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ASTM D3850-94(2000)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Rapid Thermal Degradation of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials By Thermogravimetric Method (TGA)

Standard Test Method for Rapid Thermal Degradation of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials By Thermogravimetric Method (TGA)

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1.1 This test method outlines a procedure for obtaining thermogravimetric (TGA) data on solid polymeric materials intended for use as electrical insulating materials.
1.2 Do not use this standard to quantify an estimate of the long-term thermal capability for any electrical insulating material. If a relationship exists between TGA and the long-term thermal capabilities of a material, then that fact must be established and made public, preferably by comparing data between a candidate and another material known to display similar failure modes.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard.
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1999
ICS
29.035.01 - Insulating materials in general
Technical Committee
D09 - Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials
Drafting Committee
D09.17 - Fire and Thermal Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D3850-94(2006) - Standard Test Method for Rapid Thermal Degradation of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials By Thermogravimetric Method (TGA)
Effective Date
01-Apr-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2785-14(2022) - Standard Test Method for Exposure of Firestop Materials to Severe Environmental Conditions
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM F2896-23 - Standard Specification for Reinforced Polyethylene Composite Pipe For The Transport Of Oil And Gas And Hazardous Liquids
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5389-93(2019) - Standard Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement by Acoustic Velocity Meter Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000

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ASTM D3850-94(2000) - Standard Test Method for Rapid Thermal Degradation of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials By Thermogravimetric Method (TGA)ASTM D3850-94(2000) - Standard Test Method for Rapid Thermal Degradation of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials By Thermogravimetric Method (TGA)
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ASTM D3850-94(2000) - Standard Test Method for Rapid Thermal Degradation of Solid Electrical Insulating Materials By Thermogravimetric Method (TGA)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:D3850–94 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Rapid Thermal Degradation of Solid Electrical Insulating
Materials By Thermogravimetric Method (TGA)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3850; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method outlines a procedure for obtaining 3.1 Definitions—Definitions are in accordance with Termi-
thermogravimetric (TGA) data on solid polymeric materials nology D883, Terminology D1711, and Terminology E473.
intended for use as electrical insulating materials. 3.2 Abbreviations—Abbreviations are in accordance with
1.2 Do not use this standard to quantify an estimate of the Terminology D1600, unless otherwise indicated.
long-term thermal capability for any electrical insulating ma-
4. Summary of Test Method
terial. If a relationship exists between TGA and the long-term
thermal capabilities of a material, then that fact must be 4.1 This thermogravimetric technique uses the record of the
mass loss versus the temperature of the specimen during the
established and made public, preferably by comparing data
between a candidate and another material known to display time of exposure to a specified prescribed environment using a
controlled time rate of heating.
similar failure modes.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are the standard. 4.2 The record is a TGAcurve, with percent of initial mass
astheordinateandtemperatureastheabscissa(seeFigs.1and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 2).
4.3 The temperature is measured and recorded at specified
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
masslosspoints(recordedasaTGAcurve),usinganelectronic
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. chart recorder or other suitable data acquisition device.
5. Significance and Use
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.1 Thermogravimetry is useful in determining the dynamic
functional effect of temperature on the amount of volatile
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1600 Terminology of Abbreviated Terms Relating to materials leaving a specimen as the latter is heated progres-
sively to higher temperatures. TGA can be useful for process
Plastics
D1711 Terminology Relating to Electrical Insulation control, process development, material evaluation, and for
identification and quality control in specifications.
D2307 Test Method for Relative Thermal Endurance of
Film-Insulated Round Magnet Wire 5.2 The thermal stability of a material can be associated
with the degree and time rate of mass loss as a function of
E220 Method for Calibration of Thermocouples by Com-
parison Techniques temperature. TGAcurves can, therefore, be used as a prelimi-
nary screen method in the evaluation of relative behavior of
E473 Terminology Relating to Thermal Analysis
E914 Practice for Evaluating Temperature Scale for Ther- insulating materials of the same generic family.
