ASTM B790/B790M-16(2021)
(Practice)Standard Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Aluminum Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other Buried Conduits
Standard Practice for Structural Design of Corrugated Aluminum Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and Arches for Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other Buried Conduits
ABSTRACT
This practice is intended for the structural design of corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches, and aluminum structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches for use as culverts, storm sewers, and other buried conduits. This practice is for pipe installed in a trench or embankment and subjected to highway, railroad, and aircraft loadings. It must be recognized that buried corrugated aluminum pipes are composite structures made up of the aluminum ring and the soil envelope, and both elements play a vital part in the structural design. Corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches shall be of annular fabrication using riveted seams, or of helical fabrication having a continuous lockseam. Structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches shall be fabricated in separate plates that when assembled at the job site by bolting form the required shape. The design load or pressure on a pipe is comprised of earth load, live load, and impact load. Strength requirements for wall strength, buckling strength, and seam strength may be determined by either the allowable stress design (ASD) method (involves calculation of required wall area and critical buckling stress) or the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method (involves calculation of factored loads, factored thrust, factored resistance, wall resistance, and seam resistance). Requirements for handling and installation rigidity and minimum cover are detailed. Design considerations for deflection, smooth-line pipe, spiral-rib pipe, pipe-arch, pipe materials, soil, minimum spacing, end treatment, abrasive or corrosive conditions, construction and installation, and structural plate arches are provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for the structural design of corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches, and aluminum structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches for use as culverts and storm sewers and other buried conduits. This practice is for pipe installed in a trench or embankment and subjected to highway, railroad, and aircraft loadings. It must be recognized that a buried corrugated aluminum pipe is a composite structure made up of the aluminum ring and the soil envelope, and both elements play a vital part in the structural design of this type of structure.
1.2 Corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches shall be of annular fabrication using riveted seams, or of helical fabrication having a continuous lockseam.
1.3 Structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches are fabricated in separate plates that when assembled at the job site by bolting form the required shape.
1.4 This practice is applicable to design in inch-pound units as Specification B790 or in SI units as Specification B790M. Inch-pound units and SI units are not necessarily equivalent. SI units are shown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they are the applicable values when the design is done in accordance with Specification B790M.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B790/B790M − 16 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Practice for
Structural Design of Corrugated Aluminum Pipe, Pipe-
Arches, and Arches for Culverts, Storm Sewers, and Other
Buried Conduits
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B790/B790M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This practice is intended for the structural design of
corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches, and aluminum
2. Referenced Documents
structuralplatepipe,pipe-arches,andarchesforuseasculverts
2.1 ASTM Standards:
andstormsewersandotherburiedconduits.Thispracticeisfor
B745/B745MSpecification for Corrugated Aluminum Pipe
pipe installed in a trench or embankment and subjected to
for Sewers and Drains
highway, railroad, and aircraft loadings. It must be recognized
B746/B746MSpecification for CorrugatedAluminumAlloy
that a buried corrugated aluminum pipe is a composite struc-
Structural Plate for Field-Bolted Pipe, Pipe-Arches, and
ture made up of the aluminum ring and the soil envelope, and
Arches
both elements play a vital part in the structural design of this
B788/B788MPractice for Installing Factory-Made Corru-
type of structure.
gated Aluminum Culverts and Storm Sewer Pipe
1.2 Corrugated aluminum pipe and pipe-arches shall be of
B789/B789MPractice for Installing Corrugated Aluminum
annular fabrication using riveted seams, or of helical fabrica- Structural Plate Pipe for Culverts and Sewers
tion having a continuous lockseam.
B864/B864MSpecification for Corrugated Aluminum Box
Culverts
1.3 Structural plate pipe, pipe-arches, and arches are fabri-
D698Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
cated in separate plates that when assembled at the job site by
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600
bolting form the required shape.
kN-m/m ))
1.4 This practice is applicable to design in inch-pound units
D1556Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
as Specification B790 or in SI units as Specification B790M.
