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ASTM E2431-06

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings

Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Use of this practice assumes:
5.1.1 the glass edges shall be free from damage,
5.1.2 the glass shall be properly glazed,
5.1.3 the glass shall not have been subjected to abuse, and
5.1.4 the glass edge support allows in-plane movement of the glass due to thermal expansion and contraction.  
This practice does not address all factors that cause thermally induced stresses in annealed glass. Factors that are not addressed include: transient thermal stresses, HVAC registers, thermally insulating window coverings, drop ceilings and other heat traps, increased solar irradiance caused by exterior reflections, variations in heat transfer coefficients other than those assumed for the steady state analysis described herein, and stresses induced by thermal sources other than the sun. Factors other than those listed above may also induce thermal stress.  
Many other factors shall be considered in glass selection. These factors include, but are not limited to, mechanically induced stresses, wind effects, windborne debris impacts, excessive deflections, seismic effects, heat flow, noise abatement, potential post-breakage consequences, and so forth. In addition, considerations set forth in building codes along with criteria presented in safety glazing standards and site specific concerns may control the ultimate glass type and thickness selection.  
The proper use of this practice is intended to reduce the risk of thermally induced breakage of annealed window glass in buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure to determine the resistance of annealed architectural flat glass to thermally induced stresses caused by exposure to sun and shadows for a specified probability of breakage (Pb). Proper use of this procedure is intended to reduce the possibility of thermal breakage of annealed glass in buildings.
1.2 This practice applies to vertical or sloped glazing in buildings.
1.3 This practice applies to monolithic and laminated glass of rectangular shape and assumes that all glass edges are simply supported.
1.4 This practice applies only to annealed flat soda-lime silica glass with clean cut, seamed, flat ground, or ground and polished edges that are free from damage. The glass may be clear or tinted as well as coated (not including coatings that reduce emissivity of the glass).
1.5 This practice does not apply to any form of wired, patterned, etched, sandblasted, drilled, notched, or grooved glass or glass with surface and edge treatments, other than those described in section , that alter the glass strength.
1.6 This practice does not address uniform loads such as wind and snow loads, safety requirements, fire, or impact resistance.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. For conversion of quantities in various systems of measurements to SI units refer to IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2006
ICS
81.040.20 - Glass in building
Technical Committee
E06 - Performance of Buildings
Drafting Committee
E06.51 - Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2431-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM C1401-23 - Standard Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing
Effective Date
01-Feb-2006

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ASTM E2431-06 - Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal LoadingsASTM E2431-06 - Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings
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ASTM E2431-06 - Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2431–06
Standard Practice for
Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed
Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2431; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice covers a procedure to determine the 2.1 ASTM Documents:
resistance of annealed architectural flat glass to thermally C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
induced stresses caused by exposure to sun and shadows for a E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
specified probability of breakage (P ). Proper use of this IEEE/ASTMSI-10 UseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits
b
procedure is intended to reduce the possibility of thermal (SI) (the Modernized Metric System)
breakage of annealed glass in buildings. 2.2 Other Documents:
1.2 This practice applies to vertical or sloped glazing in 2005 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals
buildings.
3. Terminology
1.3 This practice applies to monolithic and laminated glass
3.1 Definitions:
of rectangular shape and assumes that all glass edges are
simply supported. 3.1.1 Refer to Terminologies and for additional terms used
in this practice
1.4 This practice applies only to annealed flat soda-lime
silica glass with clean cut, seamed, flat ground, or ground and 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 edge bite, n—the width of the glass edge (measured
polished edges that are free from damage. The glass may be
clear or tinted as well as coated (not including coatings that perpendicular to the cut edge, in the plane of the glass) that is
protected from direct exposure to solar irradiance by the
reduce emissivity of the glass).
1.5 This practice does not apply to any form of wired, window frame edge conditions expressed in mm (in.) [See
Table 1].
patterned, etched, sandblasted, drilled, notched, or grooved
3.2.2 edge thermal stress factor (TSF ), n—the ratio of
glass or glass with surface and edge treatments, other than
edge
those described in section 1.4, that alter the glass strength. induced thermal stress to the solar load, SL, as the result of the
edge bite condition expressed in MPa/(W/m ).
