ASTM D6693-04(2010)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Nonreinforced Polyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
Standard Test Method for Determining Tensile Properties of Nonreinforced Polyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible Polypropylene Geomembranes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is designed to produce tensile property data for the control and specification of nonreinforced polyethylene and flexible nonreinforced polypropylene geomembranes. These data are also useful for qualitative characterization and for research and development. It may be necessary to modify this procedure for use in testing certain materials as recommended by the material specifications. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material's specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
Tensile properties may vary with specimen preparation, test speed, and environment of testing. Consequently, where precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be carefully monitored and controlled.
It is realized that a material cannot be tested without also testing the method of preparation of that material. Hence, when comparative tests of materials are desired, the care must be exercised to ensure that all samples are prepared in exactly the same way, unless the test is to include the effects of sample preparation. Similarly, for referee purposes or comparisons within any given series of specimens, care must be taken to secure the maximum degree of uniformity in details of preparation, treatment, and handling.
Note 2—Tensile properties may provide useful data for plastics engineering design purposes. However, because of the high degree of sensitivity exhibited by many plastics to rate of straining and environmental conditions, data obtained by this test method cannot be considered valid for applications involving load-time scales or environments widely different from those of this test method. In cases of such dissimilarity, no reliable estimation of the limit of usefulness can be made for most plastics. This sensitivity to rate of straining and environment necessitates testing over a broad load-time scale and range of environmental conditions if tensile prop...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile properties of nonreinforced geomembranes in the form of standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, and machine speed.
1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials thickness between 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) and 6.3 mm (0.25 in.).
Note 1—This test method is not intended to cover precise physical procedures. The constant rate of crosshead movement of this test lacks accuracy from a theoretical standpoint. A wide difference may exist between the rate of crosshead movement and the rate of strain of the specimen indicating that the testing speeds specified may disguise important effects or characteristics of these materials in the plastic state. Further, it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test specimens, as permitted by this test method, produce variations in the surface-volume ratios of such specimens, and that these variations may influence the test results. Hence, where directly comparable results are desired, all samples should be of equal thickness. Special additional tests should be used where more precise physical data are needed.
1.3 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and may be appropriate for use in engineering design with consideration of test conditions as compared with in-service conditions.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D6693 − 04(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Tensile Properties of Nonreinforced
Polyethylene and Nonreinforced Flexible Polypropylene
Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6693; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tensile
D638 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics
properties of nonreinforced geomembranes in the form of
D4000 Classification System for Specifying Plastic Materi-
standard dumbbell-shaped test specimens when tested under
als
defined conditions of pretreatment, temperature, and machine
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
speed.
D5199 Test Method for Measuring the Nominal Thickness
1.2 This test method can be used for testing materials of Geosynthetics
thickness between 0.25 mm (0.010 in.) and 6.3 mm (0.25 in.). D5994 Test Method for Measuring Core Thickness of Tex-
tured Geomembranes
NOTE 1—This test method is not intended to cover precise physical
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
procedures. The constant rate of crosshead movement of this test lacks
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
accuracy from a theoretical standpoint. A wide difference may exist
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
between the rate of crosshead movement and the rate of strain of the
specimen indicating that the testing speeds specified may disguise
3. Terminology
important effects or characteristics of these materials in the plastic state.
Further, it is realized that variations in the thicknesses of test specimens,
3.1 Definitions—Definitions of terms applying to this test
as permitted by this test method, produce variations in the surface-volume
method appear in Terminology D4439.
ratios of such specimens, and that these variations may influence the test
results. Hence, where directly comparable results are desired, all samples
4. Significance and Use
shouldbeofequalthickness.Specialadditionaltestsshouldbeusedwhere
more precise physical data are needed. 4.1 This test method is designed to produce tensile property
data for the control and specification of nonreinforced poly-
1.3 Test data obtained by this test method are relevant and
ethylene and flexible nonreinforced polypropylene geomem-
may be appropriate for use in engineering design with consid-
branes. These data are also useful for qualitative characteriza-
eration of test conditions as compared with in-service condi-
tion and for research and development. It may be necessary to
tions.
modify this procedure for use in testing certain materials as
recommended by the material specifications. Therefore, it is
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
advisable to refer to that material’s specification before using
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
this test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the
only.
ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.2 Tensile properties may vary with specimen preparation,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
test speed, and environment of testing. Consequently, where
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
precise comparative results are desired, these factors must be
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
carefully monitored and controlled.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2.1 It is realized that a material cannot be tested without
also testing the method of preparation of that material. Hence,
when comparative tests of materials are desired, the care must
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D35 on
GeosyntheticsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD35.10onGeomem-
branes. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D6963–04. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D6693-04R10. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D6693 − 04 (2010)
be exercised to ensure that all samples are prepared in exactly specimen and the grip surface. No. 80 double-sided abrasive
the same way, unless the test is to include the effects of sample paper has been found effective in many cases. An open-mesh
preparation. Similarly, for referee purposes or comparisons fabric, in which the threads are coated with abrasive, has also
within any given series of specimens, care must be taken to been effective. Reducing the cross-sectional area of the speci-
secure the maximum degree of uniformity in details of men may also be effective. The use of special types of grips is
preparation, treatment, and handling. sometimes necessary to eliminate slippage and breakage in the
grips.
