ASTM E694-99(2005)
(Specification)Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
Standard Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
ABSTRACT
This specification covers general requirements for laboratory glass volumetric apparatus of Class A and B. The volumetric apparatus shall be manufactured from glass of suitable chemical and thermal properties, and shall be as free as possible from visible defects. Glasswares with a flat base shall stand firmly without rocking when placed on a level surface. For those requiring stoppers and stopcocks, glass stoppers shall be interchangeable while plastic stoppers used as alternative to glass ones shall be of inert plastic material. Stopcocks, on the other hand, shall permit smooth and precise control of outflow. Glasswares shall have clean, permanent graduation lines of uniform thickness confined to the cylindrical portions of their cross section, with the graduations lines being of Pattern I, II, or III and the unit of volume being cubic centimetre. Units of cubic decimeter or cubic millimetre may be used in special cases; however, only one unit of volume shall be used on the same piece of apparatus. Aside from graduation lines, the glassware shall bear inscriptions of the capacity, the temperature at which it is to be used, the method of use (whether to contain or to deliver), and for those that deliver though an outflow nozzle, the time required to empty the total nominal capacity with unrestricted outflow. Per service requirement, additional provisions may be specified as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers general requirements common to glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and tolerances for applicable instruments are given in other specifications as cited throughout this specification. Glass must conform to specifications E 438 and be calibrated in accordance with Practice E 542.
1.1.1 Class AEach instrument shall be marked with the letter A to signify compliance with applicable construction and accuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with an identification marker (serial number) at the option of the manufacturer.
1.1.2 Class BGeneral purpose instruments are of the same basic design as Class A. However, volumetric tolerances for Class B instruments shall be within twice the specified range allowed for Class A unless otherwise specified.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E694 – 99 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Specification for
Laboratory Glass Volumetric Apparatus
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E694; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E676 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground
Joints
1.1 This specification covers general requirements common
E788 Specification for Pipet, Blood Diluting
to glass volumetric apparatus. Specific dimensions and toler-
E911 Specification for Glass Stopcocks with Polytetrafluo-
ances for applicable instruments are given in other specifica-
roethylene (PTFE) Plugs
tionsascitedthroughoutthisspecification.Glassmustconform
E969 Specification for Glass Volumetric (Transfer) Pipets
to Specifications E438 and be calibrated in accordance with
E1045 Specification for Pipet, Sahli Hemoglobin
Practice E542.
E1272 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Cylin-
1.1.1 Class A—Each instrument shall be marked with the
ders
letter A to signify compliance with applicable construction and
E1878 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric
accuracy requirements. Instruments may be marked with an
Flasks, Special Use
identification marker (serial number) at the option of the
manufacturer.
3. General Requirements
1.1.2 Class B—Generalpurposeinstrumentsareofthesame
3.1 Units of Volume—The unit of volume shall be the cubic
basic design as Class A. However, volumetric tolerances for
3 3
centimetre(cm )or,inspecialcases,thecubicdecimetre(dm )
Class B instruments shall be within twice the specified range
or cubic millimetre (mm ).
allowed for Class A unless otherwise specified.
NOTE 1—The term millilitre (mL) is commonly used as a special name
2. Referenced Documents 3
for the cubic centimetre (cm ) and, similarly the litre for the cubic
2 3 3
decimetre (dm ) and the microlitre (µL) for the cubic millimetre (mm ),
2.1 ASTM Standards:
in accordance with the International System of Units (SI).
C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic Cement
E237 Specification for Laboratory Glass Microvolumetric
3.2 Standard Temperature—The standard reference tem-
Vessels (Volumetric Flasks and Centrifuge Tubes)
perature, that is, the temperature at which the article of
E287 Specification for Laboratory Glass Graduated Burets
volumetric glassware is intended to contain or deliver its
E288 Specification for Laboratory Glass Volumetric Flasks
nominal volume (nominal capacity), shall be 20°C.
E438 Specification for Glasses in Laboratory Apparatus
NOTE 2—When it is necessary in tropical countries to work at an
E542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric
ambient temperature considerably above 20°C, and it is not desired to use
Apparatus
the standard reference temperature of 20°C, it is recommended that a
E671 Specification for Maximum Permissible Thermal Re-
temperature of 27°C be adopted.
sidual Stress in Annealed Glass Laboratory Apparatus
3.3 Material and Annealing—Volumetric glassware shall be
E675 Specification for Interchangeable Taper-Ground Stop-
constructed of glass of suitable chemical and thermal proper-
cocks And Stoppers
ties.Itshallbeasfreeaspossiblefromvisibledefectsandshall
conform to Specification E671.
