ASTM A319-71(2020)

Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Elevated Temperatures for Non-Pressure-Containing Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification covers gray iron castings exposed to elevated temperatures for non-pressure containing parts such as grate bars, stoker links, stoker parts, oil still furnace parts, firebox parts, ingot molds, glass molds, caustic pots, and metal melting pots. The three classes of gray iron covered here are: Class I, possessing superior thermal shock resistance; Class II, possessing average thermal shock resistance and moderately good tensile strength; and Class III, possessing a higher tensile strength than either Classes I or II. It is the intention of this specification to classify the irons in accordance with their carbon content equivalent, wherein the equation for its calculation is given herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers three classes of gray iron suitable for castings exposed to temperatures encountered in such service as grate bars, stoker links, stoker parts, oil still furnace parts, firebox parts, ingot molds, glass molds, caustic pots, and metal melting pots.  
Note 1: This specification is general, covering cast irons normally used for the above types of service, at temperatures as high as 1400 °F (760 °C). It is not intended to imply that all three classes are suitable throughout this entire temperature range without regard to actual service stresses. Some are suitable for long service at the lower temperatures only, unless low stresses are involved.  
1.2 The three classes of gray iron covered by this specification are as follows:  
1.2.1 Class I,  possessing superior resistance to thermal shock,  
1.2.2 Class II,  possessing average resistance to thermal shock and a moderately good tensile strength (tensile strengths above 30 000 psi (207 MPa) may be expected), and  
1.2.3 Class III,  possessing a higher tensile strength than either Class I or II (tensile strengths as high as 40 000 psi (276 MPa) may be expected).  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2020
• ICS: 77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings
• Technical Committee: A04 - Iron Castings
• Drafting Committee: A04.01 - Grey and White Iron Castings

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM A319-71(2015) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Elevated Temperatures for Non-Pressure Containing Parts
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM A48/A48M-03(2012) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2012
• Refers: ASTM A48/A48M-03(2008) - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Refers: ASTM A48/A48M-03 - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2003
• Refers: ASTM A48/A48M-00 - Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings
• Effective Date: 10-May-2001
• Referred By: ASTM A834-95(2020) - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Iron Castings for General Industrial Use
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020

Overview

ASTM A319-71(2020): Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Elevated Temperatures for Non-Pressure-Containing Parts establishes critical guidelines for the production and quality of gray iron castings used in high-temperature, non-pressure applications. Published by ASTM International, this standard ensures that such components - including grate bars, stoker parts, furnace and firebox elements, ingot and glass molds, caustic pots, and metal melting pots - meet clear material and mechanical property criteria for reliability in service environments up to 1400 °F (760 °C).

The specification defines three classes of gray iron, each tailored to varying thermal shock resistance and tensile strength requirements. By following ASTM A319, manufacturers and end-users gain confidence in suitable material selection, machinability, chemical composition, and long-term performance under elevated temperatures.

Key Topics

• Classes of Gray Iron

  • Class I: Superior thermal shock resistance; suitable where resistance to rapid temperature changes is critical.
  • Class II: Average thermal shock resistance with moderate tensile strength (expected above 30,000 psi/207 MPa).
  • Class III: Higher tensile strength (up to 40,000 psi/276 MPa); ideal for applications prioritizing strength over shock resistance.

• Chemical Composition

  • Classification based on carbon content equivalent, calculated using carbon, silicon, and phosphorus levels.
  • Specific ranges of carbon and silicon for each class, enabling targeted performance for intended applications.

• Alloying and Structure

  • Option to include elements such as chromium, copper, molybdenum, nickel, and vanadium for enhanced strength, oxidation resistance, and structural stability.
  • Chromium content allows sub-classification for tailored properties.

• Physical and Mechanical Properties

  • Tensile strength guidelines for each class ensure fit-for-purpose performance.
  • Control of hardness and agreement on machinability parameters between manufacturers and purchasers.

• Inspection and Workmanship

  • Emphasis on dimensional accuracy, defect-free surfaces, and adherence to supplied drawings or patterns.
  • Quality assurance measures provide inspection access and the ability to request product analysis.

