ASTM A985/A985M-21

Standard Specification for Steel Investment Castings General Requirements, for Pressure-Containing Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements that are mandatory for steel castings produced by the investment casting process for pressure-containing parts. Master heats shall be made by the electric furnace process with or without separate refining such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), vacuum-oxygen degassing (VOD), vacuum-induction-melting (VIM). Ferritic and martensitic steel shall be cooled after pouring to provide complete transformation of austenite prior to heat treatment to enhance mechanical properties. Chemical, heat, and product analyses shall be performed and the chemical composition thus determined shall conform to the prescribed values in carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, copper, and aluminum. Tensile testing shall be done on the castings and shall meet the required yield and tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Each casting shall also be tested after machining to hydrostatic shell pressure test and shall not show any leaks.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements that are mandatory for steel castings produced by the investment casting process for pressure-containing parts under each of the following ASTM Specifications:    
Title of Specification  
ASTM Designation    
Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding,  
A216/A216M  
for High-Temperature Service  
Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for  
A217/A217M  
Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-  
Temperature Service  
Castings, Austenitic, for Pressure-Containing  
A351/A351M  
Parts  
Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure-  
A352/A352M  
Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature  
Service  
Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for  
A389/A389M  
Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-  
Temperature Service  
Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service  
A487/A487M  
Castings, Iron-Nickel-Chromium and Nickel Alloys, Spe-
cially Controlled for Pressure-Retaining Parts for
Corrosive Service  
A990/A990M  
Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for
Pressure-Containing Parts  
A995/A995M  
1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements, which may be applied to the above specifications as indicated therein. These requirements are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired, and apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.3 When investment casting is ordered, the requirements of this specification shall take precedence over the individual material specification requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2021
• ICS: 49.025.10 - Steels
• Technical Committee: A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
• Drafting Committee: A01.18 - Castings

Relations

• Refers: ASTM A1080/A1080M-24 - Standard Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloy Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM A370-24 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM A488/A488M-24 - Standard Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and Personnel
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM A903/A903M-99(2024) - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Inspection
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM A941-24 - Standard Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM E340-23 - Standard Practice for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM A609/A609M-12(2023) - Standard Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM A990/A990M-23 - Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Nickel-Chromium and Nickel Alloys, Specially Controlled for Pressure-Retaining Parts for Corrosive Service
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM A800/A800M-20 - Standard Practice for Estimating Ferrite Content of Stainless Steel Castings Containing Both Ferrite and Austenite
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM A995/A995M-20 - Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for Pressure-Containing Parts
• Effective Date: 01-May-2020
• Refers: ASTM A1080/A1080M-19 - Standard Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloy Castings
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2019
• Refers: ASTM A370-19 - Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2019
• Refers: ASTM A995/A995M-19 - Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for Pressure-Containing Parts
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2019
• Refers: ASTM A995/A995M-18a - Standard Specification for Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for Pressure-Containing Parts
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018
• Refers: ASTM A389/A389M-13(2018) - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat Treated, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature Service
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2018

Overview

ASTM A985/A985M-21 is the standard specification developed by ASTM International for steel investment castings used as pressure-containing parts. It outlines the general mandatory requirements for all steel castings produced by the investment casting process intended to operate under pressure. The standard applies across a range of steel grades and alloy compositions, ensuring castings meet rigorous chemical, mechanical, and quality benchmarks fundamental for pressure vessel, piping, and valve applications. Adhering to this specification guarantees that steel investment castings demonstrate reliable performance under demanding pressure environments, making it essential in industries such as oil and gas, power generation, and chemical processing.

Key Topics

• Scope and Application: Covers requirements for steel castings made by investment casting processes for pressure-retaining applications referencing standards such as ASTM A216, A217, A351, A352, A389, A487, A990, and A995.
• Materials and Manufacturing:
  • Specifies that master heats must use the electric furnace process with options for further refining (e.g., argon-oxygen-decarburization, vacuum degassing, vacuum induction).
  • Restricts the reuse of foundry scrap to maintain metal quality.
• Heat Treatment:
  • Requires controlled cooling and heat treatment, especially for ferritic and martensitic steels, to optimize mechanical properties.
  • Details requirements for furnace surveys and heat treatment uniformity.
• Chemical and Mechanical Testing:
  • Outlines detailed chemical analysis methods and strict adherence to prescribed limits for elements such as carbon, manganese, silicon, nickel, chromium, and more.
  • Mandates mechanical testing (tensile, yield, elongation, reduction of area) per ASTM standards.
• Pressure Testing:
  • Requires hydrostatic shell tests after machining to ensure leak-free performance under designated pressures.
• Inspection and Marking:
  • Sets procedures for visual, nondestructive, and supplemental inspections.
  • Details identification marks, traceability, and certification requirements for quality assurance.

Applications

Steel investment castings conforming to ASTM A985/A985M-21 are widely used in:

• Pressure Vessels and Boilers: Ensuring integrity under high internal pressures in power plants and industrial facilities.
• Valves and Flanges: Providing reliable leak-proof components for critical piping systems.
• Pumps and Compressor Housings: Maintaining safety and performance in oil, gas, and chemical processing equipment.
• Nuclear and Energy Sector: Meeting tough regulatory requirements for material traceability, testing, and pressure performance.
• Cryogenic and High-Temperature Applications: Suitability for both low- and high-temperature environments thanks to robust metallurgical and testing requirements.
• Corrosive Service: Stainless and alloy steel grades ensure durability and resistance to harsh chemicals or aggressive media.