Place by Sand-Cone Method
Inch-poundunitsandSIunitsarenotnecessarilyequivalent.SI
D2167Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
units are shown in brackets in the text for clarity, but they are
Place by the Rubber Balloon Method
the applicable values when the design is done in accordance
D2487Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
with Specification B790M.
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D2937Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Drive-Cylinder Method
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6938TestMethodsforIn-PlaceDensityandWaterContent
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of Soil and Soil-Aggregate by Nuclear Methods (Shallow
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Depth)
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2.2 FAA Standards:
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
AC No. 150/5320-5DAdvisory Circular, “Airport Drainage
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Design” Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Administration
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B07 on Light Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Metals and Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B07.08 on the ASTM website.
Corrugated Aluminum Pipe and Corrugated Aluminum Structural Plate. Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published December 2021. Originally Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098. http://www.faa.gov/
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as B790/B790M–16. airports/resources/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.current/
DOI: 10.1520/B0790_B0790M-16R21. documentNumber/150_5320-5
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
B790/B790M − 16 (2021)
2.3 AASHTO Standards:
Fu = specified minimum tensile strength,
LRFD Bridge Design Specifications
= 31000 lbf/in. [215 MPa] for corrugated alumi-
LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications
num pipe in accordance with Specification B745/
2.4 Other Standards: B745M using Alclad Alloy 3004–H34,
= 27000 lbf/in. [185 MPa] for corrugated alumi-
American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-Of-Way
Association (AREMA) Guidelines num pipe in accordance with Specification B745/
B745M using Alclad Alloy 3004–H32,
3. Terminology
= 35500 lbf⁄in. [245 MPa] for 0.100 through 0.150
in. [2.52 through 3.81 mm] thick aluminum struc-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
tural plate in accordance with Specification B746/
3.1.1 arch,n—apipeshapethatissupportedonfootingsand
B746M,
does not have a full metal invert.
= 34000 lbf/in. [235 MPa] for 0.175 through 0.250
3.1.2 bedding, n—the earth or other material on which the
in. [4.44 through 6.35 mm] thick aluminum struc-
pipe is laid consist of a thin layer of important material on top
tural plate in accordance with Specification B746/
of the in-situ foundation.
B746M,
3.1.3 haunch, n—the portion of the pipe cross section
Fy = specified minimum yield strength,
between the maximum horizontal dimension and the top of the
= 24000 lbf/in. [165 MPa] for corrugated alumi-
bedding.
num pipe in accordance with Specification B745/
B745M using Alclad Alloy 3004–H34,
3.1.4 invert, n—the lowest portion of the pipe cross section;
= 20000 lbf/in. [140 MPa] for corrugated alumi-
also, the bottom portion of the pipe.
num pipe in accordance with Specification B745/
3.1.5 pipe, n—a conduit having a full circular shape or, in a
B745M using Alclad Alloy 3004–H32,
general contex, all structure shapes covered by this practice.
= 24000 lbf/in. [165 MPa] for all other corrugated
3.1.6 pipe-arch, n—a pipe shape consisting of an approxi-
aluminum pipe and structural plate in accordance
mate semicircular top portion, small radius corners, and large
with Specification B746/B746M,
radius invert.
H = depth of fill above top of pipe, ft [m],
H = maximum depth of fill, ft [m],
3.1.7 long span structures, n—special shapes of any size
max
H = minimum depth of fill, ft [m],
having a crown or side radius greater than 13.0 ft [4000 mm]. min
4 4
I = momentofinertiaofcorrugation,in. /in.[mm /mm],
Metal box culverts (rise/span ≤ 0.3) are not considered long-
see Tables 2-7),
span structures and are discussed in Specification B864/
IL = impact load, lbf/ft [kPa],
B864M.
k = soil stiffness factor (0.22 for good sidefill material
compacted to a minimum of 90% of standard
4. Symbols
density based on Test Method D698),
4.1 The symbols used in this practice have the following 2
LL = live load, lbf/ft [kPa],
significance:
P = total design load or pressure, lbf/ft [kPa],
P = factored crown pressure, lbf/ft [kPa],
f
r = radius of gyration of corrugation, in. [mm], see
2 2
A = required wall area, in. /ft [mm /mm],
Tables 1-7,
AL = maximum highway design axle load, lbf [N],
r = corner radius of pipe-arch, ft [mm],
c
d = depth of corrugation, in. [mm],
R = factoredresistanceforeachlimitstate,lbf/ft[kN/m],
6 2
f
E = modulus of elasticity, 10 × 10 lbf⁄in.
