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ASTM D5084-00e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of the hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coefficient of permeability) of water-saturated porous materials with a flexible wall permeameter at temperatures between about 15 and 30oC (59 and 86oF). Temperatures outside this range may be used, however, the user would have to determine the specific gravity of mercury and RT (see 10.3) at those temperatures using data from  Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. There are six alternate methods or hydraulic systems, that may be used to measure the hydraulic conductivity. These hydraulic systems are as follows:
1.1.1 Method A—Constant Head
1.1.2 Method B—Falling Head, constant tailwater elevation
1.1.3 Method C—Falling Head, rising tailwater elevation
1.1.4 Method D—Constant Rate of Flow
1.1.5 Method E—Constant Volume-Constant Head (by mercury)
1.1.6 Method F—Constant Volume-Falling Head (by mercury), rising tailwater elevation
1.2 These test methods may be utilized on all specimen types (undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc.) that have a hydraulic conductivity less than about 1 X 10-6 m/s (1 X 10-4 cm/s), providing the head loss requirements of  are met. For the constant-volume methods, the hydraulic conductivity typically has to be less than about 1 X 10-7 m/s.
1.2.1 If the hydraulic conductivity is greater than about 1 X 10-6 m/s, but not more than about 1 X 10-5 m/s; then the size of the hydraulic tubing needs to be increased along with the porosity of the porous end pieces. Other strategies, such as using higher viscosity fluid or properly decreasing the cross-sectional area of the test specimen, or both, may also be possible. The key criterion is that the requirements covered in Section 5 have to be met.
1.2.2 If the hydraulic conductivity is less than about 1 X 10-10 m/s, then standard hydraulic systems and temperature environments will typically not suffice. Strategies that may be possible when dealing with such impervious materials may include the following. Tightening the temperature control. The adoption of unsteady state measurements by using high-accuracy equipment along with the rigorous analyses for determining the hydraulic parameters (this approach reduces testing duration according to Zhang et al. (1)). Properly shortening the length or enlarging the cross-sectional area, or both, of the test specimen. Other items, such as use of higher hydraulic gradients, lower viscosity fluid, elimination of any possible chemical gradients and bacterial growth, and strict verification of leakage, may also be considered.
1.3 The hydraulic conductivity of materials with hydraulic conductivities greater than 1 X 10-5 m/s may be determined by Test Method D2434.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, unless other units are specifically given. By tradition in U.S. practice, hydraulic conductivity is reported in centimeters per second, although the common SI units for hydraulic conductivity is meters per second.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish a...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Sep-2000
ICS
91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.04 - Hydrologic Properties and Hydraulic Barriers
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5084-00 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Replaced By
ASTM D5084-03 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
Effective Date
01-Nov-2003
Referred By
ASTM D5567-94(2018) - Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Ratio (HCR) Testing of Soil/Geotextile Systems
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM E3282-22 - Standard Guide for NAPL Mobility and Migration in Sediments – Evaluation Metrics
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8297/D8297M-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Erosion Control Products (ECP) Performance in Protecting Slopes from Sequential Rainfall-Induced Erosion Using a Tilted Bed Slope
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7664-10(2018)e1 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6035/D6035M-19 - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Effect of Freeze-Thaw on Hydraulic Conductivity of Compacted or Intact Soil Specimens Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6836-16 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of the Soil Water Characteristic Curve for Desorption Using Hanging Column, Pressure Extractor, Chilled Mirror Hygrometer, or Centrifuge
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5101-12(2017) - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compatibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM D7294-13(2021) - Standard Guide for Collecting Treatment Process Design Data at a Contaminated Site—A Site Contaminated with Chemicals of Interest
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM E3163-18 - Standard Guide for Selection and Application of Analytical Methods and Procedures Used during Sediment Corrective Action
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM D5856-15 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Material Using a Rigid-Wall, Compaction-Mold Permeameter
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6391-11(2020) - Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity Using Borehole Infiltration
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM D8298/D8298M-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Erosion Control Products (ECP) Performance in Protecting Slopes from Continuous Rainfall-Induced Erosion Using a Tilted Bed Slope
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6169/D6169M-21 - Standard Guide for Selection of Subsurface Soil and Rock Sampling Devices for Environmental and Geotechnical Investigations
Effective Date
10-Sep-2000

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ASTM D5084-00e1 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall PermeameterASTM D5084-00e1 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
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ASTM D5084-00e1 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: D 5084 – 00
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous
1
Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5084; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
e NOTE—Figure 2 was corrected editorially in January 2002.
