ASTM C1116-00

Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers all forms of fiber-reinforced concrete that are delivered to a purchaser with the ingredients uniformly mixed, and that can be sampled and tested at the point of delivery. It does not cover the placement, consolidation, curing, or protection of the fiber-reinforced concrete after delivery to the purchaser.
1.2 Certain sections of this specification are also applicable to fiber-reinforced concrete intended for shotcreting by the dry-mix process when sampling and testing of concrete is possible only at the point of placement. In this case, the sections dealing with batching plant, mixing equipment, mixing and delivery, and measurement of workability and air content, are not applicable.
1.3 This specification does not cover thin-section glass fiber-reinforced concrete manufactured by the spray-up process that is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee C27.40.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test method portion, Sections 15 and 18, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Jan-2002
• ICS: 91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
• Technical Committee: C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
• Drafting Committee: C09.42 - Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM C1116-02 - Standard Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F2480-18 - Standard Guide for In-ground Concrete Skatepark
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D7357-07(2019) - Standard Specification for Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F1090-15 - Standard Classification for Bank and Mercantile Vault Construction
• Effective Date: 10-Jan-2002

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: C 1116 – 00
Standard Specification for
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Shotcrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1116; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope and Sawed Beams of Concrete
C 78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using
1.1 This specification covers all forms of fiber-reinforced
Simple Beam with Third-Point Loading)
concrete that are delivered to a purchaser with the ingredients
C 94 Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
uniformly mixed, and that can be sampled and tested at the
C 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
point of delivery. It does not cover the placement, consolida-
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube
tion, curing, or protection of the fiber-reinforced concrete after
Specimens)
delivery to the purchaser.
C 138 Test Method for Unit Weight, Yield, and Air Content
1.2 Certain sections of this specification are also applicable
(Gravimetric) of Concrete
to fiber-reinforced concrete intended for shotcreting by the
C 143 Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic Cement Con-
dry-mix process when sampling and testing of concrete is
crete
possible only at the point of placement. In this case, the
C 150 Specification for Portland Cement
sections dealing with batching plant, mixing equipment, mix-
C 172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Concrete
ing and delivery, and measurement of workability and air
C 173 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
content, are not applicable.
Concrete by the Volumetric Method
1.3 This specification does not cover thin-section glass
C 191 Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Ce-
fiber-reinforced concrete manufactured by the spray-up process
ment by Vicat Needle
that is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Subcommittee C27.40.
C 192 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Speci-
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
mens in the Laboratory
as the standard.
C 231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains only to
Concrete by the Pressure Method
the test method portion, Sections 15 and 18, of this specifica-
C 260 Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Con-
tion: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety
crete
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
C 330 Specification for Lightweight Aggregates for Struc-
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
tural Concrete
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
C 387 Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials
limitations prior to use.
for Mortar and Concrete
2. Referenced Documents C 494 Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
C 567 Test Method for Unit Weight of Structural Light-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
weight Concrete
A 820 Specification for Steel Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced
C 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
Concrete
C 618 Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined
C 31 Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Speci-
Natural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture in
mens in the Field
Portland Cement Concrete
C 33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C 637 Specification for Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding
C 39 Test Method for Strength of Cylindrical Concrete
Concrete
Specimens
C 666 Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid
C 42 Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores
Freezing and Thawing
C 684 Test Method for Making, Accelerated Curing, and
1 3
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Testing of Concrete Compression Test Specimens
Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C 685 Specification for Concrete Made by Volumetric
C09.42 on Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.
Batching and Continuous Mixing
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2000. Published November 2000. Originally
published as C 1116 – 89. Last previous edition C 1116 – 97.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.04.
3 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1116
C 887 Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials cal compatibility with the normally alkaline environment
for Surface Bonding Mortar within cement paste, and their resistance to service conditions
C 995 Test Method for Time of Flow of Fiber-Reinforced encountered within uncracked concrete or as a consequence of
Concrete Through Inverted Slump Cone cracking, involving, for example, carbon dioxide, chlorides or
C 1017 Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in sulphates in solution with water and oxygen or ultraviolet light
Producing Flowing Concrete in the atmosphere. The magnitude of improvements in the
C 1018 Test Method for Flexural Toughness and First- mechanical properties of the concrete or shotcrete imparted by
Crack Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam fibers also reflects the material characteristics of the fiber type
with Third-Point Loading) with fibers having a high modulus of elasticity and tensile
C 1077 Practice for Laboratories Testing Concrete and Con- strength being more effective on an equivalent volume basis
crete Aggregates for Use in Construction and Criteria for than fibers of low modulus and strength.