By specifying ASTM A985/A985M-21, purchasers and manufacturers ensure that critical components meet uniform criteria for structural soundness, chemical composition, and resistance to pressure-induced failures.

Related Standards

A985/A985M-21 supplements and references numerous ASTM, ANSI, ASME, and MSS specifications, including:

• ASTM A216/A216M: Carbon steel castings for high-temperature pressure service.
• ASTM A217/A217M: Martensitic stainless and alloy steel castings for high-temperature, pressure-containing applications.
• ASTM A351/A351M: Austenitic steel castings for pressure-containing parts.
• ASTM A352/A352M: Ferritic and martensitic steel castings for low-temperature service.
• ASTM A389/A389M: Alloy specially heat-treated pressure castings.
• ASTM A487/A487M: Steel castings for pressure service.
• ASTM A990/A990M, A995/A995M: Specially controlled and duplex stainless castings.
• Testing and Inspection: ASTM A370 (mechanical testing), A609 (ultrasonic examination), E709 (magnetic particle), E94 (radiography), E165 (liquid penetrant), among others.
• ANSI B16.5, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, MSS SP 53, SP 54 for related industry requirements.

Keywords: steel investment castings, ASTM A985/A985M-21, pressure-containing, hydrostatic test, pressure vessel standards, valve castings, investment casting requirements, steel foundry standards.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:A985/A985M −21
Standard Specification for
Steel Investment Castings General Requirements, for
Pressure-Containing Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA985/A985M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This specification covers a group of common require-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ments that are mandatory for steel castings produced by the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
investment casting process for pressure-containing parts under
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
each of the following ASTM Specifications:
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Title of Specification ASTM Designation
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, A216/A216M ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
for High-Temperature Service
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for A217/A217M
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-
Temperature Service Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Castings, Austenitic, for Pressure-Containing A351/A351M
Parts
2. Referenced Documents
Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure- A352/A352M
Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Service
A216/A216M SpecificationforSteelCastings,Carbon,Suit-
Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for A389/A389M
able for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature Service
Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-
Temperature Service
A217/A217M Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic
Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service A487/A487M
Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suit-
Castings, Iron-Nickel-Chromium and Nickel Alloys, Spe- A990/A990M
able for High-Temperature Service
cially Controlled for Pressure-Retaining Parts for
Corrosive Service
A351/A351M Specification for Castings, Austenitic, for
Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for A995/A995M
Pressure-Containing Parts
Pressure-Containing Parts
A352/A352M Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and
1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary
Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for
requirements,whichmaybeappliedtotheabovespecifications
Low-Temperature Service
as indicated therein. These requirements are provided for use
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
when additional testing or inspection is desired, and apply only
of Steel Products
when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.
A380/A380M Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passi-
1.3 Wheninvestmentcastingisordered,therequirementsof
vation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems
this specification shall take precedence over the individual
A389/A389M Specification for Steel Castings, Alloy, Spe-
material specification requirements.
cially Heat Treated, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suit-
able for High-Temperature Service
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
A487/A487M Specification for Steel Castings Suitable for
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Pressure Service
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
A488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifi-
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
cations of Procedures and Personnel
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
A609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,
with the standard.
and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination
Thereof
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.18 on Castings. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published May 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as A985/A985M – 20. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/A0985_A0985M-21. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A985/A985M−21
A751 Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of 2.2 ANSI Standard:
Steel Products B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
A800/A800M Practice for Estimating Ferrite Content of
2.3 ASME Standard:
Stainless Steel Castings Containing Both Ferrite and
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, NB-
Austenite
A903/A903M Specification for Steel Castings, Surface Ac-
2.4 Standards of the Manufacturers Standardization Society
ceptance Standards, Magnetic Particle and Liquid Pen-
of the Valve and Fitting Industry:
etrant Inspection
MSSSP53 QualityStandardforSteelCastingsandForgings
A941 TerminologyRelatingtoSteel,StainlessSteel,Related
for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Com-
Alloys, and Ferroalloys
ponents (Magnetic Particle Exam Method)
A967/A967M Specification for Chemical Passivation Treat-
MSS SP 54 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves,
ments for Stainless Steel Parts
Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components (Ra-
A990/A990M Specification for Castings, Iron-Nickel-
