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ASTM D6102-04

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Installation of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

Standard Guide for Installation of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers directions for the installation of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) under field conditions typically present in environmental lining applications.
1.2 This guide contains general installation guidelines. It is not intended to replace project-specific installation requirements as found in the contract drawings or specifications. In the event of a conflict, the requirement of the project specifications will supersede the requirements of this guide.
1.3 This guide does not purport to establish specific procedure for all climatic, geographical, hydraulic, or topographical conditions that may exist at a site. Appropriate installation procedures under atypical field conditions should be modified as necessary to maintain the integrity of the GCL and adjacent lining system components.
1.4 Different GCLs have different materials of construction with different physical properties. The procedures contained in this guide, therefore, may not be universally applicable to all GCLs under all field conditions.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2004
ICS
91.100.15 - Mineral materials and products
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.04 - Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6102-97 - Standard Guide for Installation of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004
Replaced By
ASTM D6102-06 - Standard Guide for Installation of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Effective Date
01-Jan-2006
Referred By
ASTM D8204-18(2022) - Standard Practice for Burial and Retrieval of Samples in a Test Pad to Evaluate Installation Effects on Geosynthetic Clay Liners
Effective Date
01-Jun-2004

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ASTM D6102-04 - Standard Guide for Installation of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6102–04
Standard Guide for
1
Installation of Geosynthetic Clay Liners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This guide covers directions for the installation of 3.1 Definitions: For definitions of other geosynthetic terms
geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) under field conditions typi- usedinthisguide,refertoTerminologyD 4439.Fordefinitions
cally present in environmental lining applications. of soils terms, refer to Terminology D 653.
1.2 This guide contains general installation guidelines. It is 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
not intended to replace project-specific installation require- 3.3 geosynthetic clay liner (GCL), n—a manufactured hy-
ments as found in the contract drawings or specifications. In draulic barrier consisting of clay bonded to a layer or layers of
the event of a conflict, the requirement of the project specifi- geosynthetics.
cations will supersede the requirements of this guide.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 This guide does not purport to establish specific proce-
4.1 For optimum performance, GCLs must be installed in a
dure for all climatic, geographical, hydraulic, or topographical
conditions that may exist at a site. Appropriate installation manner that does not impact their physical, mechanical, or
hydraulic properties.
procedures under atypical field conditions should be modified
as necessary to maintain the integrity of the GCL and adjacent 4.2 This guide identifies the proper installation procedures
and equipment for use by GCL designers, inspectors, and
lining system components.
1.4 Different GCLs have different materials of construction installers.
with different physical properties. The procedures contained in
5. Procedure
this guide, therefore, may not be universally applicable to all
5.1 The methods and equipment used for placement of the
GCLs under all field conditions.
GCL can vary, but the primary objective of the process is to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
minimize the potential for GCL damage. The placement
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
methods and equipment should be evaluated appropriately
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
within this context.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 Subgrade Preparation:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5.2.1 For projects where the GCL is to be placed over an
2. Referenced Documents
earthen subgrade, the subgrade surface must be prepared and
2
approved prior to installation in accordance either with project
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained specifications or with this guide. The surface should be firm
and unyielding, with no abrupt elevation changes, voids and
Fluids
D 4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics cracks, ice, or standing water.
5.2.2 The subgrade surface should be smooth and free of
D 5888 Guide for Storage and Handling of Geosynthetic
Clay Liners vegetation, sharp-edged rocks, stones, sticks, construction
debris, and other foreign matter that could contact the GCL.
The subgrade surface shall be compacted in accordance with
the project specifications. At a minimum, the subgrade should
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D35 on Geosynthetics
berolledwithasmooth-drumcompactorofsufficientweightto
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D 35.04 on Geosynthetic Clay
remove any wheel ruts, footprints, or other abrupt grade
Liners.
changes. Furthermore, all protrusions extending more than 12
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2004.PublishedJuly2004.Originallyapproved
in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as D 6102 - 97.
mm from the subgrade surface shall either be removed,
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
crushed, or pushed into the surface with a smooth-drum
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
compactor.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
5.3 GCL Placement:
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D6102–04
NOTE 3—Alternate seaming methods may be approved.
5.3.1 All handling of the GCL at the job site should be
conducted in accordance with Guide D 5888.
5.5.2 Unless otherwise specified, the minimum dimension
5.3.2 GCL rolls are to be delivered to the
...

