ASTM E1953-20

Standard Practice for Description of Thermal Analysis and Rheology Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Section 5 identifies essential instrumentation and accessories required to perform thermal analysis, rheometry, or viscometry for a variety of different instruments. The appropriate generic instrument description should be included in any test method describing use or application of the thermal analysis, rheometry, or viscometry instrumentation described herein.  
4.2 Units included in these descriptions are used to identify needed performance criteria and are considered typical. Other units may be used when including these descriptions in a specific test method. Items underlined constitute required inputs specifically established for each test method (for example, sensitivity of temperature sensor).  
4.3 Additional components and accessories may be added as needed, with the appropriate performance requirements specified. Items listed in these descriptions but not used in a test method (for example, vacuum system) may be deleted.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes generic descriptions of apparatus used for thermal analysis or rheometry measurements and its purpose is to achieve uniformity in description of thermal analysis, rheometry, and viscometer instrumentation throughout standard test methods. These descriptions are intended to be used as templates for inclusion in any test method where the thermal analysis instrumentation described herein is cited.  
1.2 Each description contains quantifiable instrument performance requirements to be specified for each test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Mar-2020
• ICS: 17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
• Technical Committee: E37 - Thermal Measurements
• Drafting Committee: E37.10 - Fundamental, Statistical and Mechanical Properties

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E1953-14 - Standard Practice for Description of Thermal Analysis and Rheology Apparatus
• Effective Date: 15-Mar-2020
• Refers: ASTM E1142-23b - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM E473-23b - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM E1142-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-May-2015
• Refers: ASTM E1142-14b - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM E473-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2014
• Refers: ASTM E1142-14a - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2014
• Refers: ASTM E1142-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 15-Feb-2014
• Refers: ASTM E1142-12 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2012
• Refers: ASTM E1142-11b - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1142-11a - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2011
• Refers: ASTM E473-11a - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
• Effective Date: 15-Jun-2011
• Refers: ASTM E1142-11 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2011
• Refers: ASTM E473-11 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2011
• Refers: ASTM E473-10 - Standard Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2010

Overview

ASTM E1953-20: Standard Practice for Description of Thermal Analysis and Rheology Apparatus is an internationally recognized standard developed by ASTM International. This standard provides generic descriptions of instrumentation used for thermal analysis, rheometry, and viscometry. Its primary purpose is to establish uniformity and clarity in the description of such apparatus within standard test methods. The practice acts as a template for specifying essential and auxiliary components, ensuring that consistent and quantifiable performance requirements are documented across different test standards.

Key Topics

• Instrumentation Descriptions: Offers comprehensive and generic descriptions for various types of thermal analysis and rheological measurement apparatus, including:

  • Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
  • Thermomechanical Analyzer (TMA)
  • Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA)
  • Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (DMA)
  • Rheometer
  • Rotational Viscometer

• Performance Criteria: Lists quantifiable performance requirements for each type of apparatus, such as sensitivity, temperature range, and measurement accuracy.

• Component Identification: Details both essential and optional components and accessories required to perform thermal analysis, rheometry, or viscometry.

• Standardization of Units: Specifies use of International System of Units (SI) for all measurements, ensuring global consistency.

• Template Use: Designed as a reference or inclusion in any test method involving thermal analysis or rheological testing equipment to validate instrument capabilities and required features.

• Flexibility in Application: Allows for the addition or removal of components depending on the specific application and requirements of individual test methods.

Applications

ASTM E1953-20 is widely used in the materials science, polymers, pharmaceuticals, food, and petrochemical industries. Its standardized apparatus descriptions support activities such as:

• Test Method Development: When new test methods are being written, the standard ensures that apparatus descriptions are complete, consistent, and in line with industry best practices.
• Instrument Specification: Provides guidance for selecting or specifying the appropriate thermal analysis or rheological measurement apparatus required for laboratory, production, or quality control environments.
• Quality Assurance: Facilitates clear communication between laboratories, manufacturers, and regulatory organizations regarding instrument capabilities and performance.
• Accreditation and Compliance: Ensures that instrumentation used is adequately specified for audits, certification processes, and regulatory submissions.