NOTE 2—Tensile properties may provide useful data for plastics
5.1.4 Drive Mechanism—A drive mechanism for imparting
engineering design purposes. However, because of the high degree of
to the movable member a uniform, controlled velocity with
sensitivity exhibited by many plastics to rate of straining and environ-
mental conditions, data obtained by this test method cannot be considered
respect to the stationary member, with this velocity to be
valid for applications involving load-time scales or environments widely
regulated as specified in Section 9.
different from those of this test method. In cases of such dissimilarity, no
5.1.5 Load Indicator—A suitable load-indicating mecha-
reliableestimationofthelimitofusefulnesscanbemadeformostplastics.
nism capable of showing the total tensile load carried by the
This sensitivity to rate of straining and environment necessitates testing
over a broad load-time scale and range of environmental conditions if test specimen when held by the grips.This mechanism shall be
tensile properties are to suffice for engineering design purposes.
essentially free of inertia lag at the specified rate of testing and
shall indicate the load with an accuracy of 61 % of the
5. Apparatus
indicated value, or better. The accuracy of the testing machine
5.1 Testing Machine—A testing machine of the constant-
shall be verified in accordance with Practices E4.
rate-of-crosshead-movement type and comprising essentially
NOTE 3—Experience has shown that many testing machines now in use
the following:
are incapable of maintaining accuracy for as long as the periods between
5.1.1 Fixed Member—A fixed or essentially stationary
inspection recommended in Practices E4. Hence, it is recommended that
member carrying one grip. each machine be studied individually and verified as often as may be
found necessary. It frequently will be necessary to perform this function
5.1.2 Movable Member—A movable member carrying a
daily.
second grip.
5.1.3 Grips—Grips for holding the test specimen between
6. Test Specimens
the fixed member and the movable member of the test
6.1 Sheet, Plate, and Molded Plastics:
apparatus can be either a fixed or self-aligning type.
6.1.1 The test specimens shall conform to the dimensions
5.1.3.1 Fixed grips are rigidly attached to the fixed and
shown in Fig. 1. This specimen geometry was adopted from
movable members of the test apparatus. Extreme care should
Test Method D638 and is therefore equivalent to Type IV of
be taken when this type of grip is used to ensure that the test
said standard.
specimen is inserted and clamped so that the long axis of the
6.1.2 Test specimens shall be prepared by die cutting from
test specimen coincides with the direction of pull through the
materials in sheet, plate, slab, or similar form.
centerline of the grip assembly.
5.1.3.2 Self-aligning grips are attached to the fixed and
6.2 All surfaces of the specimen shall be free of visible
movable members of the test apparatus. This type of grip
flaws, scratches, or imperfections. If the specimen exhibits
assembly is such that they will move freely into alignment as
such markings, it should be discarded and replaced. If these
soon as any load is applied as long as the long axis of the test
flaws or imperfections are present in the new specimen, the die
specimen will coincide with the direction of the applied pull
should be inspected for flaws.
through the centerline of the grip assembly. The specimens
NOTE 4—Negative effects from imperfections on the edge of the
should be aligned as perfectly as possible with the direction of
specimens can severely impact the results of this test and should therefore
pull so that no rotary motion will occur in the grips thereby
be carefully monitored. In cases of dispute over the results, inspection of
inducing slippage; there is a limit to the amount of misalign-
the die and specimen preparation should take place.
ment self-aligning grips will accommodate.
7. Conditioning
5.1.3.3 The test specimen shall be held in such a way that
slippage relative to the grips is prevented as much as possible.
7.1 Conditioning—Specimens should be tested once the
Grip surfaces that are deeply scored or serrated with a pattern
material has reached temperature equilibrium. The time re-
similar to those of a coarse single-cut file, serrations about
quired to reach a temperature equilibrium may vary according
2.4 mm (0.09 in.) apart and about 1.6 mm (0.06 in.) deep, have
to the manufacturing process, material type, and material
been found satisfactory for most thermoplastics. Finer serra-
thickness.
tions have been found to be more satisfactory for harder
7.2 Test Conditions—Conduct tests in the Standard Labora-
plastics, such as the thermosetting materials. The serrations
toryAtmosphere of 21 6 2°C (69.8 6 3.6°F) unless otherwise
should be kept clean and sharp. Breaking in the grips may
specified in the test methods.
occur at times, even when deep serrations or abraded specimen
surfacesareused;othertechniquesmustbeusedinthesecases. NOTE 5—A humidity requirement has intentionally been left out of the
test conditions due to the fact that polyolefins are not significantly affected
Other techniques that have been found useful, parti
...
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