R = nominalresistanceforeachlimitstate,lbf/ft[kN/m],
n
[69×10 MPa],
s = pipe diameter or span, in. [mm],
EL = earth load, lbf/ft [kPa],
S = pipe diameter or span, ft [m],
fc = critical buckling stress, lbf/in. [MPa],
SF = safety factor,
FF = flexibility factor, in./lbf [mm/N],
SS = required seam strength, lbf/ft [kN/m],
T = thrust in pipe wall, lbf/ft [kN/m], and
T = factored thrust in pipe wall, lbf/ft [kN/m],
f
3 3
4 W = the unit force derived from 1 ft [m ] of fill material
Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
3 3
Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001, above the pipe, lbf/ft [kN/m ]. When the actual fill
3 3
http://www.transportation.org.
material is not known, use 120 lbf/ft [19 kN/m ],
Available fromAREMAHeadquarters, 4501 Forbes Blvd., Suite 130, Lanham,
φ = resistance factor.
MD 20706, Tel: +1.301.459.3200 / Fax: +1.301.459.8077, www.arema.org
B790/B790M − 16 (2021)
NOTE1—ForpipesmeetingSpecificationB745/B745M,bothminimum
follows. Note the currentAASHTO designation for the design
yield and minimum tensile strengths are based on the H-32 temper
vehicular live load is HL-93. Refer to AASHTO for vehicle
material.
information.
Height of Cover, ft [mm] H20 Live Load, lbf/ft [kPa]
5. Basis of Design
5.1 The recommendations presented herein, represent gen- 1 [300] 1800 [86.2]
2 [600] 800 [38.3]
erally accepted design practice. The design engineer shall,
3 [900] 600 [28.7]
however, determine that these recommendations meet particu-
4 [1200] 400 [19.2]
lar project needs. 5 [1500] 250 [12.0]
6 [1800] 200 [9.6]
5.2 This practice is not applicable for long-span structures.
7 [2100] 175 [8.4]
8 [2400] 100 [4.8]
Such structures require additional design considerations for
over 8 [over 2400] neglect [neglect]
both the pipe and the soil envelope. The design of long-span
6.2.2.2 Live Loads Under Railways—Live load pressures
structures is described in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
for E80 railway loadings, including impact effects, are as
Specification.
follows. Refer to AREMA Guidelines for the design of E80
5.3 Structures designed to this standard shall meet the
vehicles::
requirements of this standard.
Height of Cover, ft [mm] Live Load, lbf/ft [kPa]
6. Loads
2 [600] 3800 [181.9]
5 [1500] 2400 [114.9]
6.1 The design load or pressure on a pipe is comprised of
8 [2400] 1600 [76.6]
earth load (EL), live load (LL), and impact load (IL). These
10 [3000] 1100 [52.7]
loads are applied as a fluid pressure acting on the pipe
12 [3600] 800 [38.3]
15 [4500] 600 [28.7]
periphery.
20 [6000] 300 [14.4]
30 [9000] 100 [4.8]
6.2 For aluminum pipe buried in a trench or in an embank-
over 30 [over 9000] neglect [neglect]
ment on a yielding foundation, loads are defined as follows:
Values for intermediate covers may be interpolated.
6.2.1 Earth Load—The earth load EL is the weight of the
column of soil directly above the pipe calculated as: 6.2.2.3 Live Loads Under Aircraft Runways—Because of
the many different wheel configurations and weights, live load
EL 5 HW (1)
pressures for aircraft vary. Such pressures must be determined
6.2.2 Live Loads—The live load LL is that portion of the
for the specific aircraft for which the installation is designed;
weight of the vehicle, train, or aircraft moving over the pipe
see the FAA publication “Airport Drainage.”
that is distributed through the soil to the pipe.
