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ASTM E643-84(2000)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Ball Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material (Withdrawn 2009)

Standard Test Method for Ball Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material (Withdrawn 2009)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The ball punch deformation test is widely used to evaluate and compare the formability of metallic sheet materials. Biaxial stretching is the predominant mode of deformation occurring during the test and, therefore, the results are most often used to rate or compare materials that are to be formed mainly by stretching. However, precise correlations between the cup height as determined by this test and the formability of a sheet material under production conditions have not been established.
It is recognized that the cup heights for specimens from the same sample may vary with differences in magnitude of hold-down force, lubrication, and method of end point determination. The procedures described in Sections 5, 7.1, and 7.3 will minimize these variations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for conducting the ball punch deformation test for metallic sheet materials intended for forming applications. The test applies to specimens with thicknesses between 0.008 and 0.080 in. (0.20 and 2.00 mm).
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. Note 1--The ball punch deformation test is intended to replace the Olsen cup test by standardizing many of the test parameters that previously have been left to the discretion of the testing laboratory.
Note 2--The modified Erichsen test has been standardized in Europe. The main differences between the ball punch deformation test and the Erichsen test are the diameters of the penetrator and the dies. Erichsen cup heights are given in SI units.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method covers the procedure for conducting the ball punch deformation test for metallic sheet materials intended for forming applications. The test applies to specimens with thicknesses between 0.008 and 0.080 in. (0.20 and 2.00 mm).
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E28 on Mechanical Testing, this test method was withdrawn in March 2009 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-1999
Withdrawal Date
04-Mar-2009
ICS
77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals
Technical Committee
E28 - Mechanical Testing
Drafting Committee
E28.02 - Ductility and Formability
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E643-84(1995) - Standard Test Method for Ball Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Replaced By
ASTM E643-09 - Standard Test Method for Ball Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D6665-09(2019) - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Aging Resistance of Pre-stressed Prepainted Metal in a Boiling Water Test
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM B386/B386M-19e1 - Standard Specification for Molybdenum and Molybdenum Alloy Plate,<brk/>Sheet, Strip, Foil, and Ribbon
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000
Referred By
ASTM D3794-22 - Standard Guide for Testing Coil Coatings
Effective Date
01-Jan-2000