1.6 This practice does not address uniform loads such as
wind and snow loads, safety requirements, fire, or impact 3.2.3 frame type, n—the manner in which the edges of the
glass are supported in the window frame [See Table 1].
resistance.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the 3.2.4 glass dimensions, n—the rectangular dimensions of
the glass (not the daylight opening), with the width being the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. For conversion of quantities in various systems of smaller dimension and the length being the larger dimension
both expressed in mm.
measurements to SI units refer to IEEE/ASTM SI-10.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.5 incident solar irradiance (Insolation), (I ), n—amount
s
of solar energy per unit time per unit area normal to glass, to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- which the glass is exposed expressed in W/m .
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51 on the ASTM website.
Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights, and Curtain Walls. Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2006. Published February 2006. DOI: 10.1520/ Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA
E2431-06. 30329.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2431–06
TABLE 1 Frame Types.
Frame Type Sketch
Insulated edge -- This condition should only be used in the analysis if it can
reasonably be assumed that the heat loss from the glass to the glazing
pocket is negligible.
Conventional edge -- This condition should be used in the analysis only when
the glazing pocket is fabricated with thin walled members and the glass is
cushioned with gasket materials as shown.
High heat mass edge -- This condition should be used in the analysis when the
glazing is encapsulated in a material with a high heat mass such as concrete,
heavy metal, and so forth.
3.2.6 probability of breakage (P ), n—the number of lites 3.2.8 solar load (SL), n—the total amount of solar irradi-
b
per 1000 that would be predicted to break when exposed to the ance absorbed by the glass expressed in W/m .
specified thermal loading conditions. 3.2.9 solar load adjustment factor for interior shading
3.2.7 shadow thermal stress factor (TSF ), n—the ratio devices (SLA), n—nondimensional factor that is used to
shadow
of induced thermal stress to the solar load, SL, as the result of account for the increase in thermal stress caused by the
2 2
shadow condition expressed in MPa/(W/m ) (psi/Btu/hr·ft ). reflection of solar irradiance from an interior shading device.
E2431–06
3.2.10 solar reflectance of shading device (R ), n—decimal 5.4 The proper use of this practice is intended to reduce the
s
fraction of incident solar irradiation reflected from the device risk of thermally induced breakage of annealed window glass
used as an interior shade. in buildings.
3.2.11 solar transmittance (T ), n—the amount of solar
s
6. Procedure
irradiance transmitted by the glass expressed as a fraction that
ranges between 0.00 and 1.00.
6.1 Obtain the following information from the data supplied
3.2.12 thermal stress, n—edge tensile stress (MPa) induced
by the specifier:
in glass by solar irradiance. 6.1.1 theedgebiteconditionthatmostcloselyrepresentsthe
3.2.13 total solar absorptance (A ), n—the amount of solar
project conditions from Table 1,
s
irradiance absorbed by the glass expressed as a fraction that 6.1.2 the total solar transmittance (T ) of the specified glass,
s
ranges between 0.00 and 1.00.
6.1.3 the total solar absorptance (A ) of the specified glass.
s
3.2.14 total thermal stress factor (TSF ), n—the ratio of
tot
A 51.002T 2 R (1)
s s s
total thermal stress induced in the glass by the combination of
where:
edge conditions and shadow conditions to the solar load
R = total solar reflectance
expressed in MPa/(W/m ).
s
6.1.4 the solar reflectance of the shading device (RSD), if
4. Summary of Practice
used.
4.1 The specifying authority shall provide the glass width, 6.1.5 the incident solar irradiance (I ) for this analysis.
s
length, and nominal thickness; solar absorption of the glass 6.1.6 the specified acceptable probability of glass breakage
construction (can be obtained from manufacturer’s data); (P ) for this analysis.
b
incident solar irradiance (can be determined from 2005 6.2 Multiply the incident solar irradiance (I ) by the solar
s
ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals or other documented absorptance (A ) to determine the solar load (SL).
S
source); the frame type and edge bite; description of exterior 6.3 Determine the edge thermal stress factor (TSF ) from
edge
shading conditions; and interior shading devices. Fig. 1, given the edge bite and edge bite condition.
4.2 The procedure described in this practice shall be used to 6.4 Determine the shadow thermal stress factor (TSF )
shadow
using the common shadow patterns shown in Fig. 2 and the
determine if the glass can resist the calculated thermal stresses
for a specified probability of breakage. factors listed in Table 2.
5. Significance and Use
TABLE 2 Shadow Thermal Stress Factors to be Used with Fig. 2.
