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ASTM D6828-02

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Blade/Slot Procedure

Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Blade/Slot Procedure

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the stiffness of fabrics by measuring the force required to push a specimen into a slot of predetermined width with a metal blade working at a predetermined capacity.
Note 1—For other methods for testing stiffness, refer to Test Methods D 1388, D 4032, and D 5732.
1.2 This test method is applicable to fabrics of any fiber content whose stiffness does not exceed the capacity of the Penetrator Beam apparatus. Specimens can be taken from fabrics, rolls, or end products.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be considered as standard; the values inch-pound units are included for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2002
ICS
59.080.30 - Textile fabrics
Technical Committee
D13 - Textiles
Drafting Committee
D13.60 - Fabric Physical Test Methods B
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6828-02(2007) - Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by Blade/Slot Procedure
Effective Date
01-Jan-2007

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ASTM D6828-02 - Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Blade/Slot Procedure
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D6828–02
Standard Test Method for
Stiffness of Fabric by the Blade/Slot Procedure
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the stiff- 3.1 Definitions:
ness of fabrics by measuring the force required to push a 3.1.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this method
specimen into a slot of predetermined width with a metal blade refer to Terminology D 4850. For other terms used in this
working at a predetermined capacity. method, refer to Terminology D 123.
NOTE 1—For other methods for testing stiffness, refer to Test Methods
4. Summary of Test Method
D 1388, D 4032, and D 5732.
4.1 A swatch of fabric rests on two flat plate supports
1.2 This test method is applicable to fabrics of any fiber
separated by a fixed distance. A force is applied to the fabric
content whose stiffness does not exceed the capacity of the
swatch midway between the supports by means of a blade
Penetrator Beam apparatus. Specimens can be taken from
attached to a motor driven beam. The maximum force needed
fabrics, rolls, or end products.
to push the fabric through the supports is measured as a
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be considered as
resistance to bending of the fabric.
standard; the values inch-pound units are included for infor-
mation only.
5. Significance and Use
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for quality
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
control testing.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.2 If there are differences of practical significance between
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
reported test results for two laboratories, comparative tests
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias
between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a
2. Referenced Documents
minimum,usetestsamplesashomogeneousaspossible,drawn
2.1 ASTM Standards:
from the material from which the disparate test results were
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
obtained, and randomly assigned in equal number to each
D 1388 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics
laboratoryfortesting.Thetestresultsfromthetwolaboratories
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at
D 2904 Practice for InterlaboratoryTesting of aTextileTest
a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is
Method that Produces Normally Distributed Data
found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future
D 2906 Practice for Statements on Precision and Bias for
results for the source material must be adjusted in consider-
Textiles
ation of the known bias.
D 4032 Test Method for Stiffness of Fabric by the Circular
5.3 The stiffness of fabric relates to its resistance to bending
Bend Procedure
with further processing and use. It measures the fiber and yarn
D 4850 Terminology Relating to Fabric
bending capabilities, the cohesion of individual fibers and
D 5732 Test Method for Stiffness of Nonwoven Fabrics
yarns relative to their displacement and binders or finishes that
Using the Cantilever Test
hold them in place.
2.2 Statistical Analysis Software:
6. Apparatus
6.1 Handle-O-Meter Tester, (Fig. 1), having the following
parts:
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
Specific. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002. Published December 2002. is Thwing-Albert Instrument Co., Philadelphia, PA. If you are aware of alternative
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
SAS Institute, Box 8000, Cary, NC 27511. technical committee , which you may attend.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6828–02
FIG. 1 Handle-O-Meter Tester
6.1.1 Specimen Platform,consistingoftwoadjustableplates be used to correctly position the specimen prior to testing so
capable of forming an opening between the two plates. that the stiffness of four different areas of the specimen can be
6.1.2 Penetrating Blade, to force the fabric into the slot determined. Label specimen to maintain identity.
between the plates.
7.3.1 For fabric widths 100 mm (4 in.) or more, take no
6.1.3 Penetrator Beam, to move the Penetrator Blade. specimens closer than 25 mm (1 in) from the selvage edges of
6.1.4 ForceMeasuringDevice,operatingatapredetermined
the laboratory sampling unit.
capacity, to measure the force required to force the fabric into
7.3.2 For fabric widths less than 150 mm (4 in.), use the
the slot.
entire width of the laboratory sampling unit for specimens.
6.1.5 Calibration Weight, for calibration of the force appro-
7.3.3 Ensure specimens are free of folds, creases, or
priate for the Penetrator Blade.
wrinkles.Avoidgettingoil,water,grease,etc.onthespecimens
6.2 Specimen Marking Template,102by100 65.0mm(4.0
when handling.
by 4.0 6 0.2 in.).
7.3.4 If the fabric has a pattern, ensure that the specimens
are a representative sampling of the pattern.
7. Sampling and Test Specimens
7.1 Primary Sampling Unit—Consider material as put-up
8. Preparation of Apparatus
for shipment to be the primary sampling unit, such as rolls,
8.1 Place the tester on a flat surface and level according to
bolts or pieces of fabric, or carton of garments or flat goods, as
manufacturers instructions.
applicable. (See Annex A1.)
8.2 Install Penetrator Beam Assembly. Selection of beam is
7.2 Laboratory Sampling Unit—As a laboratory sampling
determined by thickness and weight of the fabric. Most fabrics
unit take from rolls at least one full-width piece of fabric that
will require a 1000 g beam.
is1m(1yd)in length along the selvage (machine direction),
8.3 Engage the power control and allow 15 min for the
after first removinga1m(1yd) length.
circuitry to stabilize.
7.3 Test Specimens—From each laboratory sampling unit,
8.4 Calibrate the instrument by placing the calibration
take five specimens 100 by 100 6 2.5 mm (4 by 4 6 0.1 in.).
weight specified on the upper edge of the blade. The reading
Take specimens representing a broad distribution from differ-
will be a negative number. Make necessary adjustments as
ent positions diagonally across the width of the laboratory
directed in the instruction manual.
sampling unit. Specimens should be staggered in such a
manner that no specimens contain the same yarns. With the 8.5 Set the width of the slot by moving the plates to the
face of the specimen up, place a small locator mark in the desired location as directed in the instruction manual. Slot
lower right hand corner of the specimen parallel to the widthisdeterminedbythefabrictobetested.Mostfabricswill
warp/machine direction (MD). (SeeAnnexA2.) The mark will require a 10 mm (0.40 in.) slot width.
D6828–02
8.6 Select Quadruple mode using Mode button on control 11. Calculation
panel.
11.1 DetermineTotal Stiffness of each specimen (seeAnnex
8.7 Maintenance (see Annex A3).
A2).
11.2 Average Total Stiffness measurements for each labora-
9. Conditioning
tory sampling unit using values from the individual specimens.
Calculate the standard deviation of the specimens.
9.1 Bring the test specimens to moisture equilibrium for
testing in the standard atmosphere for testing textiles as
12. Report
directed in Practice D 1776 or, if applicable, in the specified
12.1 State that the specimens were tested as directed in Test
atmosphere in which the testing is to be performed.
Method D 6828. Describe the material or product sampled and
sampling method used.
10. Procedure
12.2 Report the following information:
10.1 Make all the tests in the standard atmosphere for
12.2.1 Total stiffness of each specimen and the average
testing.
stiffness of the specimens from each laboratory sampling unit.
10.2 Zero the instrument by pressing the zero/force button
12.2.2 Dimensions of the test specimens.
to obtain a zero reading on the force display.
12.2.3 Testing conditions used.
10.3 Placespecimenface-upovertheslotontheplatformso
12.2.4 Slot width and Penetrator Beam used and ins
...