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ASTM E643-84(2000) - Standard Test Method for Ball Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material (Withdrawn 2009)ASTM E643-84(2000) - Standard Test Method for Ball Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material (Withdrawn 2009)
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ASTM E643-84(2000) - Standard Test Method for Ball Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material (Withdrawn 2009)
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E643–84 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
Ball Punch Deformation of Metallic Sheet Material
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 643; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The ball punch deformation test is used for evaluating the ductility of metallic sheet materials. The
test involves biaxial stretching of a constrained test specimen. Ideally, no draw-in of flange metal from
under the hold-down occurs. The sheet metal test specimen is bulged at a specified rate until the load
drops or until either necking or fracture occurs; the test is then terminated. Ball punch (penetrator)
movementtodropin-loadorneckingorfractureisthetestresult.Itisknownthattestresultsmayvary
with hold-down force, lubrication, and criterion for determining the end point of the test.
1. Scope 2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology Docu-
ment:
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for conducting
NIST Handbook 91 Experimental Statistics
the ball punch deformation test for metallic sheet materials
intended for forming applications. The test applies to speci-
3. Terminology
mens with thicknesses between 0.008 and 0.080 in. (0.20 and
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.00 mm).
3.1.1 cup height, the height of the formed cup at the end
1.2 The values stated in inch–pound units are to be regarded
point of the test.
as the standard.
NOTE 1—The ball punch deformation test is intended to replace the 4. Significance and Use
Olsen cup test by standardizing many of the test parameters that
4.1 The ball punch deformation test is widely used to
previously have been left to the discretion of the testing laboratory.
evaluate and compare the formability of metallic sheet mate-
NOTE 2—The modified Erichsen test has been standardized in Europe.
rials. Biaxial stretching is the predominant mode of deforma-
The main differences between the ball punch deformation test and the
tion occurring during the test and, therefore, the results are
Erichsen test are the diameters of the penetrator and the dies. Erichsen cup
heights are given in SI units. most often used to rate or compare materials that are to be
formed mainly by stretching. However, precise correlations
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
between the cup height as determined by this test and the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
formability of a sheet material under production conditions
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
have not been established.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2 It is recognized that the cup heights for specimens from
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the same sample may vary with differences in magnitude of
2. Referenced Documents hold-down force, lubrication, and method of end point deter-
mination. The procedures described in Sections 5, 7.1, and 7.3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
will minimize these variations.
E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
5. Apparatus
E 180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM
5.1 Cupping Machines (Fig. 1)—Any machine used for ball
Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-
3 punchdeformationtestsshallbeequippedtoholdthespecimen
cialty Chemicals
with a minimum force of 2200 lbf (9800 N). It shall have a
spherical-ended penetrator capable of forcing the central por-
tion of the specimen through the die until the end point of the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
test occurs (see 7.3).
Mechanical Testing, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.02 on
Ductility and Flexure Testing.
Current edition approved April 27, 1984. Published July 1984. Originally
published as E 643 – 78.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02. Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.05. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E643
FIG. 1 Ball Punch Deformation Test Tooling
5.1.1 Variationinhold-downforceisasourceofvariationin 5.3.1 Thepenetratorshallbesufficientlyrigidsoasnottobe
cup height. For machines not equipped to measure the hold- deformed or to turn or move laterally during the test. Its head
down force, the magnitude of the force should be established. shall be spherical and have a diameter of 0.875 6 0.002 in.
(22.226 0.05 mm), and only this spherical portion of the
5.1.2 The magnitude of the hold-down force shall be such
penetrator shall contact the specimen. The penetrator shall
that no appreciable draw-in occurs.
move along the axial centerline of the top and bottom dies. It
5.1.3 The machine shall be provided with a displacement
shall be clean and free from oxide build-up, corrosion, dirt, etc.
indicator to measure cup height.
5.3.2 The surface of the top die in contact with the test
5.2 Displacement Indicator—The displacement indicator
specimen shall be plane and parallel to the surface of the
shall monitor the ball penetrator movement and the scale shall
bottom die. Both surfaces shall be clean and free from oxide
be graduated such that displacement can be measured to within
build-up, corrosion, dirt, etc.
atleast 60.0025in.(whenusingindicatorsreadinginSIunits,
the displacement shall be measured to within at least 6 0.05
5.3.3 The surface finish of the penetrator and top die in
mm).
contact with the specimen shall not exceed 160 µin. (0.004
5.3 Tooling: mm) when based on maximum distance peak-to-peak.
E643
5.3.4 The spherical portion of the penetrator shall have a 7.3.1 The preferred method for determining the end point
hardnessnotlessthan62HRC.Theworkingsurfacesofthetop shall be by the drop-in load on the specimen. In general, this
and bottom dies shall have a hardness of 56 HRC or higher. indicates the onset of necking in the dome.
7.3.1.1 Sometestmachinesmaynotbeequippedwithaload
6. Test Specimens indicator. In this case, the end point shall be either visible
necking or fracture of the test specimen
...