diographic Examination Method)
Chromium and Nickel Alloys, Specially Controlled for
2.5 SAE Standards:
Pressure-Retaining Parts for Corrosive Service
AMS 2750 Pyrometry
A991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature
ARP 1341 Determining Decarburization and Carburization
Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel
in Finished Parts of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
Products
A995/A995M Specification for Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic
3. Terminology
(Duplex) Stainless Steel, for Pressure-Containing Parts
3.1 Definitions—The definitions in Test Methods and Defi-
A1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel
nitionsA370,TerminologyA941,andTestMethodsA1058are
Products—Metric
applicable to this specification and to those listed in 1.1.
A1067/A1067M Specification for Test Coupons for Steel
Castings
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
A1080/A1080M Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel,
3.2.1 heat, n—all the molten metal poured from a single
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloy Castings
furnace, or all of the molten metal from two or more furnaces,
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to poured into a single ladle or casting prior to the replenishing of
Determine Conformance with Specifications the furnace(s).
E94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using In-
3.2.2 investmentcasting,n—ametalcastingthatisproduced
dustrial Radiographic Film
in a mold obtained by investing (surrounding) an expendable
E125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indica-
pattern with a ceramic slurry, which is allowed to solidify. The
tions on Ferrous Castings
expendable pattern may consist of wax, plastic, or other
E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for Gen-
material, and is removed prior to filling the mold with liquid
eral Industry
metal.
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 ⁄2 in.
3.2.3 master heat, n—a single furnace charge of alloy that
(50.8 to 114 mm)) Steel Castings
may be either poured directly into castings or into remelt alloy
E192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings
for individual melts.
for Aerospace Applications
3.2.4 sub-heat, n—a portion of master heat remelted with
E208 Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to
only minor additions for deoxidation for pouring into castings.
Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Fer-
Synonyms—melt, production heat.
ritic Steels
E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to 12
4. Materials and Manufacture
in. (114 to 305 mm)) Steel Castings
4.1 When the purchaser imposes the requirements of this
E340 Practice for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
specification, the manufacturer is responsible for compliance
E353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless,
Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-
Nickel-Iron Alloys
E354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High- Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Temperature,Electrical,Magnetic,andOtherSimilarIron,
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME
Nickel, and Cobalt Alloys
International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in.
www.asme.org.
AvailablefromManufacturersStandardizationSocietyoftheValveandFittings
(50.8 mm) in Thickness
Industry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602, http://www.mss-
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
hq.com.
E2660 Digital Reference Images for Investment Steel Cast-
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr.,Warrendale,
ings for Aerospace Applications PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
A985/A985M−21
with the specification requirements during the production and sub-heat used for the test samples shall be produced using the
processing of the casting by themselves and any of their same melting practices and additions as used to produce the
subcontractors. castings.
4.5.3 Test specimens may be taken from castings or from
4.2 Melting Process—Master heats shall be made by the
coupons cast either integrally with the castings, in the same
electric furnace process, with or without separate refining such
molds as the castings, or in separate molds.
as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), vacuum-oxygen-
4.5.4 Separatelycastcouponsforotherthanchemicalanaly-
degassing (VOD), vacuum-induction-melting (VIM), and so
sis shall be cast in molds of the same material as those used for
forth, unless otherwise specified in the individual specification
the castings, as shown in Specification A1067/A1067M, Figs.
or agreed upon between the customer and producer. Master
1–4, except when Supplementary Requirement S26 is speci-
heats may be used directly for producing castings or converted
fied. The test coupon in Specification A1067/A1067M, Fig. 4
into ingot, bar, shot, or other suitable form, not including gates
shall be employed only for austenitic alloy castings with cross
and risers from casting production, for later remelting as a
sections less than 2 ⁄2 in. [65 mm].
sub-heat.
4.5.5 Coupons for chemical analysis may be chill cast.
4.3 Re-Melting Process—Sub-heats shall be produced from
master heat metal in suitable batch sizes by electric induction
TABLE 1 Product Analysis Tolerances for Carbon and Low-Alloy
furnace,withorwithoutatmosphereprotectionsuchasvacuum
Steels
B, C
or inert gas, unless otherwise agreed upon between the cus-
Tolerances over max
A
Element Range
or under min, Limit, %
tomer and producer. Revert (gates, sprues, risers, and rejected
Carbon(C) upto0.65% 0.03×%C + 0.02
L
castings) shall not be remelted except in master heats.
above 0.65 % 0.04 %
Manganese (Mn) up to 1 % 0.08×%Mn + 0.01
L
4.4 Heat Treatment:
above 1 % 0.09
4.4.1 Ferritic and martensitic steel shall be cooled after
Silicon(Si) upto0.60% 0.22×%Si - 0.01
L
above 0.60 % 0.15 %
pouring to provide substantially complete transformation of
Phosphorus (P) all 0.13×%P + 0.005
L
austenite prior to heat treatment to enhance mechanical prop-
Sulfur(S) all 0.36×%S + 0.001
L
erties.
Nickel (Ni) up to 2 % 0.10×%Ni + 0.003
L
above 2 % 0.25 %
4.4.2 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of a
Chromium(Cr) upto2% 0.07×%Cr + 0.04
L
furnacethathasbeensurveyedinaccordancewithTestMethod
above 2 % 0.18 %
A991/A991M or AMS 2750. Molybdenum (Mo) up to 0.6 % 0.04×%Mo + 0.03
L
above 0.6 % 0.06 %