Related Standards

ASTM E1953-20 is closely associated with and references other internationally recognized standards to support terminology and unit consistency, including:

• ASTM E473: Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
• ASTM E1142: Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
• IEEE/ASTM SI 10: Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI)

These related standards ensure that all relevant terms and measurement units are clearly defined and universally understood.

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Keywords: ASTM E1953-20, thermal analysis, rheology, viscometer, rheometer, standard test methods, apparatus description, DSC, TGA, DMA, TMA, instrumentation, materials testing, international standards, SI units, quality assurance.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1953 − 20
Standard Practice for
Description of Thermal Analysis and Rheology Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1953; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 Thispracticedescribesgenericdescriptionsofapparatus 3.1 Definitions—For technical terms used in this practice,
used for thermal analysis or rheometry measurements and its refer to Terminologies E473 and E1142 and Standard IEEE/
ASTM SI 10.
purpose is to achieve uniformity in description of thermal
analysis, rheometry, and viscometer instrumentation through-
4. Significance and Use
out standard test methods. These descriptions are intended to
be used as templates for inclusion in any test method where the 4.1 Section 5 identifies essential instrumentation and acces-
thermal analysis instrumentation described herein is cited. sories required to perform thermal analysis, rheometry, or
viscometry for a variety of different instruments. The appro-
1.2 Each description contains quantifiable instrument per-
priate generic instrument description should be included in any
formance requirements to be specified for each test method.
test method describing use or application of the thermal
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
analysis, rheometry, or viscometry instrumentation described
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
herein.
standard.
4.2 Units included in these descriptions are used to identify
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
needed performance criteria and are considered typical. Other
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
units may be used when including these descriptions in a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specific test method. Items underlined constitute required
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
inputs specifically established for each test method (for
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
example, sensitivity of temperature sensor).
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
4.3 Additionalcomponentsandaccessoriesmaybeaddedas
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
needed, with the appropriate performance requirements speci-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
fied. Items listed in these descriptions but not used in a test
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
method (for example, vacuum system) may be deleted.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)—The essen-
2. Referenced Documents
tial instrumentation required to provide the minimum differen-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tial scanning calorimetric capability for this method includes:
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rhe-
5.1.1 DSC test chamber,composed of:
ology
5.1.1.1 A furnace(s) to provide uniform controlled heating
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
or cooling of a specimen and reference to a constant tempera-
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
ture or at a constant rate within the applicable temperature
System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
range of this method.
5.1.1.2 Atemperature sensor to provide an indication of the
specimen temperature to 6 _______ K.
1 5.1.1.3 Differential sensors to detect a heat flow (power)
This practice is under the jurisdiction of Committee E37 on Thermal Measure-
ments and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on Fundamental, difference between the specimen and reference with a range of
Statistical and Mechanical Properties.
_______ mW and a sensitivity of 6 _______ µW.
Current edition approved March 15, 2020. Published April 2020. Originally
5.1.1.4 Ameansofsustaininga test chamber environmentof
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E1953 – 14. DOI:
_______ at a purge rate of _______ mL/min 6 _______
10.1520/E1953-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
mL/min.
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on NOTE 1—Typically, _______ % pure nitrogen, argon, or helium is
the ASTM website. employed when oxidation in air is a concern. Unless effects of moisture
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1953 − 20
are to be studied, use of dry purge gas is recommended and is essential for