Laboratory Evaluation 4.1.1 Type I Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete or Shotcrete—
C 1141 Specification for Admixtures for Shotcrete Contains stainless steel, alloy steel, or carbon steel fibers, (see
C 1240 Specification for Silica Fume for Use in Hydraulic- Note 1).
Cement Concrete and Mortar
NOTE 1—Steel fibers are not easily damaged by the mixing or shotcret-
C 1399 Test Method for Obtaining Average Residual-
ing processes and are chemically compatible with the normally alkaline
Strength of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
environment within cement paste. Carbon steel fibers will rust under
D 512 Test Methods for Chloride Ion in Water conditions that cause rusting of conventional steel, for example, in the
near-surface portion of concrete subject to carbonation.
D 516 Test Methods for Sulfate Ion in Water
2.2 ACI Standards and Reports:
4.1.2 Type II Glass Fiber-Reinforced Concrete or
211.1 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Nor-
Shotcrete—Contains alkali-resistant glass fibers, (see Note 2).
mal and Heavyweight Concrete
NOTE 2—Glass fibers in concrete or shotcrete subjected to wetting,
211.2 Standard Practice for Selecting Proportions for Struc-
humid atmosphere, or contact with moist ground have the potential to
tural Lightweight Concrete
react with the alkalies present in cement paste thereby weakening the
214 Recommended Practice for Evaluation of Strength Test
fibers. They also tend to become embrittled by hydration products
Results of Concrete
penetrating the fiber bundles and filling the interstitial spaces between the
506.1R, State-of-the-Art Report on Fiber-Reinforced Shot- individual glass filaments. Both mechanisms cause reductions in strength,
toughness, and impact resistance with age. The alkali-resistant (AR) types
crete
of glass fiber developed for use with cement are more resistant to alkalies
506.2 Specification for Materials, Proportioning and Appli-
than the E-glass and other types not marketed specifically for use in
cation of Shotcrete
cement, and should be used in conjunction with established techniques for
506 R, Guide for Shotcreting
suppressing the alkali-silica reaction, for example, use of a low-alkali
544.3R Guide for Specifying, Mixing, Placing and Finish-
cement or a mineral admixture, or both. However, even the use of
ing Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
AR-glass fibers does not prevent deterioration in glass fiber-reinforced
2.3 AASHTO Standard: concrete exposed to moisture for a long period of time, but only slows the
rate at which it occurs.
T26 Test Method for Solids Content of Wash Water
Glass fibers can be damaged by conventional concrete mixing processes
employing coarse aggregate, but have been used in shotcrete and in other
3. Terminology
cementitious matrices such as mechanically mixed masonry mortar (see
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Specification C 887) and thin-section glass fiber-reinforced concrete
3.1.1 fibers—slender and elongated filaments in the form of
prepared by the spray-up process (under the jurisdiction of ASTM
bundles, networks, or strands of any natural or manufactured Subcommittee C27.40).
material that can be distributed throughout freshly mixed
4.1.3 Type III Synthetic Fiber-Reinforced Concrete or
concrete.
Shotcrete—Contains virgin homopolymer polypropylene fibers
3.1.2 manufacturer—the contractor, subcontractor, supplier,
or other synthetic fibers for which documentary evidence can
or producer who furnishes the fiber-reinforced concrete.
be produced confirming their long-term resistance to deterio-
3.1.3 purchaser—the owner or representative thereof.
ration when in contact with the moisture and alkalies present in
cement paste or the substances present in air-entraining and
4. Classification
chemical admixtures, (see Note 3 and 4.2).