Applications

ASTM A319-71(2020) is widely adopted for industrial and manufacturing sectors where non-pressure gray iron castings face sustained or cyclical elevated temperatures. Typical applications include:

• Power Generation: Grate bars and stoker parts in incinerators and boilers
• Metallurgical Processing: Ingot molds, metal melting pots, and glass molding components
• Chemical Processing: Caustic pots and related vessels
• Furnace Manufacturing: Firebox parts, oil still furnace components, and support structures exposed to high thermal gradients

Through adherence to ASTM A319, manufacturers ensure safer, longer-lasting, and more predictable component performance, reducing maintenance costs and operational risk.

Related Standards

Professionals referencing ASTM A319-71(2020) may also consider the following complementary standards relevant to iron castings and high-temperature applications:

• ASTM A48/A48M: Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings
• ASTM A536: Standard Specification for Ductile Iron Castings
• ASTM A278/A278M: Standard Specification for Gray Iron Castings for Pressure-Containing Parts
• ASTM A842: Standard Specification for Compacted Graphite Iron Castings

Utilizing ASTM A319 in conjunction with related standards helps organizations build comprehensive, cost-effective solutions for thermal process industries and component manufacturing.

Keywords: ASTM A319, gray iron castings, elevated temperature, non-pressure iron castings, thermal shock resistance, tensile strength, furnace parts, ingot molds, industrial castings, iron casting standard

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:A319 −71 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Specification for
Gray Iron Castings for Elevated Temperatures for Non-
Pressure-Containing Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A319; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This specification covers three classes of gray iron
A48/A48M Specification for Gray Iron Castings
suitable for castings exposed to temperatures encountered in
such service as grate bars, stoker links, stoker parts, oil still
3. Manufacture
furnace parts, firebox parts, ingot molds, glass molds, caustic
3.1 The melting procedure shall be optional with the
pots, and metal melting pots.
foundry.
NOTE 1—This specification is general, covering cast irons normally
4. Physical Requirements
used for the above types of service, at temperatures as high as 1400 °F
(760 °C). It is not intended to imply that all three classes are suitable
4.1 Some of the gray cast irons described in this specifica-
throughout this entire temperature range without regard to actual service
tion are deliberately made of a soft, low-strength iron for
stresses. Some are suitable for long service at the lower temperatures only,
resistance to thermal shock, and strength requirements are
unless low stresses are involved.
unnecessary. For applications in which a strength requirement
1.2 The three classes of gray iron covered by this specifi-
is essential, room temperature tensile strengths may be speci-
cation are as follows:
fied up to those prescribed for Class 40 in Specification
1.2.1 Class I, possessing superior resistance to thermal A48/A48M.
shock,
5. Machinability
1.2.2 Class II, possessing average resistance to thermal
5.1 All machinable castings shall be limited in hardness at
shock and a moderately good tensile strength (tensile strengths
such locations on the castings as designated by the purchaser.
above 30 000 psi (207 MPa) may be expected), and
The maximum hardness at the locations on castings that are to
1.2.3 Class III, possessing a higher tensile strength than
be machined shall be a matter of agreement between the
either Class I or II (tensile strengths as high as 40 000 psi (276
manufacturer and the purchaser.
MPa) may be expected).
6. Chemical Composition
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
6.1 It is the intention of this specification to classify these
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
irons in accordance with their carbon content equivalent
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
calculated as follows:
and are not considered standard.
Carbon content equivalent 5 C10.3 Si1P (1)
~ !
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
where:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
C = carbon content, %,
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Si = silicon content, %, and
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
P = phosphorus content, %.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
6.2 The carbon content equivalent and the minimum carbon
content for the various classes shall be as prescribed in Table 1.
Table 2 prescribes the allowable silicon ranges predicated on
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A04 on Iron
CastingsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA04.01onGreyandWhite
Iron Castings. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1948. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as A319 – 71 (2015). Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/A0319-71R20. the ASTM website.
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A319−71 (2020)
TABLE 1 Chemical Requirements
7. Product Analysis
Class Carbon Content Equivalent Carbon, min, %
7.1 When alloying elements are agreed upon between the
I 3.81–4.40 3.50
manufacturerandthepurchaser,thepurchasermaymakecheck
II 3.51–
...