4.4.2.1 When using furnaces surveyed in accordance with
Vanadium (V) up to 0.25 % 0.23×%V + 0.004
L
Test Method A991/A991M, the following requirements apply
above 0.25 % 0.06 %
for heat treatments above 2000 °F [1100 °F]. When castings Tungsten (W) up to 0.10 % 0.08×%W + 0.02
L
above 0.10 % 0.02 %
are heat treated at temperatures above 2000 °F [1100 °C], then
Copper (Cu) up to 0.15 % 0.18×%Cu + 0.02
L
the working zone shall have been established by a survey
above 0.15 % 0.05 %
performed at not more than 25 °F [15 °C] below nor more than Aluminum (Al) up to 0.10 % 0.08 × %Al + 0.02
L
above 0.10 % 0.03 %
200 °F [110 °C] above the minimum heat treatment tempera-
A
The range denotes the composition limits up to which the tolerances are
ture specified for the grade. If a minimum heat treatment
computed by the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a
temperature is not specified for the grade, then the survey
constant.
B
temperature shall be not more than 50 °F [30 °C] below nor
The subscript for the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of the
L
element specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into the
more than 175 °F [100 °C] above the furnace set point used.
equation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit, if
4.4.2.2 When using furnaces surveyed in accordance with
applicable, respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented in
AMS 2750, there are no additional requirements beyond those footnote C.
C
Tocomputethetolerances,considerthemanganeselimits0.50to80%ofGrade
stated in AMS 2750.
WC4 of Specification A217/A217M. According to Table 1, the maximum permis-
4.4.2.3 Themaximumvariationinmeasuredtemperature,as
sible deviation of a product analysis below the lower limit 0.50 is 0.05 % = (0.08 ×
0.50 + 0.01).The lowest acceptable product analysis of Grade WC4, therefore, is
determined by the difference between the highest temperature
0.45 %. Similarly, the maximum permissible deviation above the upper limit of
and the lowest temperature, shall be as agreed between the
0.80 %is0.074%=(0.08×0.08+0.01).Thehighestacceptableproductanalysis
purchaser and producer, except that during production heat
of Grade WC4, therefore is 0.874. For Grade WCC of Specification A216/A216M,
themaximummanganesecontentis1.40%ifthecarboncontentis0.20%.Inthis
treatment no portion of the furnace shall be below the
case, the highest acceptable product analysis is 1.49 = (1.40 + 0.09).
minimum specified temperature nor above the maximum
specified temperature for the grade being processed.
4.5 Sampling:
5. Chemical Composition
4.5.1 If castings are poured directly from one or more
5.1 Chemical Analysis—Chemical analysis of materials
master heats, then the samples for chemical and other required
covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test
testing also shall be poured directly from each of the master
Methods, Practices, and Terminology A751.
heats.
4.5.2 If castings are poured from a sub-heat, then the
Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on test
samples for chemical and other required testing also shall be
coupons obtained as specified in 4.5.4 with those obtained from the casting may be
poured from a sub-heat of that same master heat, but not
found in The Steel Castings Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders’ Society of
necessarily from the same sub-heat as the castings. The America, 1980, pp. 15–35 through 15–43.
A985/A985M−21
5.2 Heat Analysis—An analysis of samples obtained in tive material. The chemical composition thus determined shall
accordance with 4.5 or Supplementary Requirement S29, as meet the requirements specified in the applicable specification
appropriate, shall be made by the manufacturer to determine
for the grade involved, or shall be subject to rejection by the
the percentages of the elements specified for the grade being
purchaser,exceptthatthechemicalcompositiondeterminedfor
poured. When drillings are used, they shall be taken not less
carbon and low-alloy steel, stainless steel, and nickel and
than ⁄16 in. [1.6 mm] beneath the surface. The chemical
cobalt based castings may vary from the specified limits by the
compositionthusdeterminedshallbereportedtothepurchaser,
amounts shown in Table 1, Table 2, and Table 3, respectively.
or their representative, and shall conform to the requirements
The product analysis tolerances of Tables 1-3 are not appli-
in the individual specification for the grade being poured.
cable as acceptance criteria for heat analysis by the casting
5.3 Product Analysis—A product analysis may be made by manufacturer. When comparing product and heat analysis for
the purchaser from material representing each master heat,
other than carbon and low-alloy steels, the reproducibility data
sub-heat, lot, or casting. The analysis shall be made on
R2 inTest Methods E353 or E354, as applicable, shall be taken
representative material. Samples for carbon analysis shall be
into consideration.
taken no closer than ⁄16 in. [1.6 mm] to a cast surface, except
that castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representa-
TABLE 2 Product Analysis Tolerances for Stainless Steels
Tolerance Over the Tolerance Over the
Limit or Maximum of Maximum Limit or Limit or Maximum of Maximum Limit or
Element Element
Specified Range, % Under the Specified Range, % Under the
Minimum Limit Minimum Limit
Carbon to 0.010, incl 0.002 Copper to 0.50, incl 0.03
over 0.010 to 0.030, incl 0.005 over 0.50 to 1.00, incl 0.05
over 0.030 to 0.20, incl 0.01 over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.10
over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.02
over 0.60 to 1.20, incl 0.03
Manganese to 1.00, incl 0.03 Niobium plus Tantalum to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.04
over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.05
over 6.00 to 10.00, incl 0.06
over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.10
over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.15
Phosphorus to 0.040, incl 0.005 Titanium to 1.00, incl 0.05
over 0.040 to 0.20, incl 0.010 over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.07
Sulfur to 0.040, incl 0.005 Vanadium to 0.50 incl 0.03
over 0.040 to 0.20, incl 0.010 over 0.50 to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 0.20 to 0.50, incl 0.020
Silicon to 1.00, incl 0.05 Aluminum to 0.15, incl –0.005, +0.01
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.10 over 0.15 to 0.50, incl 0.05
