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ASTM D4693-03

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings

Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method differentiates among greases having distinctly different low-temperature characteristics. This test is used for specification purposes and correlates with its precursor which has been used to predict the performance of greases in automotive wheel bearings in low-temperature service.4 It is the responsibility of the user to determine the correlation with other types of service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the extent to which a test grease retards the rotation of a specially-manufactured, spring-loaded, automotive-type wheel bearing assembly when subjected to low temperatures. Torque values, calculated from restraining-force determinations, are a measure of the viscous resistance of the grease. This test method was developed with greases giving torques of less than 35 Nm at -40°C.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2003
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.G0 - Lubricating Grease
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4693-97(2002)e1 - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Replaced By
ASTM D4693-07 - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Referred By
ASTM D1478-20 - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Ball Bearing Grease
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM F2489-06(2022) - Standard Guide for Instrument and Precision Bearing Lubricants—Part 2 Greases
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D4950-22 - Standard Classification and Specification for Automotive Service Greases
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003
Referred By
ASTM D6185-11(2017) - Standard Practice for Evaluating Compatibility of Binary Mixtures of Lubricating Greases
Effective Date
01-Dec-2003

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ASTM D4693-03 - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel BearingsASTM D4693-03 - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings
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ASTM D4693-03 - Standard Test Method for Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel Bearings
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: D 4693 – 03
Standard Test Method for
Low-Temperature Torque of Grease-Lubricated Wheel
1
Bearings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
1.1 This test method determines the extent to which a test
E563 Practice for Preparation and Use of Freezing Point
grease retards the rotation of a specially-manufactured, spring-
Reference Baths
loaded, automotive-type wheel bearing assembly when sub-
E 585/E 585M Specification for Compacted Mineral-
jected to low temperatures. Torque values, calculated from
Insulated, Metal-Sheathed, Base-Metal Thermocouple
restraining-force determinations, are a measure of the viscous
Cable
resistance of the grease. This test method was developed with
E 608/E 608M Specification for Metal-Sheathed Base-
greases giving torques of less than 35 N·m at−40°C.
Metal Thermocouples
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3
2.2 Military Standard:
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
MIL-G-10924F Specification for Automotive and Artillery
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.3 Other Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Anti-Friction Bearing ManufacturerAssoc. (AFBMA) Stan-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dard19, 1974 (ANSI B. 3.19-1975)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents 3.1 Definitions:
2
3.1.1 automotive wheel bearing grease, n—a lubricating
2.1 ASTM Standards:
grease specifically formulated to lubricate automotive wheel
D217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
bearings at relatively high grease temperatures and bearing
Grease
speeds. D3527
D1403 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
3.1.2 lubricant, n—any material interposed between two
Grease Using One-Quarter and One-Half Scale Cone
surfaces that reduces the friction or wear between them.
Equipment
D4175
D3527 Test Method for Life Performance of Automotive
3.1.3 lubricating grease, n—a semi-fluid to solid product of
Wheel Bearing Grease
a dispersion of a thickener in a liquid lubricant.
D 4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Thedispersionofthethickenerformsa
Products, and Lubricants
two-phase system and immobilizes the liquid lubricant by
E1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
surfacetensionandotherphysicalforces.Otheringredientsare
E77 Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
commonly included to impact special properties. D217
mometers
3.1.4 thickener, n—in lubricating grease, a substance com-
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by
posed of finely-divided particles dispersed in a liquid lubricant
Comparison Techniques
to form the product’s structure.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The solid thickener can be fibers (such
1
as various metallic soaps) or plates or spheres (such as certain
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum
ProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD02.G0on
non-soap thickeners) which are insoluble or, at the most, only
Lubricating Grease.
very slightly soluble in the liquid lubricant. The general
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2003. Published January 2004. Originally
e1 requirements are that the solid particles be extremely small,
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4693–97 (2002) .
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
the ASTM website. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 4693 – 03
FIG. 1 Low-Temperature Torque Apparatus
which drive a specially-manufactured spindle-bearings-hub assembly
uniformly dispered, and capable of forming a relatively stable,
equipped with a spring-loading mechanism. For apparatus contained
gel-like structure with the liquid lubricant. D217
totally within the cold chamber, the drive sys
...

