cross-axis
preparing it for shipment.
sensitivity maximum of 5 % of full scale, and an accuracy of 6
2 % of the actual values as measured.
NOTE 1—Where the use of actual contents is not feasible because of
excessive cost or danger, a dummy load simulating the contents with
5.1.6.1 Instrumentation sensors shall be placed on the out-
respect to dimensions, center of gravity, moment of inertia, density, flow
side of the carriage bulkhead within 6 in. (150 mm), measured
characteristics, etc. may be used.
perpendicularly to the programming material.
9. Procedure
5.1.6.2 Optional instrumentation may include optical or
mechanical timing devices for measuring the carriage impact
9.1 Prior to initiating the test, write a test plan that includes
and rebound velocities for determining the total velocity
the following information.
change. If used, this system shall have a response for each
9.1.1 State the number of impacts the test unit will receive
velocity measurement accurate to within 6 2.5 % of the actual
(Note 2).
value.
NOTE 2—The number of impacts to which a product will be subjected
5.1.7 Conditioning Apparatus—Adequate facilities shall be
in transit may range from 1 to more than 15. The velocity changes may
provided for conditioning test specimens at the proper humid-
range from 1 to 10 mph (1.6 to 16.1 kph). The duration of the impact
ity and temperature prior to testing, in accordance with the
shocks is dependent on both the draft gear of the rail cars used to transport
specification covering the containers or shipping systems to be the product and the draft gear of impacting or impacted rail cars. For
standard draft gears, this will range from 30 t
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