over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.15 over 0.50 to 2.00, incl 0.10
Chromium over 4.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10 Tantalum to 0.10, incl 0.02
over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15
over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.20
over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.25
A
Nickel to 1.00, incl 0.03 Cobalt over 0.05 to 0.50, incl 0.01
over 1.00 to 5.00, incl 0.07 over 0.50 to 2.00, incl 0.02
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10 over 2.00 to 5.00, incl 0.05
over 10.000 to 20.00, incl 0.15
over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.20
Molybdenum over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.03 Selenium all 0.03
over 0.60 to 2.00, incl 0.05
over 2.00 to 8.00, incl 0.10
Nitrogen to 0.02, incl 0.005 Tungsten to 1.00, incl 0.03
over 0.02 to 0.19, incl 0.01 over 1.00 to 2.00, incl 0.05
over 0.19 to 0.25, incl 0.02
over 0.25 to 0.35, incl 0.03
over 0.35 to 0.45, incl 0.04
over 0.45 to 0.55, incl 0.05
A
Product analysis limits for cobalt under 0.05 % have not been established, and the manufacturer should be consulted for those limits.
A985/A985M−21
TABLE 3 Product Analysis Tolerances – Nickel and Cobalt Base Alloys
Limit or Maximum of Variation Under Min or Limit or Maximum of Variation Under Min or
Element Element
Specified Element, % Over Max Specified Element, % Over Max
Carbon up to 0.02, incl 0.005 Aluminum up to 0.10, incl 0.02
over 0.02 to 0.20, incl 0.01 over 0.10 to 0.50, incl 0.05
over 0.20 to 0.60 incl 0.02 over 0.50 to 2.00, incl 0.10
over 0.60 to 1.00, incl 0.03 over 2.00 to 5.00, incl 0.20
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.25
Manganese up to 1.00, incl 0.03 over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.30
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.04
over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.07 Boron up to 0.01, incl 0.002
over 6.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10 over 0.01 to 0.05, incl 0.005
over 0.05 to 0.15, incl 0.010
Silicon up to 0.05, incl 0.02
over 0.05 to 0.25, incl 0.03 Iron up to 0.20, inc 0.02
over 0.25 to 0.50, incl 0.04 over 0.20 to 0.75, incl 0.03
over 0.50 to 1.00, incl 0.05 over 0.75 to 2.50, incl 0.05
over 1.00 to 4.50, incl 0.10 over 2.50 to 5.00, incl 0.07
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10
Phosphorus all 0.005 over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15
over 15.00 to 30.00, incl 0.30
Sulfur up to 0.02, incl 0.003 over 30.00 to 50.00, incl 0.45
over 0.02 to 0.06, incl 0.005
Copper up to 0.20, incl 0.02
Chromium up to 5.00, incl 0.10 over 0.20 to 0.50, incl 0.03
over 5.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15 over 0.50 to 5.00, incl 0.04
over 15.00 to 25.00, incl 0.25 over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.05
over 25.00 to 35.00, incl 0.30 over 10.00 to 20.00, incl 0.10
over 35.00 to 45.00, incl 0.40 over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.15
over 45.00 to 50.00, incl 0.50 over 30.00 to 40.00, incl 0.20
over 40.00 to 50.00, incl 0.25
Nickel up to 1.00, incl 0.05
over 1.00 to 5.00, incl 0.10 Vanadium up to 0.50, incl 0.04
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.15 over 0.50 to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 10.00 to 20.00, incl 0.20
over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.25 Yttrium up to 0.050, incl 0.005
over 30.00 to 40.00, inc 0.30 over 0.050 to 0.10, incl 0.010
over 40.00 to 60.00, incl 0.35 over 0.10 to 0.20, incl 0.015
over 60.00 to 80.00, inc 0.45
over 80.00 to 99.00, incl 0.60 Zirconium up to 0.10, incl 0.01
over 0.10 to 0.20, incl 0.02
Cobalt up to 0.10, incl 0.01
over 0.10 to 0.20, incl 0.02 Lanthanum up to 0.20, incl 0.01
over 0.20 to 1.00, incl 0.03
over 1.00 to 5.00, incl 0.05 Cerium up to 0.050, incl 0.005
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10 over 0.050 to 0.10, incl 0.010
over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15 over 0.10 to 0.20, incl 0.015
over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.20
over 20.00 to 25.00, incl 0.25 Hafnium up to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 25.00 to 30.00, incl 0.30 over 1.50 to 3.00, incl 0.10
over 30.00 to 35.00, incl 0.35
over 35.00 to 50.00, incl 0.50 Rhenium up to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 1.50 to 3.00, incl 0.10
Molybdenum up to 1.00, incl 0.03 over 3.00 to 5.00, incl 0.15
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.05 over 5.00 to 7.00, incl 0.20
over 3.00 to 5.00, incl 0.10
over 5.00 to 20.00, incl 0.15 Platinum up to 0.50, incl 0.03
over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.25
over 30.00 to 40.00, incl 0.35 Oxygen up to 0.010, incl 0.005
Tungsten up to 1.00, incl 0.04 Nitrogen up to 0.02, incl 0.005
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.10 over 0.02 to 0.19, incl 0.01
over 3.00 to 5.00, incl 0.15 over 0.19 to 0.25, incl 0.02
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.20 over 0.25 to 0.35, incl 0.03
over 10.00 to 20.00, incl 0.25 over 0.35 to 0.45, incl 0.04
over 0.45 to 0.60, incl 0.05
A
Niobium and/or up to 1.50, incl 0.05
Tantalum over 1.50 to 3.00, incl 0.10 Magnesium up to 0.10, incl 0.01
3.00 to 5.00, incl 0.15
over 5.00 to 7.00, incl 0.20 Lead up to 0.01, incl 0.002
over 7.00 to 10.00, incl 0.25
over 10.00 to 13.00, incl 0.30 Tin up to 0.01, incl 0.002
over 0.01 to 0.05, incl 0.005
Titanium up to 0.10, incl 0.02
over 0.10 to 0.50, inc 0.03 Zinc up to 0.01, incl 0.002
over 0.50 to 1.00, incl 0.04 over 0.01 to 0.05, incl 0.005
over 1.00 to 2.00, incl 0.05
A985/A985M−21
TABLE3 Continued
Limit or Maximum of Variation Under Min or Limit or Maximum of Variation Under Min or
Element Element
Specified Element, % Over Max Specified Element, % Over Max
Titanium over 2.00 to 3.50, incl 0.07
over 3.50 to 5.00, incl 0.10
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.20
A
Niobium (Nb) and columbium (Cb) both designate element 41.
5.4 Unspecified Elements—When chemical analysis for el- 10. Quality
ements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, Supple-
10.1 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering
mentary Requirement S1 may be specified.
ceramic, scale, cracks, and hot tears as determined by visual
examination.Othersurfacediscontinuitiesshallmeetthevisual
NOTE 1—All commercial metals contain small amounts of various
elementsinadditiontothosewhicharespecified.Itisneitherpracticalnor