µm/(m-K) which contacts the specimen with an applied com-
operation at subambient temperatures.
pressive or tensile force.
5.2.3 Rigid specimen clamps of inert low coefficient of
5.1.2 A temperature controller, capable of executing a
specific temperature program by operating the furnace(s) expansion material _______ µm/(m-K) that grip the specimen
between the rigid specimen holder and the rigid probe without
between selected temperature limits at a rate of temperature
change of _______ K/min constant to 6 _______ K/min (list distortion _______ or slippage _______ [for tensile or flexure
mode only].
coolingrequirementsseparatelyifdifferent)oratanisothermal
temperature constant to 6 _______ K. 5.2.4 A sensing element linear over a minimum range of
_______mmtomeasurethedisplacementoftherigid_______
5.1.3 A data collection device, to provide a means of
probe to 6 _______ µm resulting from changes in length/
acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculated
height of the specimen.
signals,orboth.TheminimumoutputsignalsrequiredforDSC
5.2.5 A weight or force transducer to generate a constant
are heat flow, temperature, and time.
force of _______ 6 _______ [or between _____ and _______
5.1.4 Containers (pans, crucibles, vials, lids, closures, seals,
6 _______ ] that is applied through the rigid _______ probe
etc.) that are inert to the specimen and reference materials and
to the specimen.
that are of suitable structural shape and integrity to contain the
5.2.6 A furnace to provide uniform controlled heating or
specimenandreferenceinaccordancewiththespecificrequire-
coolingofaspecimentoaconstanttemperatureorataconstant
ments of this test method including:
rate within the applicable temperature range of this method.
5.1.5 Pressure/vacuum system, consisting of:
5.2.7 A temperature controller capable of executing a spe-
5.1.5.1 Apressurevesselorsimilarmeansofsealingthetest
cific temperature program by operating the furnace between
chamber at any applied pressure within the pressure limits
selected temperature limits at a rate of temperature change of
required for this method.
_______ K/min constant to 6 _______ K/min [list cooling
5.1.5.2 A source of pressurized gas or vacuum capable of
requirements separately if different] or at an isothermal tem-
sustaining a regulated gas pressure in the test chamber of
perature constant to 6 _______ K.
between _______ Pa and _______ Pa.
5.2.8 A temperature sensor to provide an indication of the
5.1.5.3 A pressure transducer or similar device to measure
specimen/furnace temperature to 6 _______ K.
thepressureinsidethetestchamberto 6_______%,including
5.2.9 A means of sustaining an environment around the
any temperature dependence of the transducer.
specimen of _______ at a purge rate of _______ mL/min
NOTE2—Thelinkbetweentestchamberandpressuretransducershould
6 _______.
allow fast pressure equilibration to ensure accurate recording of the
pressure above the specimen during testing. NOTE 3—Typically, _______ % pure nitrogen, argon, or helium is
employed when oxidation in air is a concern. Unless effects of moisture
5.1.5.4 A pressure regulator or similar device to adjust the
are to be studied, use of dry purge gas is recommended and is essential for
applied pressure in the test chamber to 6 _______ % of the
operation at subambient temperatures.
desired value.
5.2.10 A data collection device, to provide a means of
5.1.5.5 A ballast or similar means to maintain the applied
acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculated
pressure in the test chamber constant to 6 _______ Pa or
signals, or both. The minimum output signals required for
6 _______ %.
TMAare a change in linear dimension, temperature, and time.
5.1.5.6 Valves to control the gas or vacuum environment in
5.2.11 Auxiliary instrumentation considered necessary or
the test chamber or to isolate components of the pressure/
useful in conducting this method includes:
vacuum system, or both.
5.2.11.1 A cooling capability to hasten cool down from
5.1.6 Auxiliary instrumentation considered necessary or
elevated temperatures, to provide constant cooling rates or to
useful for conducting this method includes:
sustain an isothermal subambient temperature.
5.1.6.1 A cooling capability to hasten cool down from
5.2.11.2 Micrometerorother measuring devicetodetermine
elevated temperatures, to provide constant cooling rates, or to
specimen dimensions of _____ mm 6 _____ mm.
sustain an isothermal subambient temperature.
5.2.11.3 Abalancewithaminimumcapacityof_____mgto
5.1.6.2 A balance to weigh specimens or containers (pans,
weigh specimens or clamps, or both, to 6 _______ mg.
crucibles, vials, etc.), or both, to 6 _______ mg.
5.3 Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA)—The essential in-
5.1.6.3 A means, tool, or device to close, encapsulate, or
strumentation required to provide the minimum thermogravi-
seal the container of choice.
metric analytical capability for this method includes:
5.2 Thermomechanical Analyzer (TMA)—The essential in-
5.3.1 A thermobalance composed of:
strumentation required to provide the minimum thermome-