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ASTM D1388-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Stiffness of Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In general, these procedures are more suitable for testing woven fabrics than knit fabrics.  
5.2 Both test options in this test method are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.2.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. Test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.  
5.3 The stiffness of a fabric may change with storage.  
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1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers...

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ASTM
ASTM D3786/D3786M-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Bursting Strength of Textile Fabrics—Diaphragm Bursting Strength Tester Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method for the determination of diaphragm bursting strength of knitted, nonwoven and woven fabrics is being used by the textile industry for the evaluation of a wide variety of end uses.  
5.2 In cases where test results obtained using the procedures in Test Method D3786 have not been correlated with actual performance, Test Method D3786 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fabrics for bursting strength since the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. In cases where disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using Test Method D3786 for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of the supplier should be determined with comparison based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one sample of material of the type being evaluated.
Note 2: The kind of load transfer and stretch that occur when knitted goods and nonwoven fabrics are worn are prevented by clamping them as described in this method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the resistance of textile fabrics to bursting using a hydraulic or pneumatic diaphragm bursting tester. This test method is generally applicable to a wide variety of textile products.  
1.2 This test method may also be applicable for stretch woven and woven industrial fabrics such as inflatable restraints. As new materials that may exceed the range of the instrument are developed, please refer to the reporting section and consider using Test Methods D3787 or D6797 instead.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: For the measurement of the bursting strength by means of a ball burst mechanism, refer to Test Method D3787.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D737-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Permeability of Textile Fabrics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and this test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.  
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, ensure the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and are randomly assigned in equal number to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.  
5.2 Air permeability is an important factor in the performance of such textile materials as gas filters, fabrics for air bags, clothing, mosquito netting, parachutes, sails, tentage, and vacuum cleaners. In filtration, for example, efficiency is directly related to air permeability. Air permeability also can be used to provide an indication of the breathability of weather-resistant and rainproof fabrics, or of coated fabrics in general, and to detect changes during the manufacturing process.  
5.3 Performance specifications, both industrial and military, have been prepared on the basis of air permeability and are used in the purchase of fabrics where permeability is of interest.  
5.4 Construction factors and finishing techniques can have an appreciable effect upon air permeability by causing a change in the length of airflow paths through a fabric. Hot calendaring can be used to flatten fabric components, thus reducing...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the air permeability of textile fabrics.  
1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knitted fabrics, layered fabrics, and pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values stated in inch-pound units may be approximate.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4850-23(Terminology)
Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the industry related to textile fabrics. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included. Other terminology standards that have terms related to textile fabrics are shown in 2.1  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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