3.4 Limit of Error—On an article having multiple gradua-
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E41 on tion lines, the limit of volumetric error may occur at any
Laboratory Apparatus and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E41.01 on
graduation line unless otherwise specified. For example, on a
Apparatus.
100-mL graduated cylinder having a limit of error of 61.00
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published October 2005. Originally
mL, the volume at 10 mL could range from 9.00 to 11.00 mL.
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as E694 – 99. DOI:
10.1520/E0694-99R05.
3.5 Stability—Vessels provided with a flat base shall stand
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
firmly thereon without rocking when placed on a level surface
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
and, unless specified otherwise, the axis of the graduated
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. portion of the vessel should be vertical. Except for special
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E694 – 99 (2005)
cases, vessels shall not topple when placed empty and without of the article and a change of subdivision takes place). The
a stopper on a surface inclined at an angle to the horizontal of minimum distance, L, between the centers of adjacent gradu-
15° for sizes 25 cm or greater and 10° for vessels less than 25 ation lines shall be not less, in relation to diameter, than that
cm .Vesselsprovidedwithabasethatisnotcircularshallmeet calculated as follows:
this requirement in all directions.
L 5 ~0.8 1 0.02D! (1)
3.6 Stoppers and Stopcocks:
where D is the maximum permitted internal diameter of the
3.6.1 Stoppers—Glassstoppersshouldbegroundsoastobe
tube in millimetres (see also Annex A1).
interchangeable, in which case the ground portions shall be in
3.9 Length of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1)—On articles of
accordance with Specification E675. Stoppers of a suitable
circular cross section having a scale, the length of the gradu-
inert plastics material may be permitted as an alternative to
ation lines shall be varied so as to be clearly distinguishable
glass. In such cases, the glass socket into which the stopper fits
and shall be in accordance with the following provisions:
shall be in accordance with Specification E675. All stoppers
3.9.1 Graduation Pattern I:
shall bear a proper size identification.
3.9.1.1 The length of the short lines should be approxi-
3.6.2 Stopcocks—Stopcocks and similar devices shall be
mately, but not less than, 50 % of the circumference of the
designed to permit smooth and precise control of outflow and
article.
to prevent a rate of leakage greater than that allowed in the
3.9.1.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
specification for the article and shall be in accordance with
mately 65 % of the circumference of the article and should
Specification E675. Stopcocks shall be made from glass or
extend symmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short
from suitable inert plastics material.
lines.
3.7 Graduation Lines:
3.9.1.3 The long lines should extend completely around the
3.7.1 Graduation lines shall be clean, permanent lines of
circumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % of
uniform vertical thickness. This thickness shall be 0.2–0.6 mm
the circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).
for articles not having a scale. On articles having a scale, the
3.9.2 Graduation Pattern II:
specified thickness of the lines shall be 0.2–0.4 mm. All
3.9.2.1 The length of the short lines should be not less than
graduation lines shall lie in planes at right angles to the
10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of the
longitudinal axis of the graduated portion of the article. On
article.
articles provided with a flat base, the graduation lines shall
3.9.2.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
therefore lie in planes parallel to the base.
mately1.5timesthelengthoftheshortlinesandshouldextend
3.7.2 In general, graduation lines should be confined to
symmetrically at each end beyond the end of the short lines.
cylindrical portions of an article’s cross section and should
3.9.2.3 The long lines should extend completely around the
preferably be situated not less than 10 mm from any change in
circumference of the article, but a gap, not exceeding 10 % of
diameter. In special circumstances, preferably for Class B
the circumference, may be permitted (see 3.6).
articles only, graduation lines may be provided on a parallel
3.9.3 Graduation Pattern III:
side portion of noncircular cross section or on a conical or
tapered portion of the article. 3.9.3.1 The length of the short lines should not be less than
10 % and not more than 20 % of the circumference of the
3.7.3 On articles not having a scale, all graduation lines
should extend completely around the circumference of the article.
article, except that a gap, not exceeding 10 % of the circum- 3.9.3.2 The length of the medium lines should be approxi-
ference, may be permitted. In the case of an article that is mately1.5timesthelengthoftheshortlinesandshouldextend
symmetrically at each end beyond the ends of the short lines.
restricted as to the normal direction of viewing in use, the gap
should be at the right or left of the normal direction of view. 3.9.3.3 The length of the long lines should be not less than
3.8 Spacing of Graduation Lines—There should be no twice the length of the short lines and should extend symmetri-
evident irregularity spacing of graduation lines (except in cally at each end beyond the ends of the short and medium
special cases where the scale is on a conical or tapered portion lines.