5.3 The functional temperature-life relationship of an insu-
mogravimetry
E1582 Practice For Calibration of Temperature Scale For lating material in any given application depends on a number
of service and environmental factors. Therefore, the informa-
Thermogravimetry
tion obtained from TGA curves is not adequate by itself to
describe the thermal capability of an insulating material.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D09 on
5.4 Refer to the Appendix for further discussion of the
Electrical and Electronic Insulating Materials and is the direct responsibility of
interpretation of TGA data.
Subcommittee D09.17 on Thermal Capabilities.
Current edition approved June 15, 1994. Published August 1994. Originally
6. Apparatus
published as D3850–79. Last previous edition D3850–84.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.
6.1 Thermogravimetric Analyzer—A system of related in-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 10.01.
4 struments comprising:
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. 6.1.1 Microbalance, of the null type, sensitive to 0.001 mg,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3850
Sample 8.54 mg Heating Rate 5°C/min Purging Gas Flow 0.8 mL/s
FIG. 1 Curve No. 1, Typical TGA for Polyester Film
Sample 5.93 mg Heating Rate 5°C/min Purging Gas Flow 0.8 mL/s
FIG. 2 Curve No. 2, Typical TGA for Polyimide Film
having a dew point of at or below−10°C.
6.1.2 Furnace, controllable at a constant rate over a tem-
perature range of interest, typically 25 to 1000°C,
7. Sampling
6.1.3 Temperature Programmer, capable of providing a
7.1 Usesamplingplansasdescribedinspecificationsortest
linear rate of rise of the furnace at a predetermined value
methods specific to individual electrical insulating materials.
(normally 5°C/min) with a tolerance of 6 0.1°C/min,
6.1.4 Suitable Data Acquisition Device, and
8. Test Specimens
6.1.5 Supply of Purging Gas.
8.1 Prepare test specimens in accordance with the test
NOTE 1—For many applications, the purging gas is nitrogen or air method applicable to the material under investigation.
D3850
8.2 Generally, it is found that specimens of 2 to 20 mg are 10.1.2 Curing time and temperature in the case of resin
satisfactory,dependingontheconfigurationandtestapparatus. specimens,
Test results depend in part on the size and shape of specimen, 10.1.3 Mass, approximate dimensions and form (for ex-
due to thermal equilibrium and diffusion effects. ample, film, laminate, molded) of the specimen,
10.1.4 Heating rate,
8.3 When the specimen is a coating on a substrate, the total
mass may be substantially greater, because of the mass 10.1.5 Rate of flow and type of gas used for purging,
10.1.6 TGA curve of material evaluated, and
contribution of the substrate material.
10.1.7 Temperatures at which losses of initial specimen
mass, if obtained, of 10, 20, 30, 50, and 75% occur.
9. Procedure
NOTE 3—Do not list temperatures that exceed the resolution of the
9.1 Calibrate the balance at full scale to within 6 0.01 mg,
instrumentation. Normally this is not to be greater than 2.5°C. Report the
following the recommended procedure.
resolution.
9.2 Calibrate the temperature-sensing system to within 6
1°C (see Method E220), following the recommended proce-
11. Precision and Bias
dure.
11.1 Thistestmethodisbasedonthedynamicmeasurement
9.2.1 Position the temperature sensor to prevent contact
of mass loss as a function of increasing temperature. Devia-
with specimens which may become distorted during heating.
tions in results that affect precision are caused by variations in
9.2.2 Temperature calibration is critical and the method
a number of complex factors (for example, physical irregulari-
employedwillvarywiththeapparatus.Calibrateinaccordance
ties of the specimen, variations in the purging gas composition
with Practice E1582.
and flow characteristics) and g
...

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1.1 This terminology standard is a compilation of technical terms associated with testing and specifying solid electrical and electronic insulating materials.  
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6.1 Method—It is possible that electrical insulation in service will fail as a result of tracking, erosion, or a combination of both, if exposed to high relative humidity and contamination environments. This is particularly true of organic insulations in outdoor applications where the surface of the insulation becomes contaminated by deposits of moisture and dirt, for example, coal dust or salt spray. This test method is an accelerated test that simulates extremely severe outdoor contamination. It is believed that the most severe conditions likely to be encountered in outdoor service in the United States will be relatively mild compared to the conditions specified in this test method.  