5.3.1.1 A furnace to provide uniform controlled heating or
chanical analytical or thermodilatometric capability for this
coolingofaspecimentoaconstanttemperatureorataconstant
method includes:
rate within the applicable temperature range of this method.
5.2.1 A rigid specimen holder of inert low coefficient of
5.3.1.2 Atemperature sensor to provide an indication of the
expansion material _______ µm/(m-K) to center the specimen specimen/furnace temperature to 6 _______ K.
in the furnace and to fix the specimen to mechanical ground.
5.3.1.3 A continuously recording balance to measure the
5.2.2 Arigid (expansion, compression, flexure, tensile,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1953 − 14 E1953 − 20
Standard Practice for
Description of Thermal Analysis and Rheology Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1953; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice coversdescribes generic descriptions of apparatus used for thermal analysis or rheometry measurements and
its purpose is to achieve uniformity in description of thermal analysis, rheometry, and viscometer instrumentation throughout
standard test methods. These descriptions are intended to be used as templates for inclusion in any test method where the thermal
analysis instrumentation described herein is cited.
1.2 Each description contains quantifiable instrument performance requirements to be specified for each test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis and Rheology
E1142 Terminology Relating to Thermophysical Properties
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Technical For technical terms used in this document are found in practice, refer to Terminologies E473 and
E1142 and Standard IEEE/ASTM SI 10.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Section 5 identifies essential instrumentation and accessories required to perform thermal analysis, rheometry, or viscometry
for a variety of different instruments. The appropriate generic instrument description should be included in any test method
describing use or application of the thermal analysis, rheometry, or viscometry instrumentation described herein.
4.2 Units included in these descriptions are used to identify needed performance criteria and are considered typical. Other units
may be used when including these descriptions in a specific test method. Items underlined constitute required inputs specifically
established for each test method (for example, sensitivity of temperature sensor).
4.3 Additional components and accessories may be added as needed, with the appropriate performance requirements specified.
Items listed in these descriptions but not used in a test method (for example, vacuum system) may be deleted.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)—The essential instrumentation required to provide the minimum differential
scanning calorimetric capability for this method includes:
This practice is under the jurisdiction of Committee E37 on Thermal Measurements and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E37.10 on Fundamental, Statistical
and Mechanical Properties.
Current edition approved March 1, 2014March 15, 2020. Published March 2014April 2020. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20132014 as
E1953 – 07 (2013).E1953 – 14. DOI: 10.1520/E1953-14.10.1520/E1953-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1953 − 20
5.1.1 DSC Test Chambertest chamber,composed of:
5.1.1.1 A furnace(s) to provide uniform controlled heating or cooling of a specimen and reference to a constant temperature or
at a constant rate within the applicable temperature range of this method.
5.1.1.2 A temperature sensor to provide an indication of the specimen temperature to 6 _____________ K.
5.1.1.3 Differential sensors to detect a heat flow (power) difference between the specimen and reference with a range of
_____________ mW and a sensitivity of 6 _______ μW.
5.1.1.4 A means of sustaining a test chamber environment of _____________ at a purge rate of _______ mL/min 6
_____________ mL/min.
NOTE 1—Typically, _____________ % pure nitrogen, argon, or helium is employed when oxidation in air is a concern. Unless effects of moisture are
to be studied, use of dry purge gas is recommended and is essential for operation at subambient temperatures.
5.1.2 A temperature controller, capable of executing a specific temperature program by operating the furnace(s) between
selected temperature limits at a rate of temperature change of _____________ K/min constant to 6 _____________ K/min (list
cooling requirements separately if different) or at an isothermal temperature constant to 6 _____________ K.
5.1.3 A data collection device, to provide a means of acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculated signals, or both.
The minimum output signals required for DSC are heat flow, temperature, and time.
5.1.4 Containers (pans, crucibles, vials, lids, closures, seals, etc.) that are inert to the specimen and reference materials and that
are of suitable structural shape and integrity to contain the specimen and reference in accordance with the specific requirements