6.2.3 Impact Loads—Loadscausedbytheimpactofmoving
6.2.2.1 Live Loads Under Highways—Live load pressures
traffic are important only at low heights of cover. Their effects
for H20 highway loadings, including impact effects, are as
have been included in live load pressures in 6.2.2.
7. Design Method
TABLE 2 Sectional Properties of Corrugated Aluminum Sheets
for Corrugation: 2 by ⁄2 in. [51 by 13 mm] (Helical)
7.1 Strength requirements for wall strength, buckling
strength, and seam strength may be determined by either the
allowable stress design (ASD) method presented in Section 8,
or the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method
presented in Section 9.Additionally, the design considerations
inotherparagraphsshallbefollowedforeitherdesignmethod.
8. Design by ASD Method
8.1 The thrust in the pipe wall shall be checked by three
criteria.Eachconsidersthejointfunctionofthealuminumpipe
and the surrounding soil envelope.
8.1.1 Required Wall Area:
8.1.1.1 Determinethedesignpressureandringcompression
NOTE 1—Inch-pound dimensions shown in this figure are exact values
thrust in the aluminum pipe wall as follows:
used in calculating the section properties. Nominal values for some of
these dimensions are used in other places in this practice.
P 5 EL1LL1IL (2)
Moment of Inertia, Radius of
Specified Area of Section A,
−3 4 T 5 PS/2 (3)
I×10 in. /in. Gyration,
2 2
Thickness, in. [mm] in. /ft [mm /mm]
[mm /mm] r, in. [mm]
8.1.1.2 Determine the required wall cross-sectional area.
0.048 [1.22] 0.652 [1.380] 1.533 [25.12] 0.1682 [4.272]
The safety factor SF on the wall area is 2.
0.060 [1.52] 0.815 [1.725] 1.942 [31.82] 0.1690 [4.293]
0.075 [1.91] 1.019 [2.157] 2.458 [40.28] 0.1700 [4.318]
T SF
~ !
0.105 [2.67] 1.428 [3.023] 3.542 [58.04] 0.1725 [4.382]
A 5 (4)
fy
B790/B790M − 16 (2021)
2 1
TABLE 3 Sectional Properties of Corrugated Aluminum Sheets for Corrugation: 2 ⁄3 by ⁄2 in. [68 by 13 mm] (Helical or Annular)
NOTE 1—Inch-pound dimensions shown in this figure are exact values used in calculating the section properties. Nominal values for some of these
dimensions are used in other places in this practice.
Ultimate Longitudinal Seam
Area of Moment
Strength of Riveted
Specified Radius of
Sec- of Inertia,
Corrugated Aluminum Pipe,
Thick- Gyration,
−3
tion A, l×10
Pounds [kN] per Foot [metre] of Seam
ness, in. r,in.
2 4
in. /ft in. /in.
5 3
[mm] [mm] ⁄16-in. [7.94 mm] Rivets ⁄8-in. [9.53 mm] Rivets
2 4
[mm /mm] [mm /mm]
A B A B
Single Double Single Double
0.060 [1.52] 0.775 [1.640] 1.892 [31.00] 0.1712 [4.348] 9000 [131] 14 000 [204] . .
0.075 [1.91] 0.968 [2.049] 2.392 [39.20] 0.1721 [4.371] 9000 [131] 18 000 [263] . .
0.105 [2.67] 1.356 [2.870] 3.425 [56.13] 0.1741 [4.422] . . 15 600 [228] 31 500 [460]
0.135 [3.43] 1.745 [3.694] 4.533 [74.28] 0.1766 [4.486] . . 16 200 [237] 33 000 [482]
0.164 [4.17] 2.130 [4.509] 5.725 [93.82] 0.1795 [4.559] . . 16 800 [245] 34 000 [496]
A
Single means one row of rivets, one rivet per corrugation.
B
Double means two rows of rivets, one rivet per corrugation per row.
Select from Tables 1-7 a wall thickness equal to or greater 9. Design by LRFD Method
than the required wall area A.
9.1 FactoredLoads—Thepipeshallbedesignedtoresistth
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