5.1 Use of this practice assumes:
Shadow Condition Maximum TSF
shadow
5.1.1 the glass edges shall be free from damage,
kPa/(W/sq m)
5.1.2 the glass shall be properly glazed,
Linear shadow 15.3
5.1.3 the glass shall not have been subjected to abuse, and
Angular shadow 31.9
L-Shaped shadow 20.8
5.1.4 the glass edge support allows in-plane movement of
Corner shadow 23.0
the glass due to thermal expansion and contraction.
5.2 This practice does not address all factors that cause
thermally induced stresses in annealed glass. Factors that are
6.5 Determine the total thermal stress factor (TSF )by
not addressed include: transient thermal stresses, HVAC reg-
total
summing the individual thermal stress factors given in 6.3 and
isters, thermally insulating window coverings, drop ceilings
6.4.
and other heat traps, increased solar irradiance caused by
6.5.1 If the calculated total thermal stress factor exceeds
exteriorreflections,variationsinheattransfercoefficientsother
39.4 kPa/(W/m ) when the angular shadow pattern is assumed,
than those assumed for the steady state analysis described
that is, Fig. 2 b and d, then 39.4 kPa/(W/m ) shall be used for
herein, and stresses induced by thermal sources other than the
the total thermal stress factor.
sun. Factors other than those listed above may also induce
6.5.2 If the calculated total thermal stress factor exceeds
thermal stress.
32.0 kPa/(W/m ) when other shadow patterns, that is, Fig. 2 a
5.3 Many other factors shall be considered in glass selec-
and c, are assumed, then 32.0 kPa/(W/m ) shall be used for the
tion.These factors include, but are not limited to, mechanically
total thermal stress factor.
induced stresses, wind effects, windborne debris impacts,
6.6 To determine the solar load adjustment factor (SLA)
excessive deflections, seismic effects, heat flow, noise abate-
using Fig. 3, enter the vertical axis with the solar reflectance of
ment, potential post-breakage consequences, and so forth. In
the shading device (RSD) and the horizontal axis with total
addition, considerations set forth in building codes along with
solar transmittance of the glass (T ) to determine the solar load
criteria presented in safety glazing standards and site specific
S
adjustment factor (SLA) for interior shading devices. If nec-
concerns may control the ultimate glass type and thickness
essary use interpolation to estimate the solar load adjustment
selection.
factor (SLA). If no shading device is used, the solar load
adjustment factor (SLA) shall be taken to be 1.0.
Beason, W.L., and Lingnell,A.W., “AThermal Stress Evaluation Procedure
6.7 Determine the calculated thermal stress, s ,by
calculated
for Monolithic Annealed Glass,” Use of Glass in Buildings, ASTM STP 1434,V.
multiplyingthetotalthermalstressfactor(TSF )bythesolar
Block, Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, total
2003. load (SL) and by the solar load adjustment factor (SLA).
E2431–06
FIG. 1 Edge Thermal Stress Factor Chart.
6.8 Determinetheperimeteroftheglasslitebyaddingtwice 7.1.4 Glass type,
the width to twice the height.
7.1.5 Glass dimensions,
6.9 Determine the allowable thermal stress, s , from
7.1.6 Edge bite,
allowable
Fig.4usingtheglassperimeterandthespecifiedacceptableP .
7.1.7 Frame type,
b
6.10 If s > s ,P for the glass exceeds the
calculated allowable b 7.1.8 Solar absorptance (A ),
s
specified probability of breakage for the thermal design con-
7.1.9 Solar transmittance (T ),
s
ditions. If P for the glass exceeds the specified probability of
b
7.1.10 Total Solar Reflectance of Shade Device (RSD),
breakage, the user shall consider using strengthened glass,
7.1.11 Incident solar irradiance (I ),
s
modifying the controllable design conditions, or having a more
7.1.12 Acceptable probability of breakage (P ),
b
comprehensive thermal stress analysis performed.
7.1.13 Allowable thermal stress (s ), and
allowable
7.1.14 Calculated thermal stress (s ).
7. Report calculated
7.1.15 Conclusion
7.1 The report shall consist of the design example work-
sheet presented in Fig. 5 or, as a minimum, shall include:
8. Keywords
7.1.1 Project name,
7.1.2 Date, 8.1 annealed glass; thermal stress; thermal breakage; glass;
7.1.3 Project location, flat glass; soda-lime silica glass; thermal load
E2431–06
FIG. 2 Shadow Conditions.