4.1 This specification classifies fiber-reinforced concrete or
NOTE 3—Fibers composed of some polymers may deteriorate when in
shotcrete by the material type of the fiber incorporated. The
contact with moisture, alkalies, or some of the ingredients of chemical
performance of a fiber-reinforced concrete or shotcrete de-
admixtures.
pends strongly upon the susceptibility of the fibers to physical
4.2 When the purchaser chooses to permit the use of fibers
damage during the mixing or shotcreting process, their chemi-
other than those complying with the classifications in 4.1, for
example: natural fibers, metallic fibers other than steel, carbon
fibers, etc., the producer shall show evidence satisfactory to the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01.
purchaser that the type of fiber proposed for use does not react
Available from American Concrete Institute, PO Box 19150, Detroit, MI,
adversely with the concrete or shotcrete matrix, including the
48219.
constituents of any admixtures present, or with the surrounding
Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials, Washington DC. environment in the cracked matrix, causing deterioration in
C 1116
mechanical properties with age under the exposure conditions slump is anticipated to be less than 2 in. (50 mm). Slump or
anticipated in the application. time of flow shall not be specified for shotcrete placed by the
dry process.
5. Basis of Purchase
NOTE 5—The time of flow of fiber-reinforced concrete through an
5.1 The basis of purchase for conventionally mixed fiber-
inverted slump cone, determined in accordance with Test Method C 995,
reinforced concrete shall be the cubic yard or cubic metre of
is a better indicator than slump (Test Method C 143) of the appropriate
freshly mixed and unhardened material as discharged from the level of workability for fiber-reinforced concrete placed by vibration
because such concrete can exhibit very low slump due to the presence of
mixer.
fibers and still be easily consolidated. Mixtures with a time of flow of 8 to
5.2 The volume of freshly mixed and unhardened material
15 s are readily consolidated by vibration. Consolidation becomes more
in a given batch shall be determined from the total weight of
difficult with increase in time of flow, and is extremely difficult even when
the batch divided by the unit weight in pounds per cubic foot
using internal vibration if the time of flow exceeds 30 s. Mixtures with a
or kilograms per cubic metre. The total weight of the batch
time of flow less than 8 s should be evaluated in terms of slump because
shall be calculated either as the sum of the weights of all
the time of flow is too short to determine with satisfactory precision, or
materials, including water, entering the batch, or as the net may not be determinable because the fiber-reinforced concrete flows
freely through the inverted cone.
weight of the concrete in the batch as delivered. The unit
weight shall be determined in accordance with Test Method
6.1.5 Air content when air-entrainment is required, based on
C 138 or C 567 from the average of at least three measure-
the air content of samples taken at the point of discharge, or
ments, each on a different sample. Sampling shall be in
when appropriate the point of placement, subject to the
accordance with Practice C 172.
tolerances hereinafter specified;
6.1.5.1 Air-entrainment shall not be specified for shotcrete
NOTE 4—It should be understood that the volume of hardened concrete
placed by the dry process.
may be, or may appear to be, less than expected due to waste and spillage,
over-excavation, spreading forms, some loss of entrained air, or settlement
NOTE 6—In selecting the specified air content, the purchaser should
of wet mixtures, none of which are the responsibility of the manufacturer.
consider the exposure conditions to which the concrete will be subjected.
Air contents less than shown in Table 1 may not produce adequate
5.3 The basis of purchase for fiber-reinforced shotcrete shall
resistance to freezing and thawing. Air contents higher than the levels
normally be the cubic yard or cubic metre. For wet-mix
shown may reduce strength without contributing further to freeze-thaw
shotcrete, the volume shall be calculated from the quantities
resistance.
delivered and the unit weight. For dry-mix shotcrete, the
6.1.6 When structural lightweight concrete is specified, the
volume shall be calculated from the weights of constituent
purchaser shall specify the unit weight as wet weight, air-dry
materials mixed and their respective specific gravities. At the
weight, or oven-dry weight.
option of the purchaser, where the surface to be shotcreted is
plane and a uniform finished thickness of shotcrete is specified,
NOTE 7—The unit weight of freshly mixed lightweight concrete, that is
the basis of purchase shall be the square yard or square metre.
the only unit weight determinable at the time of delivery, is always higher
than the air-dry or oven-dry weight. Definitions of, and methods for
6. Ordering Information
determining or calculating air-dry and oven-dry weights of lightweight
concrete are covered in
...