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Standard Guide for Installation of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For optimum performance, GCLs must be installed in a manner that does not impact their physical, mechanical, or hydraulic properties.  
4.2 This guide identifies the proper installation procedures and equipment for use by GCL designers, inspectors, and installers.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers directions for the installation of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) under field conditions typically present in environmental lining applications.  
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1.4 Different GCLs have different materials of construction with different physical properties. The procedures contained in this guide, therefore, may not be universally applicable to all GCLs under all field conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D5889/D5889M-18(2022)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Quality Control of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 GCLs must be properly manufactured in a manner consistent with a minimum level of quality control as determined by in-house testing of the final product. This practice suggests the types of tests, the methods of the testing, and the minimum testing frequencies.  
MD = machine direction.
CD = cross-machine direction.
Minimum = lowest result for the produced lot from which the supplied rolls were selected.
Maximum = highest result for the produced lot from which the supplied rolls were selected.
n/a = not applicable. (A) The tests on the bentonite are to be performed on the as-received material before fabrication into the GCL product.(B) Cert letter from component manufacturer or QA from GCL manufacturer, or both. Cert letters must arrive and be checked before the components are used for the GCL production.(C) If the moisture content from the bentonite added during production did not change, the mass per unit area and moisture content of the bentonite (evaluated according to 1.3 in Table 1) can be used to determine the values of the finished GCL product.(D) Components from finished GCL product should not be separated and tested, because the production process may alter the properties of the components.(E) MARV–minimum average roll value, only evaluated for a one-year production period with an average value minus 2 standard deviations. If the production period is less than one year, for example, for job-specific products, a MARV value may not be able to be evaluated, then the minimum value shall be reported.(F) Dried bentonite should be defined as 0 % moisture content.(G) Internal shear testing (Test Method D6243/D6243M) may be applicable to quality control of the bonding strength of non-needle-punched reinforced and stitch-bonded GCLs.(H) This test is not applicable for multi-component GCLs (for example, products with geomembrane backing(s), geofilm backing(s), or polymer backing(s)).  
4.2 It should be clearly recognized that manufacturers may perf...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing quality control of geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs), describing types of tests, the proper test methods, and the minimum testing frequencies.  
1.2 This practice is intended to aid manufacturers, suppliers, purchasers, and users of GCLs in establishing a minimum level of effort for manufacturing quality control.  
1.3 This practice does not address manufacturing quality assurance, product acceptance testing, or conformance testing. These are independent activities taken by organizations other than the GCL manufacturer.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D5993-18(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Mass per Unit Area of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

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5.1 This test method is used to determine if the GCL material meets specifications for mass per unit area at approximately 0 % moisture content, by oven drying. It can be used as an index test for quality control or quality assurance to determine specimen conformance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of the mass per unit area of a sample of a geosynthetic clay liner (GCL). The test method is also applicable to a multicomponent GCL. The dry mass of the clay can be found by simply subtracting the manufacturer's reported nominal mass of the geosynthetic component(s) from the total mass of the dry GCL. The moisture content of the GCL can also be determined by subtracting the initial total mass of the GCL from the total mass of the dry GCL.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 for specific precautionary statements.  
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Standard Guide for Storage and Handling of Geosynthetic Clay Liners

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For optimum performance, GCLs must be stored and handled prior to their installation in a manner that does not impact their hydraulic or physical properties, or both. Adherence to these storage and handling guidelines will help to ensure that acceptable GCL performance will be achieved.
FIG. 1 GCLs Stored Off the Ground and Evenly Supported On Pallets
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1.1 This guide covers guidelines for the proper storage and handling of geosynthetic clay liners received at the job site by the end user.  
1.2 This guide contains general guidelines and is not intended to replace project-specific requirements as found in the contract drawings or specifications. In the event of a conflict, the requirements of the project specifications will supersede the requirements of this guide.  
1.3 The values given in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than through the use of dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) in fine or coarse aggregate are desired, this test method is used on the sample prior to dry sieving in accordance with Test Method C136/C136M. The results of this test method are included in the calculation in Test Method C136/C136M, and the total amount of material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) by washing, plus that obtained by dry sieving the same sample, is reported with the results of Test Method C136/C136M. Usually, the additional amount of material finer than 75 μm (No. 200) obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked. It could also be an indication of degradation of the aggregate.  
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1.2 Two procedures are included, one using only water for the washing operation, and the other including a wetting agent to assist the loosening of the material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve from the coarser material. Unless otherwise specified, Procedure A (water only) shall be used.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
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3.1 These test methods are designed for use with carbon-containing products. The residual carbon content of a coked carbon-containing brick or shape is an indication of how much carbon may be available, in service, to resist slag attack on, or oxidation loss of, that body. Apparent carbon yield gives an estimate of the relative efficiency of the total carbonaceous matter to be retained as residual carbon.  
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SCOPE
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4.1 This guide provides guidance as to the appropriate/typical mineralogy observed when iron and steel slag is produced during a variety of processes in the manufacture of iron and steel.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This standard is intended to provide guidance as to the appropriate/typical mineralogy observed when iron and steel slag, produced during the manufacture of iron and steel, is designated as a product. The included information covers the mineral properties of blast furnace slag and steel slag when they are manufactured in conjunction with the production of iron or steel, or both (Note 1).  
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5.1 The overarching goals of the forensic analysis of geological materials include (A) identification of an unknown material (see 11.3), (B) analysis of soils, sediments, or rocks to restrict their possible geographic origins as part of a provenance analysis (see 11.4), and (C) comparison of two or more samples to assess if they could have originated from the same source or to exclude a common source based on observation of exclusionary differences (see 11.5). XRD is only one analytical method that can be applied to the evidentiary samples in service of these distinct goals. Guidance for the analysis of forensic geological materials can be found in Refs (2-4).  
5.2 Within the analytical scheme of geological materials, XRD analysis is used to: identify the crystalline components within a sample; identify the crystalline components separated from a mixture, typically clay-sized material (see 8.8), or a selected particle class for which additional analysis is needed (see 8.11); or compare two or more samples based on the identified crystalline phases or diffraction patterns (see 11.5).  
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5.2.2 The most common forensic applications of XRD to geological materials are (A) identification or confirmation of a selected phase or fraction of a sample (see 8.12), (B) identification of minerals in the clay-sized fractions of soils (see 8.8), and (C) identification of the phases of the hydrated cement component of concrete or mortar.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers techniques and procedures for the use of powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) in the forensic analysis of geological materials (to include soils, rocks, sediments, and materials derived from them such as concrete), to enable non-consumptive identification of solid crystalline materials present as single components or multi-component mixtures.  
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3.1 This test method determines relative hydration resistance of magnesia grain.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the relative resistance of magnesia grain to hydration.  
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