ASTM D1321-02

Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not greater than 250.
Note 1—This test method is similar to the needle method for determining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D 5. Cone methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test Methods D 217 and Test Method D 937, respectively.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Sep-2002
• ICS: 75.140 - Waxes, bituminous materials and other petroleum products
• Technical Committee: D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
• Drafting Committee: D02.10 - Properties of Petroleum Waxes and Alternative Wax-like Materials

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D1321-97 - Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
• Effective Date: 10-Sep-2002
• Replaced By: ASTM D1321-02a - Standard Test Method for Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D4872-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Dielectric Testing of Wire and Cable Filling Compounds
• Effective Date: 10-Sep-2002
• Referred By: ASTM C782-13(2023) - Standard Test Method for Softness of Preformed Tape Sealants
• Effective Date: 10-Sep-2002
• Referred By: ASTM D4730-13(2020) - Standard Specification for Flooding Compounds for Telecommunications Wire and Cable
• Effective Date: 10-Sep-2002
• Referred By: ASTM F3401-19 - Standard Test Method for Wax Binder Removal from Equestrian Synthetic Track Surfaces
• Effective Date: 10-Sep-2002

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: D 1321 – 02
Standard Test Method for
1
Needle Penetration of Petroleum Waxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1321; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope consistency or hardness of semiliquid to semisolid materials by
measuring the depth to which a specified cone or needle under
1.1 This test method covers the empirical estimation of the
a given force falls into the material.
consistency of waxes derived from petroleum by measurement
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, a standard pen-
of the extent of penetration of a standard needle. This test
etrometer needle (6.3) is used to determine the hardness of
method is applicable to waxes having a penetration of not
petroleum wax. The penetration force is determined by the
greater than 250.
total mass (100 g) of the needle, plunger, and 50 g weight.
NOTE 1—This test method is similar to the needle method for deter-
mining the penetration of bituminous material, Test Method D 5. Cone
4. Summary of Test Method
methods applicable to greases and to petrolatum are described in Test
4.1 The sample is melted, heated to 17°C (30°F) above its
Methods D 217 and Test Method D 937, respectively.
congealing point, poured into a container, and then air cooled
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
under controlled conditions. The sample then is conditioned at
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
test temperature in a water bath. Penetration is measured with
only.
a penetrometer, which applies a standard needle to the sample
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
for 5 s under a load of 100 g.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.1 Petroleum waxes differ in hardness. Needle penetration
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
is a measurement of hardness. Hardness may have a significant
effect upon other physical properties.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards: 6. Apparatus
2
D 5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials
6.1 Penetrometer, for applying the standard needle to the
D 217 Test Methods for Cone Penetration of Lubricating
surface of the sample specimen and for measuring the extent of
3
Grease
penetration at the conclusion of the test. The penetrometer shall
3
D 937 Test Method for Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
be constructed in such a manner that the accurate placement of
D 938 Test Method for Congealing Point of Petroleum
the tip of the needle at the level surface of the specimen may
3
Waxes, Including Petrolatum
be made while maintaining a “zero” reading on the indicator.
4
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
The apparatus shown in Fig. 1 represents a composite drawing
illustrating the two available types of instrument, one with an
3. Terminology
adjustable table and the other with an adjustable needle
3.1 Definitions:
assembly; the use of either type of instrument is permissible.
3.1.1 penetration, n, of petroleum wax—the depth in tenths
The loaded needle must fall, when released, without appre-
of a millimetre to which a standard needle penetrates into the
ciable friction. The instrument shall be provided with leveling
wax under defined conditions.
screws and a spirit level to maintain the plunger shaft in a true
3.1.2 penetrometer, n—an instrument that measures the
vertical position. The indicator scale shall be calibrated in
tenths of a millimetre division and shall have a range of at least
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
250 tenths of millimetres.
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
6.2 Timing Device—An automatic timing release mecha-
D02.10 on Properties of Petroleum Wax.
nism attached to the penetrometer may be used. Alternatively,
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2002. Published October 2002. Originally
a stop watch graduated in 0.1-s intervals may be used.
published as D 1321–54T. Last previous edition D 1321–97.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
6.3 Needle and Plunger—The needle shall be approxi-
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
mately 83 mm in length and conform to the dimensions shown
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken
...