E2431–06
FIG. 3 Solar Load Adjustment Factor, SLA.
FIG. 4 Probability of Breakage (POB) Chart.
E2431–06
DESIGN WORKSHEET FOR THERMAL STRESS EVALUATION
PROJECT: NAME: ______________________DATE:__________________
LOCATION: _______________________________________
Glass Type: _______________________
Glass Dimensions: width _________mm length ____________mm thickness____________mm
Perimeter _____________________m
Edge Bite: ______________________________mm
Frame Type: ___________________________
Solar Absorptance (A __________________
s)
Solar Transmittance (T )________________
s
Solar Reflectance of Shade Device (R )__________________
s
Incident solar irradiance (I )___________________W/m
s
Acceptable Probability of Breakage (P ) _____________
b
Compute Solar Load (SL)
SL = I 3 A = _______ W/m
s s
Determine Edge Thermal Stress Factor: Use Figure 1
TSF = ______________kPa/( W/m )
edge
Shadow Thermal Stress Factor (TSF )__________ kPa/(W/m ) (Use Figure 2 and Table 2)
shadow
Determine Total Thermal Stress Factor (TSF )
total
TSF = TSF + TSF , but no greater than 39.4 kPa/(W/m ) for angular shadows or 32.0
total edge shadow
kPa/(W/m ) for all other shadows.
TSF = ________________ kPa/(W/m )
total
Solar Load Adjustment Factor (SLA)_____________(Use Figure 3)
Determine the Calculated thermal stress,s
calculated
s =(TSF 3 SL 3 SLA)/1000 = ______________MPa
calculated total
Determine allowable thermal stress, s , from Figure 4
allowable
s =_______________MPa
allowable
Conclusion:
If s < s OK
calculated allowable
If s < s NG
calculated allowable
FIG. 5 Design Worksheet for Thermal Stress Evaluation.
E2431–06
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. EXAMPLES OF THE USE OF THIS STANDARD PRACTICE
X1.1 This appendix presents two examples of the use of X1.2.9 The allowable thermal stress, s , correspond-
allowable
this standard practice. The first example is typical of a ing to a glas
...

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SCOPE
1.1 This practice addresses elements related to load-bearing glass walkways, glass treads, and glass landings constructed with laminated glass. This standard includes performance, design, and safe behavior considerations. It addresses the characteristics unique to glass and laminated glass. Issues that are common to all walkways, such as slip resistance, are addressed in existing referenced standards.  
1.2 This practice does not address glass walkways constructed with monolithic glass, glass block, insulating glass units, glass tiles that are directly bonded to a non-glass structural substrate, or glass walkways intended to support vehicular traffic.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E997-15(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Glass Breakage Probability Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Proof Load Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Glass specimens to be tested shall be mounted in a standard test frame with four sides supported, or in a test frame designed to represent specific glazing conditions.  
5.2 Loads on glass in windows, curtain walls, and doors may vary greatly in magnitude, direction, and duration. Any design load (wind, snow, etc.) that can reasonably be applied to the test specimens or transformed into an equivalent uniform design load can be considered. Load transformation techniques are addressed in the literature (1, 2, 3).3  
5.3 The strength of glass varies with many different factors including surface condition, load duration, geometry, relative humidity, and temperature (4). A thorough understanding of those strength variations is required to interpret results of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This proof load test method is a procedure to determine, with a 90 % confidence level, if the probability of breakage under design loads for a given population of glass specimens is less than a selected value. It is not intended to be a design standard for determining the load resistance of glass. Practice E1300 shall be used for this purpose.  
1.2 This test method describes apparatus and procedures to select and apply a proof load to glass specimens, to determine the number of glass specimens to be tested, and to evaluate statistically the probability of breakage. This test method may be conducted using the standard test frame specified herein or a test frame of the user's design.  
1.3 Proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure measurement and an understanding of recommended glazing practices.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2353-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Performance of Glazing in Permanent Railing Systems, Guards, and Balustrades

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures to be followed in testing the performance of glazing in permanent railing systems, guards and balustrades including components such as rails and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection installed in and for assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, stadiums, recreational, and residential buildings and other structures such as towers or elevated platforms.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to such railing, guard, and balustrade systems having glass or other glazing materials as the major structural component or the infill panel including swing gates and other forms of guardrail protection.  