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6.1 Thermal degradation is often a major factor affecting the life of insulating materials and the equipment in which they are used. The temperature index provides a means for comparing the thermal capability of different materials in respect to the degradation of a selected property (the aging criterion). This property needs to directly or indirectly represent functional needs in application. For example, it is possible that a change in dielectric strength will be of direct, functional importance. However, more often it is possible that a decrease in dielectric strength will indirectly indicate the development of undesirable cracking (embrittlement). A decrease in flexural strength has the potential to be of direct importance in some applications, but also has the potential to indirectly indicate a susceptibility to failure in vibration. Often, it is necessary that two or more criteria of failure be used; for example, dielectric strength and flexural strength.  
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5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with heat and smoke release and resulting from burning the materials insulating electrical or optical fiber cables, when made into cables and installed on a vertical cable tray. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner. The ignition source used in this test method is also described as a premixed flame flaming ignition source in Practice E3020, which contains an exhaustive compilation of ignition sources.  
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Standard Test Method for Smoke Obscuration of Insulating Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray Configuration

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5.1 This test method provides a means to measure a variety of fire-test-response characteristics associated with smoke obscuration and resulting from burning the electrical insulating materials contained in electrical or optical fiber cables. The specimens are allowed to burn freely under well ventilated conditions after ignition by means of a propane gas burner.  
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1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.  
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1.3 This test method provides two different protocols for exposing the materials, when made into cable specimens, to an ignition source (approximately 20 kW), for a 20 min test duration. Use it to determine the flame propagation and smoke release characteristics of the materials contained in single and multiconductor electrical or optical fiber cables designed for use in cable trays.  
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1.5 Data describing the burning behavior from ignition to the end of the test are obtained.  
1.6 The production of light obscuring smoke is measured.  
1.7 The burning behavior is documented visually, by photographic or video recordings, or both.  
1.8 The test equipment is suitable for making other, optional, measurements, including the rate of heat release of the burning specimen, by an oxygen consumption technique and weight loss.  
1.9 Another set of optional measurements are the concentrations of certain toxic gas species in the combustion gases.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI 10.)  
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ASTM D6194-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Glow-Wire Ignition of Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 During operation of electrical equipment, including wires, resistors, and other conductors, it is possible for overheating to occur under certain conditions of operation, or when malfunctions occur. When this happens, a possible result is ignition of the adjacent insulation material.  
5.2 This test method assesses the susceptibility of electrical insulating materials to ignition as a result of exposure to a glowing wire.  
5.3 This test method determines the minimum temperature required to ignite a material by the effect of a glowing heat source, under the specified conditions of test.  
5.4 This method is suitable, subject to the appropriate limitations of an expected precision of ±15 %, to categorize materials.  
5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
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1.1 This test method covers the minimum temperature required to ignite insulating materials using a glowing heat source. In a preliminary fashion, this test method differentiates between the susceptibilities of different materials with respect to their resistance to ignition due to an electrically-heated source.  
1.2 This test method applies to molded or sheet materials available in thicknesses ranging from 0.25 mm to 6.4 mm.  
1.3 This test method is not valid for determining the ignition behavior of complete electrotechnical equipment, since the design of the electrotechnical product influences the heat transfer between adjacent parts.  
1.4 This test method measures and describes the response or materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. (See IEEE/ASTM SI-10 for further details.)For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.  
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ASTM
ASTM D5374-22a(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Forced-Convection Laboratory Ovens for Evaluation of Electrical Insulation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Ovens used for thermal evaluation of insulating materials are to be capable of maintaining uniform conditions of temperature and air circulation over the extended periods of time that are required for conducting these tests. Specification D5423 specifies the permissible variations from absolute uniformity that have been accepted internationally for these ovens. These test methods include procedures for measuring these variations and other specified characteristics of the ovens.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for evaluating the characteristics of forced-convection ventilated electrically-heated ovens, operating over all or part of the temperature range from 20 °C above the ambient temperature to 500 °C and used for thermal endurance evaluation of electrical insulating materials.  