acceptance standards specified in the order. Unacceptable
necessary to specify limits for every unspecified element that might be
visual surface discontinuities shall be removed and their
present, despite the fact that the presence of many of these elements often
removal verified by visual examination of the resultant cavi-
is determined routinely by the producer.
ties.
5.5 Grade Substitution—Gradesubstitutionisnotpermitted.
10.2 The castings shall not be peened, plugged, or impreg-
Grade substitution occurs when the material being supplied
nated.
contains one or more elements that are not specified for the
supplied material such that the material conforms to the
10.3 When additional inspection is desired, Supplementary
requirements of a different grade.
Requirement S4, S5, S6, or S7 may be specified.
6. Mechanical Test Methods
11. Hydrostatic Tests
6.1 All mechanical tests shall be conducted in accordance
11.1 Each casting shall be tested after machining to the
with Test Methods and Definitions A370, or when material is
hydrostatic shell test pressures prescribed in ANSI B16.5 for
ordered to an M-suffix (SI units) standard, then in accordance
the applicable steel rating for which the casting is designed.
with Test Methods A1058.
The casting shall not show any leaks. Castings ordered for
working pressures other than those in the standard ANSI
7. Tensile Requirements
ratings,orthoselistedforwhichtestpressuresarenotspecified
by ANSI B16.5, shall be tested at a pressure agreed upon
7.1 Sampling for tension testing shall be in accordance with
between the manufacturer and purchaser.
4.5 or with Supplementary Requirement S30, as appropriate.
11.2 Itisrealizedthatthefoundrymaybeunabletoperform
7.2 The coupon from which the test specimen is taken shall
thehydrostatictestpriortoshipment,orthatthepurchasermay
be heat treated in production furnaces to the same procedure as
wish to defer testing until additional work or machining has
the castings it represents.
been performed on the casting. Castings ordered in the rough
7.3 To determine accordance with the tension test
state for final machining by the purchaser may be tested
requirements, an observed value or calculated value shall be
hydrostatically prior to shipment by the manufacturer at
rounded off in accordance with Practice E29 to the nearest
pressures to be agreed upon with the purchaser. The foundry,
0.5 ksi [5 MPa] for yield and tensile strength and to the nearest
however, is responsible for the satisfactory performance of the
1 % for elongation and reduction of area. In the special case of
casting under the final test required in 11.1.
rounding the number “5” when no additional numbers other
than “0” follow the “5,” rounding shall be done in the direction
12. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
of the specification limits if following Practice E29 would
12.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner
cause rejection of material.
and shall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by
the purchaser.When the pattern is supplied by the purchaser or
8. Repair by Welding
is produced using a die supplied by the purchaser, the dimen-
8.1 Repair by welding shall be in accordance with the
sions of the casting shall be as predicated by the pattern or die,
requirements of individual specifications using procedures and
unless otherwise agreed upon.
welders qualified in accordance with Practice A488/A488M.
12.2 Machined welding ends shall be suitably protected
against damage during shipping.
9. Flanges
9.1 When a flange from a flanged casting is removed to
13. Retests
make a weld-end casting, discontinuities may be observed that
would not have been detrimental in a flanged casting. The 13.1 If a specimen is machined improperly, or if flaws are
dispositionofthecastingshallbesubjecttoagreementbetween revealed by machining or during testing, the specimen may be
the purchaser and manufacturer. discarded and another substituted from the same heat.
A985/A985M−21
13.2 If the results of the mechanical tests do not conform to 16.2 As applicable, the certification also shall include:
the requirements specified, at the manufacturer’s option, cast- 16.2.1 Material specification and grade,
ings may be reheat treated and retested. Testing after reheat 16.2.2 Pattern or part number,
treatment shall consist of the full number of specimens taken 16.2.3 Master heat number or serial number traceable to the
from locations complying with the specification or order. master heat number,
16.2.4 Chemical analysis results required by the specifica-
NOTE 2—Test Methods and Definitions A370, paragraph 4.4, and Test
tion and supplementary requirements specified in the purchase
Methods A
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: A985/A985M − 20 A985/A985M − 21
Standard Specification for
Steel Investment Castings General Requirements, for
Pressure-Containing Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A985/A985M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements that are mandatory for steel castings produced by the investment
casting process for pressure-containing parts under each of the following ASTM Specifications:
Title of Specification ASTM Designation
Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, A216/A216M
for High-Temperature Service
Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for A217/A217M
Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-
Temperature Service
Castings, Austenitic, for Pressure-Containing A351/A351M
Parts
Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure- A352/A352M
Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-Temperature
Service
Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat-Treated, for A389/A389M
Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-
Temperature Service
Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service A487/A487M
Castings, Iron-Nickel-Chromium and Nickel Alloys, Spe- A990/A990M
cially Controlled for Pressure-Retaining Parts for
Corrosive Service
Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for A995/A995M
Pressure-Containing Parts
1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements, which may be applied to the above specifications as
indicated therein. These requirements are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired, and apply only when
specified individually by the purchaser in the order.
1.3 When investment casting is ordered, the requirements of this specification shall take precedence over the individual material