1.3 These test methods can be used to determine whether permanent rails, guards and balustrades including components, having glass or other glazing material comply with requirements of performance specifications, codes, norms, and standards.  
1.4 Specifically, these test methods cover procedures for determining the static strength, impact performance, and post-breakage characteristics of railing systems, guards, and balustrades, including a component with glass or other glazing material installed in one, two, three and four-side support systems fastened to concrete, masonry, wood, metal, and related products.  
1.5 No consideration is given in these test methods to any possible deterioration of the railing, guard, or balustrade system or their connections and fasteners as resulting from adverse environmental or in-service conditions. The performance of special tests covering this aspect may be desirable.  
1.6 These test methods are limited to the application of loads and impact resistance described herein. Whenever uniformly distributed loads are to be resisted by a railing system, guard, or balustrade in accordance with governing specifications, codes, norms, and standards, the effects of such loads on the member stresses shall be determined by calculation and the corresponding concentrated and linear loads shall be tested. Should computations make it possible to provide the needed information, testing can be employed for verification.  
1.7 These test methods address the capability of glass or other glazing material supported by rails, guards, or balustrades, or both, in one, two, three, and four-sided support systems to continue in their function as a barrier by remaining in the designed framing system after impact or glazing breakage. These test methods do not address structural limitation of glazed or glass rails, guards, and balustrades or vehicular guards except when in the area of a pedestrian walkway.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Certain values contained in reference documents cited and quoted herein may be stated in inch-pound units and must be converted by the user.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2953-14(2020)e1(Specification)
Standard Specification for Evaluating Accelerated Aging Performance of Electrochromic Devices in Sealed Insulating Glass Units

ABSTRACT
This specification applies to all electrochromic (EC) glass whose visible light transmittance or near infrared light transmittance properties, or both, can be changed reversibly by the application or removal of an electrical voltage. It covers absorptive and reflective EC devices in preassembled permanently sealed insulting glass units with one or more cavities in which at least one lite contains an EC device (which may be in the form of a laminated lite or a single pane with coatings applied). This specification is also valid for EC devices in preassembled insulating glass units with capillary tubes intentionally left open, but not for other types of dynamic glass which do not solely require an electrical stimulus to change light transmittance such as photochromic and thermochromic glazings and hybrid active/passive chromogenics. This specification is applicable only to sealed insulating glass units that are constructed with glass and fabricated for vision glass areas for use in buildings, such as sliding doors, windows, skylights, and exterior wall systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is applicable to all electrochromic (EC) glass whose visible light transmittance or near infrared light transmittance properties, or both, can be changed reversibly by the application or removal of an electrical voltage. This includes absorptive and reflective EC devices.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to other types of dynamic glass which do not solely require an electrical stimulus to change light transmittance such as photochromic and thermochromic glazings and hybrid active/passive chromogenics.  
1.3 This specification covers electrochromic devices in preassembled permanently sealed insulting glass units with one or more cavities in which at least one lite contains an EC device (which may be in the form of a laminated lite or a single pane with coatings applied). This specification is also applicable to EC devices in preassembled insulating glass units with capillary tubes intentionally left open. As such this specification also requires conformance to Specification E2190.  
1.4 This specification is applicable only to sealed insulating glass units that are constructed with glass and fabricated for vision glass areas for use in buildings, such as sliding doors, windows, skylights, and exterior wall systems.  
1.5 Qualification under this specification is intended to provide a basis for evaluating the aging performance of electrochromic devices in sealed insulating glass units.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2431-12(2020)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining the Resistance of Single Glazed Annealed Architectural Flat Glass to Thermal Loadings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Use of this practice assumes:  
5.1.1 the glass edges shall be free from damage,  
5.1.2 the glass shall be properly glazed,  
5.1.3 the glass shall not have been subjected to abuse, and  
5.1.4 the glass edge support allows in-plane movement of the glass due to thermal expansion and contraction.  
5.2 This practice does not address all factors that cause thermally induced stresses in annealed glass. Factors that are not addressed include: transient thermal stresses, HVAC registers, thermally insulating window coverings, drop ceilings and other heat traps, increased solar irradiance caused by exterior reflections, variations in heat transfer coefficients other than those assumed for the steady state analysis described herein, and stresses induced by thermal sources other than the sun. Factors other than those listed above may also induce thermal stress.  