1.2 These test methods are based on IEC Publication 60216-4-1, and are technically identical to it. This compilation of test methods and an associated specification, D5423, have replaced Specification D2436.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D3394-16(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Electrical Insulating Board

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
19.1 Apparent density affects the dielectric and physical characteristics of insulating board and is a factor in the economics of its use in apparatus. This test is useful for specification, design, and quality control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the sampling and testing of electrical insulating boards. These boards are porous, usually fibrous sheets used for dielectric and structural purposes in electrical apparatus.  
1.2 These test methods are not intended for testing vulcanized fibre or molded laminated sheets.  
1.3 These test methods are applicable to board materials having a nominal thickness of at least 0.030 in. (0.76 mm).  
Note 1: For materials thinner than 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) see Test Methods D202.  
1.4 The test methods appear in the following sections:    
Sections  
ASTM Method
Reference  
Apparent Density  
18 – 23  
Aqueous Extract Characteristics  
36 – 42  
D202  
Ash Content  
43 – 46  
T 413  
Compatibility with Dielectric
Liquids  
47 – 52  
D664, D877, D924,
D971, D974, D1169,
D1500, D1816,
D3455, D3487  
Compressibility  
79 – 85  
Conditioning  
11  
D685  
Degree of Polymerization  
86 – 89  
D4243  
Dielectric Strength in Air  
53 – 59  
D149  
Dielectric Strength in Oil  
60 – 65  
D149, D2413, D3426  
Dimensions of Sheets  
12 – 17  
Moisture Content  
31 – 35  
D644  
Oil Absorption  
72 – 78  
Reports  
10  
Sampling  
6 – 9  
D3636  
Shrinkage  
24 – 30  
D644  
Tensile Properties  
66 – 71  
D202  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4063-99(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Pressboard for Electrical Insulating Purposes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes as well as for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus. Pressboards under this specification are of three types: Type 1 consists of high-purity (Grade 1.1) calendered pressboards, while Type 2 consists of normal-purity (Grades 2.1.1, 2.2.1, 2.3.1, and 2.3.2) calendered pressboards. Precompressed pressboards (Grades 3.1.1, 3.2.1, and 3.3) fall under Type 3. Not included in this specification, however, are pressboards comprised of two or more sheets laminated together using an adhesive. Pressboards shall be manufactured from unbleached kraft pulp, cotton pulp, or a combination of both, and shall conform to the thickness, density, surface texture (smooth calendered surface for Types1 and 2, and fine-textured finish for Type 3), and color (from tan to blue-gray, depending on the pressboard's grade) requirements specified. The pressboard must also be free of dirt, metal particles, and other foreign material. Tests for apparent density, thickness, moisture and ash content, aqueous extract conductivity, chloride content, tensile strength, pH of aqueous extract, dielectric strength in air and in oil, shrinkage, and compressibility shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers pressboard for electrical insulating purposes, manufactured from kraft, cotton, or kraft and cotton pulps. This board is intended for dielectrical or structural purposes in transformers and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 Electrical insulating boards are most commonly referred to (and will be referred to herein) as pressboard. Other terms used for pressboard include transformer board, fuller board, and presspan.  
1.3 This specification covers pressboard having a nominal thickness of 0.030 to 0.315 in. (0.8 to 8.0 mm). For thinner material refer to Specification D1305.  
1.4 The maximum thickness available will differ with the type and the manufacturer. The maximum sheet size will differ with the thickness, type, and manufacturer.  
1.5 Pressboard shall normally be plied wet without pasting. Unless specified by the purchaser, this specification does not include pressboard comprised of two or more sheets that have been laminated together using an adhesive.
Note 1: The materials described in this specification are similar to corresponding types of pressboard described in IEC Specification 641-3, Sheet 1, Types B.0.1, B.2.1, B.2.3, B.3.1, and B.3.3.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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