specification requirements.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee A01.18
on Castings.
Current edition approved July 1, 2020May 1, 2021. Published August 2020May 2021. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20192020 as
A985/A985M – 19.A985/A985M – 20. DOI: 10.1520/A0985_A0985M-20.10.1520/A0985_A0985M-21.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A985/A985M − 21
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A216/A216M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature Service
A217/A217M Specification for Steel Castings, Martensitic Stainless and Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for
High-Temperature Service
A351/A351M Specification for Castings, Austenitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts
A352/A352M Specification for Steel Castings, Ferritic and Martensitic, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for Low-
Temperature Service
A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
A380/A380M Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems
A389/A389M Specification for Steel Castings, Alloy, Specially Heat Treated, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for
High-Temperature Service
A487/A487M Specification for Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service
A488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings, Welding, Qualifications of Procedures and Personnel
A609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy, and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination Thereof
A751 Test Methods and Practices for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
A800/A800M Practice for Estimating Ferrite Content of Stainless Steel Castings Containing Both Ferrite and Austenite
A903/A903M Specification for Steel Castings, Surface Acceptance Standards, Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant
Inspection
A941 Terminology Relating to Steel, Stainless Steel, Related Alloys, and Ferroalloys
A967/A967M Specification for Chemical Passivation Treatments for Stainless Steel Parts
A990/A990M Specification for Castings, Iron-Nickel-Chromium and Nickel Alloys, Specially Controlled for Pressure-Retaining
Parts for Corrosive Service
A991/A991M Test Method for Conducting Temperature Uniformity Surveys of Furnaces Used to Heat Treat Steel Products
A995/A995M Specification for Castings, Austenitic-Ferritic (Duplex) Stainless Steel, for Pressure-Containing Parts
A1058 Test Methods for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products—Metric
A1067/A1067M Specification for Test Coupons for Steel Castings
A1080/A1080M Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloy Castings
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
E94/E94M Guide for Radiographic Examination Using Industrial Radiographic Film
E125 Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings
E165/E165M Practice for Liquid Penetrant Testing for General Industry
E186 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 ⁄2 in. (50.8 to 114 mm)) Steel Castings
E192 Reference Radiographs of Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications
E208 Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic Steels
E280 Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 ⁄2 to 12 in. (114 to 305 mm)) Steel Castings
E340 Practice for Macroetching Metals and Alloys
E353 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Stainless, Heat-Resisting, Maraging, and Other Similar Chromium-Nickel-Iron
Alloys
E354 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of High-Temperature, Electrical, Magnetic, and Other Similar Iron, Nickel, and
Cobalt Alloys
E446 Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in Thickness
E709 Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing
E2660 Digital Reference Images for Investment Steel Castings for Aerospace Applications
2.2 ANSI Standard:
B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
A985/A985M − 21
2.3 ASME Standard:
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, NB-2546
2.4 Standards of the Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fitting Industry:
MSS SP 53 Quality Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components
(Magnetic Particle Exam Method)
MSS SP 54 Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and Other Piping Components (Radiographic
Examination Method)
2.5 SAE Standards:
AMS 2750 Pyrometry
ARP 1341 Determining Decarburization and Carburization in Finished Parts of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—The definitions in Test Methods and Definitions A370, Terminology A941, and Test Methods A1058 are
applicable to this specification and to those listed in 1.1.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 heat, n—all the molten metal poured from a single furnace, or all of the molten metal from two or more furnaces, poured
into a single ladle or casting prior to the replenishing of the furnace(s).
3.2.2 investment casting, n—a metal casting that is produced in a mold obtained by investing (surrounding) an expendable pattern
with a ceramic slurry, which is allowed to solidify. The expendable pattern may consist of wax, plastic, or other material, and is
removed prior to filling the mold with liquid metal.
3.2.3 master heat, n—a single furnace charge of alloy that may be either poured directly into castings or into remelt alloy for
individual melts.
3.2.4 sub-heat, n—a portion of master heat remelted with only minor additions for deoxidation for pouring into castings.
Synonyms—melt,production heat.
4. Materials and Manufacture
4.1 When the purchaser imposes the requirements of this specification, the manufacturer is responsible for compliance with the
specification requirements during the production and processing of the casting by themselves and any of their subcontractors.
4.2 Melting Process—Master heats shall be made by the electric furnace process, with or without separate refining such as
argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), vacuum-oxygen-degassing (VOD), vacuum-induction-melting (VIM), and so forth, unless
otherwise specified in the individual specification or agreed upon between the customer and producer. Master heats may be used
directly for producing castings or converted into ingot, bar, shot, or other suitable form, not including gates and risers from casting
production, for later remelting as a sub-heat.