1. Scope* possible. The key criterion is that the requirements covered in
Section 5 have to be met.
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverlaboratorymeasurementofthe
1.2.2 If the hydraulic conductivity is less than about
hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coeffıcient of per-
−10
1 310 m/s, then standard hydraulic systems and tempera-
meability) of water-saturated porous materials with a flexible
tureenvironmentswilltypicallynotsuffice.Strategiesthatmay
wall permeameter at temperatures between about 15 and 30°C
be possible when dealing with such impervious materials may
(59 and 86°F). Temperatures outside this range may be used,
include the following. Tightening the temperature control. The
however, the user would have to determine the specific gravity
adoption of unsteady state measurements by using high-
of mercury and R (see 10.3) at those temperatures using data
T
accuracy equipment along with the rigorous analyses for
from Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. There are six
determining the hydraulic parameters (this approach reduces
alternate methods or hydraulic systems, that may be used to
2
testing duration according to Zhang et al. (1) ). Properly
measure the hydraulic conductivity. These hydraulic systems
shortening the length or enlarging the cross-sectional area, or
are as follows:
both, of the test specimen. Other items, such as use of higher
1.1.1 Method A—Constant Head
hydraulic gradients, lower viscosity fluid, elimination of any
1.1.2 Method B—Falling Head, constant tailwater elevation
possible chemical gradients and bacterial growth, and strict
1.1.3 Method C—Falling Head, rising tailwater elevation
verification of leakage, may also be considered.
1.1.4 Method D—Constant Rate of Flow
1.3 The hydraulic conductivity of materials with hydraulic
1.1.5 Method E—Constant Volume–Constant Head (by
−5
conductivitiesgreaterthan1 310 m/smaybedeterminedby
mercury)
Test Method D2434.
1.1.6 Method F—Constant Volume–Falling Head (by mer-
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
cury), rising tailwater elevation
guideforsignificantdigitsandroundingestablishedinPractice
1.2 These test methods may be utilized on all specimen
D6026.
types (undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc.)
−6
1.4.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
thathaveahydraulicconductivitylessthanabout1 310 m/s
−4
recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the
(1 310 cm/s), providing the head loss requirements of 5.2.3
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
are met. For the constant-volume methods, the hydraulic
−7
significant digits that should generally be retained. The proce-
conductivity typically has to be less than about 1 310 m/s.
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
1.2.1 If the hydraulic conductivity is greater than about
−6 −5
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
1 310 m/s, but not more than about 1 310 m/s; then the
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
size of the hydraulic tubing needs to be increased along with
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
the porosity of the porous end pieces. Other strategies, such as
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
using higher viscosity fluid or properly decreasing the cross-
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
sectional area of the test specimen, or both, may also be
methods for engineering design.
1
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic
Properties of Soil and Rocks.
2
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2000. Published January 2001. Originally The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references appended to
published as D5084–90. Last previous edition D5084–90. this standard.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm
...

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1.2.1 Hot Air—This technique introduces high-temperature air or gas between two geomembrane surfaces to facilitate melting. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, forcing together the two surfaces to form a continuous bond.  
1.2.2 Hot Wedge (or Knife)—This technique melts the two geomembrane surfaces to be seamed by running a hot metal wedge between them. Pressure is applied to the top or bottom geomembrane, or both, to form a continuous bond. Some seams of this kind are made with dual bond tracks separated by a nonbonded gap. These seams are sometimes referred to as dual hot wedge seams or double-track seams.  
1.2.3 Extrusion—This technique encompasses extruding molten resin between two geomembranes or at the edge of two overlapped geomembranes to effect a continuous bond.  
1.3 The types of materials covered by this test method include the following:  
1.3.1 Very low-density polyethylene (VLDPE).  
1.3.2 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE).  