of this test method including:
5.1.5 Pressure/Vacuum SystemPressure/vacuum system, consisting of:
5.1.5.1 A pressure vessel or similar means of sealing the test chamber at any applied pressure within the pressure limits required
for this method.
5.1.5.2 A source of pressurized gas or vacuum capable of sustaining a regulated gas pressure in the test chamber of between
_____________ Pa and _____________ Pa.
5.1.5.3 A pressure transducer or similar device to measure the pressure inside the test chamber to 6_______ 6 _______ %,
including any temperature dependence of the transducer.
NOTE 2—The link between test chamber and pressure transducer should allow fast pressure equilibration to ensure accurate recording of the pressure
above the specimen during testing.
5.1.5.4 A pressure regulator or similar device to adjust the applied pressure in the test chamber to 6 _____________ % of the
desired value.
5.1.5.5 A ballast or similar means to maintain the applied pressure in the test chamber constant to 6 _____________ Pa or 6
______ 6 _______ %.
5.1.5.6 Valves to control the gas or vacuum environment in the test chamber or to isolate components of the pressure/vacuum
system, or both.
5.1.6 Auxiliary instrumentation considered necessary or useful for conducting this method includes:
5.1.6.1 A cooling capability to hasten cool down from elevated temperatures, to provide constant cooling rates, or to sustain an
isothermal subambient temperature.
5.1.6.2 A balance to weigh specimens or containers (pans, crucibles, vials, etc.), or both, to 6 _____________ mg.
5.1.6.3 A means, tool, or device to close, encapsulate, or seal the container of choice.
5.2 Thermomechanical Analyzer (TMA)—The essential instrumentation required to provide the minimum thermomechanical
analytical or thermodilatometric capability for this method includes:
5.2.1 A rigid specimen holder of inert low expansivity material ______coefficient of expansion material _______ μm/(m-K) to
center the specimen in the furnace and to fix the specimen to mechanical ground.
5.2.2 A rigid (expansion, compression, flexure, tensile, etc.) probe of inert low expansivity material ______ μ m/(m-K)
coefficient of expansion material _______ μm/(m-K) which contacts the specimen with an applied compressive or tensile force.
5.2.3 Rigid specimen clamps of inert low expansivity material ______coefficient of expansion material _______ μm/(m-K) that
grip the specimen between the rigid specimen holder and the rigid probe without distortion _____________ or slippage______
slippage _______ [for tensile or flexure mode only].
5.2.4 A sensing element linear over a minimum range of______ of _______ mm to measure the displacement of the rigid
_________ probe to 6 _________ μm resulting from changes in length/height of the specimen.
5.2.5 A weight or force transducer to generate a constant force of ______6 ______ _______ 6 _______ [or between _____
and ______6 _____________ 6 _______ ] that is applied through the rigid ______probe _______ probe to the specimen.
5.2.6 A furnace to provide uniform controlled heating or cooling of a specimen to a constant temperature or at a constant rate
within the applicable temperature range of this method.
5.2.7 A temperature controller capable of executing a specific temperature program by operating the furnace between selected
temperature limits at a rate of temperature change of _____________ K/min constant to 6 _____________ K/min [list cooling
requirements separately if different] or at an isothermal temperature constant to 6 _____________ K.
5.2.8 A temperature sensor to provide an indication of the specimen/furnace temperature to 6 _____________ K.
E1953 − 20
5.2.9 A means of sustaining an environment around the specimen of _____________ at a purge rate of _____________ mL/min
6 ______.6 _______.
NOTE 3—Typically, _____________ % pure nitrogen, argon, or helium is employed when oxidation in air is a concern. Unless effects of moisture are
to be studied, use of dry purge gas is recommended and is essential for operation at subambient temperatures.
5.2.10 A data collection device, to provide a means of acquiring, storing, and displaying measured or calculated signals, or both.
The minimum output signals required for TMA are a change in linear dimension, temperature, and time.
5.2.11 Auxiliary instrumentation considered necessary or useful in conducting this method includes:
5.2.11.1 A cooling capability to hasten cool down from elevated temperatures, to provide constant cooling rates or to sustain
an isothermal subambient temperature.
5.2.11.2 Micrometer or other measuring device to determine specimen dimensions of _____ mm 6 _____ mm.
5.2.11.3 A balance with a minimum capacity of _______ mg to weigh specimens or clamps, or both, to 6 _____________ mg.
5.3 Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA)—The essential instrumentation required to provide the minimum thermogravimetric
analytical capability for this method includes:
5.3.1 A thermobalance composed of:
5.3.1.1 A furnace to provide uniform controlled heating or c
...