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5.1 The low-temperature, low-shear-rate viscosity of automatic transmission fluids, gear oils, torque and tractor fluids, and industrial and automotive hydraulic oils (see Appendix X4) are of considerable importance to the proper operation of many mechanical devices. Measurement of the viscometric properties of these oils and fluids at low temperatures is often used to specify their acceptance for service. This test method is used in a number of specifications.  
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5.1 The bromine number is useful as a measure of aliphatic unsaturation in petroleum samples. When used in conjunction with the calculation procedure described in Annex A2, it can be used to estimate the percentage of olefins in petroleum distillates boiling up to approximately 315 °C (600 °F).  
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5.1 Periodic sampling and analysis of lubricants have long been used as a means to determine overall machinery health. Atomic emission (AE) and atomic absorption (AA) spectroscopy are often employed for wear metal analysis (for example, Test Method D5185). A number of physical property tests complement wear metal analysis and are used to provide information on lubricant condition (for example, Test Methods D445, D2896, and D6304). Molecular analysis of lubricants and hydraulic fluids by FT-IR spectroscopy produces direct information on molecular species of interest, including additives, fluid breakdown products and external contaminants, and thus complements wear metal and other analyses used in a condition monitoring program (1, 2-6).
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1.3 Spectra and distribution profiles presented herein are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as representing or establishing lubricant or machinery guidelines.  
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1.1 This test method covers quantitative procedures for the evaluation of the compatibility of automotive engine oils with several reference elastomers typical of those used in the sealing materials in contact with these oils. Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume, Durometer A hardness, and tensile properties when the elastomer specimens are immersed in the oil for a specified time and temperature.  
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Note 1: The user of this test method should be proficient in the use of Test Methods D412 (tensile properties), D471 (effect of rubber immersion in liquids), D2240 (Durometer hardness), and D5662 (gear oil compatibility with typical oil seal elastomers), all of which are involved in the execution of the operations of this test method.  
1.3 This test method provides a preliminary or first order evaluation of oil/elastomer compatibility only. Because seals might be subjected to static or dynamic loads, or both, and they can operate over a range of conditions, a complete evaluation of the potential sealing performance of any elastomer-oil combination in any service condition usually requires tests additional to those described in this test method.  
1.4 The several reference elastomer formulations specified in this test method were chosen to be representative of those used in both heavy-duty diesel engines (detailed in Annex A1) and passenger-car spark-ignition engines (the latter are covered in Annex A2). The procedures described in this test method can, however, also be used to evaluate the compatibility of automotive engine oils with different elastomer types/formulations or different test durations and temperatures to those employed in this test method.
Note 2: In such cases, the precision and bias statement in Section 12 does not apply. In addition to agreeing acceptable limits of precision, where relevant, the user and supplier should also agree:  (1) test temperatures and immersion times to be used; (2) the formulations and typical properties of the elastomers; and (3) the sourcing and quality control of the elastomer sheets.
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Standard Test Method for Determination of Glycol for In-Service Engine Oils by Gas Chromatography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some glycol/antifreeze dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive glycol dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of glycol based antifreeze dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glycol based antifreeze for in-service engine oil by derivative headspace/gas chromatography.  
1.2 Sample is derivatized in-situ directly in a headspace sampling vial prior to vapor phase extraction and injection into a gas chromatograph.  
1.3 The chemistry of the derivatization is unique to the detection of the molecules of ethylene glycol and 1,2-propylene glycol. 1,3-propylene glycol could also be detected but is not used in any known anti-freeze at this time. Other coolant analyses are beyond the scope of this test method.  
1.4 The derivatization process does not affect glycol breakdown products such as glycolate and formate and hence the presence of these compounds in the oil will not be quantified.  
1.5 The test method concentration range is from 50 µg/g to 1000 µg/g. Lower levels are possible by method modifications. Higher levels are possible through sample dilution.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    8 pages
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ASTM
ASTM D7918-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Flow Properties and Evaluation of Wear, Contaminants, and Oxidative Properties of Lubricating Grease by Die Extrusion Method and Preparation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Trending the wear, contamination, consistency, and oxidative properties of a lubricating grease is a crucial part of condition-monitoring programs. Changes in these properties or deviations from the new grease can be indicative of problems within the lubricated component, such as the mixing of incompatible thickener types, excessive wear or contaminant levels, or significant depletion of antioxidant levels. These test methods also makes it possible to develop trends that can be used to predict failures before they occur and allow for corrective action to be taken.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination and evaluation of flow properties, wear levels, contaminants, and oxidative condition of new and in-service lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method provides guidance on evaluating in-service grease samples, NLGI grades 00 to 3, for wear, consistency, contamination, and oxidation.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3.1 Exception—The exception to this will be where units of references were developed by the developers of the test equipment and necessary to report the results of the test.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    9 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off