1.3.3 Very flexible polyethylene (VFPE).  
1.3.4 Linear medium-density polyethylene (LMDPE).  
1.3.5 High-density polyethylene (HDPE).  
1.3.6 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC).  
1.3.7 Flexible polypropylene (fPP).
Note 1: The polyethylene identifiers presented in 1.3.1 – 1.3.5 describe the types of materials typically tested using this test method. These are industry-accepted trade descriptions and are not technical material classifications based upon material density.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D4437/D4437M-16(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Nondestructive Testing (NDT) for Determining the Integrity of Seams Used in Joining Flexible Polymeric Sheet Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict liquid migration from one location to another in soil and rock, and the large number of seam methods and types used in joining these geomembrane sheets, has created a need for standard tests by which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be nondestructively evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need.  
3.2 The geomembrane sheet material shall be formulated from the appropriate polymers and compounding ingredients to form a plastic or elastomer sheet material that meets all specified requirements for the end use of the product. The sheet material (reinforced or nonreinforced) shall be capable of being bonded to itself by one of the methods described in 1.2, in accordance with the sheet manufacturer's recommendations and instructions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for use as a summary of nondestructive quality control test methods for determining the integrity of seams used in the joining of flexible sheet materials in a geotechnical application. This practice outlines the test procedures available for determining the quality of bonded seams. Any one or combination of the test methods outlined in this practice can be incorporated into a project specification for quality control. These test methods are applicable to manufactured flexible polymeric membrane linings that are scrim reinforced or nonreinforced. This practice is not applicable to destructive testing. For destructive test methods, look at other ASTM standards and practices.  
1.2 The types of seams covered by this practice include the following: thermally bonded seams, hot air, hot wedge (or knife), extrusion, solvent-bonded seams, bodied solvent-bonded seams, adhesive-bonded or cemented seams, taped seams, and waterproofed sewn seams.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8265-23(Practice)
Standard Practices for Electrical Methods for Mapping Leaks in Installed Geomembranes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Geomembranes are used as impermeable barriers to prevent liquids from leaking from landfills, ponds, and other containment facilities. The liquids may contain contaminants that, if released, can cause damage to the environment. Leaking liquids can erode the subgrade, causing further damage. Leakage can result in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from performing its intended containment purpose. For these reasons, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little leakage as practical.  
4.2 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the geomembrane, accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing defects, and carelessness.  
4.3 The most significant causes of leaks in geomembranes that are covered with only water are related to construction activities, including pumps and equipment placed on the geomembrane, accidental punctures, and punctures caused by traffic over rocks or debris on the geomembrane or in the subgrade.  
4.4 The most significant cause of leaks in geomembranes covered with earthen materials is construction damage caused by machinery that occurs while placing the earthen material on the geomembrane. Such damage also can breach additional layers of the lining system such as geosynthetic clay liners.  
4.5 Electrical leak location methods are used to detect and locate leaks for repair. These practices can achieve a zero-leak condition at the conclusion of the survey(s). If any of the requirements for survey area preparation and testing procedures is not adhered to, then leaks could remain in the geomembrane after the survey. Not all of the survey area requirements are possible to achieve at some sites, but the closer the site can come to the ideal condition, the more successful the method will be.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe standard procedures for using electrical methods to locate leaks in geomembranes covered with liquid or earthen materials, or both.  
1.2 These practices are intended to ensure that leak location surveys are performed to the highest technical capability of electrical methods, which should result in complete liquid containment (no leaks in geomembrane).  
1.3 Not all sites will be easily amenable to this method, but some preparation can be performed in order to enable this method at nearly any site as outlined in Section 6. If ideal testing conditions cannot be achieved, the method can still be performed, but any issues with site conditions are documented.  
1.4 Leak location surveys can be used on geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, and other containment facilities. The procedures are applicable for geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous material, and other sufficiently electrically insulating materials.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location should be attempted only by qualified and experienced personnel. Appropriate safety measures should be taken to protect the leak location operators, as well as other people at the site. A current limiter of no greater than 290 mA should be used for all direct current power sources used to conduct the survey.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides...

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