FIG. 1 Position of Graduation Lines
E694 – 99 (2005)
3.9.4 In special cases where scales are required on noncir- 3.12 Two scales are not permitted on the same piece of
cular cross section or conical or tapered portions of an article, apparatus. For example, apparatus should not be graduated in
the requirements of 3.8.1, 3.8.2, or 3.8.3 should be modified bothfluidouncesandmillilitres(cubiccentimetres).Inthecase
appropriately. of two units, one of which is an exact multiple of the other,
3.10 Sequence of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 2): such, for example, as drams and fluid ounces, there is no
3.10.1 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the objective to having the 8-dr line, 16-dr line, etc., marked
smallest scale division is millilitre (or a decimal multiple or respectively, 1 fluid oz, 2 fluid oz, etc., provided that the two
submultiple thereof): series of numbers are placed on opposite sides of the apparatus
3.10.1.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line; and the value of each subdivision is suitably indicated.
3.10.1.2 There is a medium line midway between two
3.13 Figuring of Graduation Lines:
consecutive long lines; and
3.13.1 On articles with one graduation line, the number
3.10.1.3 There are four short lines between consecutive
representing nominal capacity may be included with the other
medium and long lines.
inscriptions and need not be adjacent to the graduation line.
3.10.2 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
3.13.2 On articles having two or three graduation lines, the
smallest scale division is 2 mL (or a decimal multiple or
numbers representing nominal capacity need not be adjacent to
submultiple thereof):
the lines to which they relate, if some other more suitable
3.10.2.1 Every fifth graduation line is a long line; and
method of identification is used.
3.10.2.2 There are four short lines between two consecutive
3.13.3 On articles having one principal graduation line and
long lines.
asmallnumberofsubsidiarylines,thenumberrepresentingthe
3.10.3 On articles in which the volume equivalent of the
principal capacity may be included with the other inscriptions
smallest scale division is 5 mL (or a decimal multiple or
as in 3.13.1 provided that the subsidiary graduation lines are
submultiple thereof):
suitably identified.
3.10.3.1 Every tenth graduation line is a long line;
3.13.4 On Articles Having a Scale:
3.10.3.2 There are four medium lines equally spaced be-
3.13.4.1 The scale shall be figured so as to enable the value
tween two consecutive long lines; and
3.10.3.3 There is one short line between two consecutive corresponding to each graduation line to be identified readily;
medium lines or between consecutive medium and long lines.
3.13.4.2 The scale should have normally only one set of
3.11 Position of Graduation Lines (see Fig. 1):
figures;
3.11.1 On articles graduated according to Pattern I with
3.13.4.3 At least every tenth line shall be figured;
vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.1, the ends of the short
3.13.4.4 Figures shall be confined to long graduation lines
graduationlinesshalllieonanimaginaryverticallinedownthe
and should be placed immediately above the line and slightly
center of the front of the article, the lines themselves extending
to the right of the adjacent shorter graduation lines; and
preferably to the left when the article is viewed from the front
in the position of normal use. NOTE 3—Wherelonglinescomplyingwith3.9.2areused(thatis,those
lines not extending completely around the article), an alternative scheme
3.11.2 On articles graduated according to Pattern II or III,
of figuring may be permitted, in which the figure is placed slightly to the
with vertical scales in accordance with 3.9.2 or 3.9.3, the
right of the end of the long line in such a way that an extension of the line
midpointsoftheshortandmediumgraduationlinesshalllieon
would bisect it.
an imaginary vertical line down the center of the front of the
article, when the article is viewed from the front in the position 3.13.4.5 Where it is necessary in special cases to use a
of normal use. number relating to a medium or short graduation line, the
FIG. 2 Length and Sequence of Graduation Lines
E694 – 99 (2005)
number should be placed slightly to the right of the end of the
line in such a way that an extension of the line would bisect it.
3.14 Inscriptions:
3.14.1 Every instrument shall bear in permanent legible
characters the capacity, the temperature at which it is to be
used, the method of use (that is, whether to contain or to
deliver), and on instruments that deliver through an outflow
nozzle, the time required to empty the total nominal capacity
with unrestricted outflow. The inscriptions may be engraved or
printed provided such marking is neat and clear. Grit-blasted
serial numbers will be permitted with the same provision.
Every instrument shall bear the name or trademark of the
maker.EveryClassAinstrumentmaybearthesymbol A.Serial
numbersmaybemarkedoneachinstrumentattheoptionofthe
manufacturer and detachable parts, such as stoppers, stop-
cocks, etc., belonging thereto, if not interchangeably ground,
shallbearthesamenumber.Interchangeableground-glassparts
FIG. 4 Examples of Graduated Cylinders
shall be marked on both members with the proper standard
taper symbol and the size designation, in accordance with
4. Special Requirements
Speci
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