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This test method establishes the standard procedures, including the calibration, precision and bias of the apparatus used, for the determination of indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.
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3.2 Portable hardness testers, by their nature, induce variation that could influence the test results; therefore, hardness measurements made in accordance with this test method are not considered to meet the requirements of E10 or E18. The user should compare the results of the precision and bias studies in E110, E10 and E18 to understand the differences in results expected between portable and fixed instruments.  
3.3 Two test parameters that can significantly influence the measurement accuracy when using portable hardness testers are the alignment of the indenter to the test surface and the timing of the test forces. The user is cautioned to do everything possible to keep the centerline of the indenter perpendicular to the test surface and to apply the test forces using the same time cycle as defined in Test Method E10 or Test Methods E18.  
3.4 Portable hardness testers are delicate instruments that are subject to damage when they are moved from one test site to another. Therefore, repeating the daily verification process during the testing sequence is recommended to insure that they are working properly.  
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1.1 This test method defines the requirements for portable instruments that are intended to be used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness of metallic materials by performing indentation tests on the surface of materials in the field or outside of a test lab, or in cases where the size or weight of the test piece prevents it from being tested on a standard E10 or E18 hardness tester.  
1.2 The principles used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness are the same as those defined in the E18 standard test method for Rockwell or E10 standard test method for Brinell.  
Note 1: Standard test methods E10 and E18 will be referred to in this test method as the standard methods.  
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1.4 This test method does not apply to portable hardness testers that measure hardness by a means or procedure that is different than those defined in E10 or E18 For example, this test method does not apply to the methods defined in ASTM standard Practice A833, Test Methods A956 and A1038 or B647.  
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5.1 Bend tests for ductility provide a simple way to evaluate the quality of materials by their ability to resist cracking or other surface irregularities during one continuous bend. No reversal of the bend force shall be employed when conducting these tests.  
5.2 The type of bend test used determines the location of the forces and constraints on the bent portion of the specimen, ranging from no direct contact to continuous contact.  
5.3 The test can terminate at a given angle of bend over a specified radius of bend or continue until the specimen legs are in contact. The angle of bend can be measured while the specimen is under the bending force (usually when the semi-guided bend test is employed), or after removal of the force as when performing a free-bend test. Product requirements for the material being tested determine the method used.  
5.4 Materials with an as-fabricated cross section of rectangular, round, hexagonal, or similar defined shape can be tested in full section to evaluate their bend properties by using the procedures outlined in these test methods, in which case relative width and thickness requirements do not apply.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover bend testing for ductility of materials. Included in the procedures are four conditions of constraint on the bent portion of the specimen; a guided-bend test using a mandrel or plunger of defined dimensions to force the mid-length of the specimen between two supports separated by a defined space; a semi-guided bend test in which the specimen is bent, while in contact with a mandrel, through a specified angle of bend or to a specified inside radius of bend (r) measured while under the bending force; a free-bend test in which the ends of the specimen are brought toward each other, but in which no transverse force is applied to the bend itself and there is no contact of the concave inside surface of the bend with other material; a bend-and-flatten test, in which a transverse force is applied to the bend such that the legs make contact with each other over the length of the specimen.  
1.2 After bending, the convex surface of the bend is examined for evidence of a crack or surface irregularities. If the specimen fractures, the material has failed the test. When complete fracture does not occur, the criterion for failure is the number and size of cracks or surface irregularities visible to the unaided eye occurring on the convex surface of the specimen after bending, as specified by the product specification. Any cracks within one thickness of the edge of the specimen are not considered a bend test failure. Cracks occurring in the corners of the bent portion shall not be considered significant unless they exceed the size specified for corner cracks in the product specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound values given in parentheses were used in establishing test parameters and are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E18-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Rockwell hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Rockwell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Rockwell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.  
4.4 Adherence to this standard test method provides traceability to national Rockwell hardness standards except as stated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.  
1.2 This test method includes requirements for the use of portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that measure Rockwell hardness by the Rockwell hardness test principle and can meet all the requirements of this test method, including the direct and indirect verifications of the testing machine. Portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that cannot meet the direct verification requirements and can only be verified by indirect verification requirements are covered in Test Method E110.  
1.3 This standard includes additional requirements in the following annexes:    
Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines  
Annex A2  
Standardization of Rockwell Indenters  
Annex A3  
Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks  
Annex A4  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a
Test Piece  
Annex A5  
Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex
Cylindrical Surfaces  
Annex A6  
1.4 This standard includes nonmandatory information in the following appendixes that relates to the Rockwell hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corresponding
to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell
Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
1.5 Units—At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf) and the indenter ball diameters were specified in units of inches (in.). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in millimeters (mm). However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to these units.  
1.6 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and Rockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are that the test forces are smaller for the Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending on the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and Rockwell superficial unless stated otherwise.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized p...

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ASTM
ASTM E3246-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Differential Indentation Depth hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information can correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and can be useful in quality control and selection of materials.  
4.2 Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used in industry for this purpose.  
4.3 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing at a specific location on a part might not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product. Machines that comply with this Standard are used when machines that comply with the regular hardness standards such as Test Methods E10, E18, E92, and E384 cannot be used. Test results obtained with these machines are comparable BUT NOT EQUIVALENT to those obtained with machines that comply with the above mentioned standards.  
4.4 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines covered by this standard do not comply with Test Methods E10, E18, E92, or E110.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Differential Indentation Depth hardness of metallic materials by the Differential Indentation Depth hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines and the procedures for performing Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests.  
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:    
Verification of Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Testing Machines  
Annex A1  
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Test Piece  
Annex A2  
1.3 This standard includes non-mandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Differential Indentation Depth hardness test.    
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Numbers Corresponding to Tensile Strength  
Appendix X1  
Examples of Procedures for Determining Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Uncertainty  
Appendix X2  
Examples of Indenters Used in Differential Indentation Depth Machines  
Appendix X3  
1.4 Units—This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in micrometers (µm). However, because of continued common usage, values are provided in other units of measure for information.  
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for all the Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing instruments. The testing instruments may use different test forces and indenter shapes. The type and size of the indenters are matched to the design of the instrument by the manufacturer. Accordingly, the indenters, probes and other instrument components are generally not interchangeable among manufacturers.  
1.6 The hardness number reported by these instruments are based on direct correlations to existing hardness scales as determined by each manufacturer for each instrument and hardness scale. Unless otherwise noted on the instrument or in the operating manual for the instrument, the hardness numbers reported by the instrument are only applicable to non-austenitic steels. See 5.6.1 for additional information.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizati...

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