5.3 Many other factors shall be considered in glass selection. These factors include, but are not limited to, mechanically induced stresses, wind effects, windborne debris impacts, excessive deflections, seismic effects, heat flow, noise abatement, potential post-breakage consequences, and so forth. In addition, considerations set forth in building codes along with criteria presented in safety glazing standards and site specific concerns may control the ultimate glass type and thickness selection.  
5.4 The proper use of this practice is intended to reduce the risk of thermally induced breakage of annealed window glass in buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure to determine the resistance of annealed architectural flat glass to thermally induced stresses caused by exposure to sun and shadows for a specified probability of breakage (Pb). Proper use of this procedure is intended to reduce the possibility of thermal breakage of annealed glass in buildings.  
1.2 This practice applies to vertical or sloped glazing in buildings.  
1.3 This practice applies to monolithic and laminated glass of rectangular shape and assumes that all glass edges are simply supported.  
1.4 This practice applies only to annealed flat soda-lime silica glass with clean cut, seamed, flat ground, or ground and polished edges that are free from damage. The glass may be clear or tinted as well as coated (not including coatings that reduce emissivity of the glass).  
1.5 This practice does not apply to any form of wired, patterned, etched, sandblasted, drilled, notched, or grooved glass or glass with surface and edge treatments, other than those described in 1.4, that alter the glass strength.  
1.6 This practice does not address uniform loads such as wind and snow loads, safety requirements, fire, or impact resistance.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard. For conversion of quantities in various systems of measurements to SI units, refer to IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E998-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Structural Performance of Architectural Glass Products Under the Influence of Uniform Static Loads

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is a general procedure for testing architectural glass products under uniform static loads.  
5.2 Loads on glass in windows, curtain walls, and doors may vary greatly in magnitude, direction, and duration. An understanding of wind loads on the building is required for selection of test loads and interpretation of results with respect to expected exposure at a particular site.  
5.3 A thorough understanding of the variations of the strength of glass and the nature of loading is required to interpret results of this test method.  
5.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure, deflection, and strain measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a general test procedure for load tests of glass subjected to uniform static loads. It is applicable for test protocols involving specified loads, load durations, and loading rates.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to architectural flat glass of various types; for example, annealed, heat-strengthened, fully tempered, laminated, insulating, and combinations thereof.  
1.3 This test method describes a process of applying specific test loads to glass. The test may be conducted using a standard test frame specified herein or a test frame of the user's design.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3119-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Accelerated Aging of Environmentally Controlled Dynamic Glazing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 ECDG perform a number of important functions in a building envelope including: reducing the solar energy heat gain; providing a variable visual connection with the outside world; enhancing human comfort (heat gain), security, illumination, and glare control; providing for architectural expression, and (possibly) improving acoustical performance. It is therefore important to understand the relative serviceability of these glazings.  
4.2 This test method is intended to provide a means for assessing the relative serviceability of ECDGs, as described in Section 1.  
4.3 The test method is intended to simulate in-service use and accelerate aging of the environmentally controlled dynamic glazings.  
4.4 Results from these tests cannot be used to predict the performance over time of in-service units unless actual corresponding in-service tests have been conducted and appropriate analyses have been conducted to show how performance can be predicted from the accelerated aging tests.  
4.5 The procedure in this test method includes environmental test parameters that are typically used in weatherability tests by standards organizations and are realistic for the intended use of large-area ECDG units.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the accelerated aging and monitoring of the time-dependent performance of environmentally controlled dynamic glazings such as thermochromic (TC) thermotropic, photochromic glazings. and combinations thereof.  
1.2 The test method is applicable only for environmentally controlled dynamic glazings. These glazings may be either monolithic glass, monolithic laminated glass, or sealed insulating glass units fabricated for use in buildings, such as exterior doors, windows, skylights, and wall systems.  
1.3 During use, the environmentally controlled dynamic glazings tested according to this method are exposed to environmental conditions, including solar radiation and are employed to control the amount of transmitted radiation by absorption and reflection and thus, limit the amount of solar radiation that is transmitted into a building.  
1.4 The test method is not applicable to electronically controlled chromogenic devices, such as electrochromic devices.  
1.5 The test method is not applicable to environmentally controlled dynamic glazings that are constructed from superstrate or substrate materials other than glass.  
1.6 The test method referenced herein is a laboratory test conducted under specified conditions.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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