4.3 Re-Melting Process—Sub-heats shall be produced from master heat metal in suitable batch sizes by electric induction furnace,
with or without atmosphere protection such as vacuum or inert gas, unless otherwise agreed upon between the customer and
producer. Revert (gates, sprues, risers, and rejected castings) shall not be remelted except in master heats.
4.4 Heat Treatment:
4.4.1 Ferritic and martensitic steel shall be cooled after pouring to provide substantially complete transformation of austenite prior
to heat treatment to enhance mechanical properties.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org.
Available from Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry (MSS), 127 Park St., NE, Vienna, VA 22180-4602, http://www.mss-hq.com.
Available from SAE International (SAE), 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096, http://www.sae.org.
A985/A985M − 21
4.4.2 Castings shall be heat treated in the working zone of a furnace that has been surveyed in accordance with Test Method
A991/A991M or AMS 2750.
4.4.2.1 When using furnaces surveyed in accordance with Test Method A991/A991M, the following requirements apply for heat
treatments above 2000 °F [1100 °F]. When castings are heat treated at temperatures above 2000 °F [1100 °C], then the working
zone shall have been established by a survey performed at not more than 25 °F [15 °C] below nor more than 200 °F [110 °C] above
the minimum heat treatment temperature specified for the grade. If a minimum heat treatment temperature is not specified for the
grade, then the survey temperature shall be not more than 50 °F [30 °C] below nor more than 175 °F [100 °C] above the furnace
set point used.
4.4.2.2 When using furnaces surveyed in accordance with AMS 2750, there are no additional requirements beyond those stated
in AMS 2750.
4.4.2.3 The maximum variation in measured temperature, as determined by the difference between the highest temperature and
the lowest temperature, shall be as agreed between the purchaser and producer, except that during production heat treatment no
portion of the furnace shall be below the minimum specified temperature nor above the maximum specified temperature for the
grade being processed.
4.5 Sampling:
4.5.1 If castings are poured directly from one or more master heats, then the samples for chemical and other required testing also
shall be poured directly from each of the master heats.
4.5.2 If castings are poured from a sub-heat, then the samples for chemical and other required testing also shall be poured from
a sub-heat of that same master heat, but not necessarily from the same sub-heat as the castings. The sub-heat used for the test
samples shall be produced using the same melting practices and additions as used to produce the castings.
4.5.3 Test specimens may be taken from castings or from coupons cast either integrally with the castings, in the same molds as
the castings, or in separate molds.
4.5.4 Separately cast coupons for other than chemical analysis shall be cast in molds of the same material as those used for the
castings, as shown in Specification A1067/A1067M, Figs. 1–4, except when Supplementary Requirement S26 is specified. The test
coupon in Specification A1067/A1067M, Fig. 4 shall be employed only for austenitic alloy castings with cross sections less than
2 ⁄2 in. [65 mm].
4.5.5 Coupons for chemical analysis may be chill cast.
5. Chemical Composition
5.1 Chemical Analysis—Chemical analysis of materials covered by this specification shall be in accordance with Test Methods,
Practices, and Terminology A751.
5.2 Heat Analysis—An analysis of samples obtained in accordance with 4.5 or Supplementary Requirement S29, as appropriate,
shall be made by the manufacturer to determine the percentages of the elements specified for the grade being poured. When
drillings are used, they shall be taken not less than ⁄16 in. [1.6 mm] beneath the surface. The chemical composition thus determined
shall be reported to the purchaser, or their representative, and shall conform to the requirements in the individual specification for
the grade being poured.
5.3 Product Analysis—A product analysis may be made by the purchaser from material representing each master heat, sub-heat,
lot, or casting. The analysis shall be made on representative material. Samples for carbon analysis shall be taken no closer than
⁄16 in. [1.6 mm] to a cast surface, except that castings too thin for this shall be analyzed on representative material. The chemical
composition thus determined shall meet the requirements specified in the applicable specification for the grade involved, or shall
be subject to rejection by the purchaser, except that the chemical composition determined for carbon and low-alloy steel and
Information on the relationship of mechanical properties determined on test coupons obtained as specified in 4.5.4 with those obtained from the casting may be found
in The Steel Castings Handbook, Fifth Edition, Steel Founders’ Society of America, 1980, pp. 15–35 through 15–43.
A985/A985M − 21
TABLE 1 Product Analysis Tolerances for Carbon and Low-Alloy
Steels
B, C
Tolerances over max
A
Element Range
or under min, Limit, %
Carbon (C) up to 0.65 % 0.03 × % C + 0.02
L
above 0.65 % 0.04 %
Manganese (Mn) up to 1 % 0.08 × % Mn + 0.01
L
above 1 % 0.09
Silicon (Si) up to 0.60 % 0.22 × % Si - 0.01
L
above 0.60 % 0.15 %
Phosphorus (P) all 0.13 × % P + 0.005
L
Sulfur (S) all 0.36 × % S + 0.001
L
Nickel (Ni) up to 2 % 0.10 × % Ni + 0.003
L
above 2 % 0.25 %
Chromium (Cr) up to 2 % 0.07 × % Cr + 0.04
L
above 2 % 0.18 %
Molybdenum (Mo) up to 0.6 % 0.04 × % Mo + 0.03
L
above 0.6 % 0.06 %
Vanadium (V) up to 0.25 % 0.23 × % V + 0.004
L
above 0.25 % 0.06 %
Tungsten (W) up to 0.10 % 0.08 × % W + 0.02
L
above 0.10 % 0.02 %
Copper (Cu) up to 0.15 % 0.18 × % Cu + 0.02
L
above 0.15 % 0.05 %
Aluminum (Al) up to 0.10 % 0.08 × % Al + 0.02
L
above 0.10 % 0.03 %
A
The range denotes the composition limits up to which the tolerances are
computed by the equation, and above which the tolerances are given by a
constant.
B
The subscript for the elements in each equation indicates that the limits of the
L
element specified by the applicable specification are to be inserted into the
equation to calculate the tolerance for the upper limit and the lower limit, if
applicable, respectively. Examples of computing tolerances are presented in
footnote C.
C
To compute the tolerances, consider the manganese limits 0.50 to 80 % of Grade
WC4 of Specification A217/A217M. According to Table 1, the maximum permis-
sible deviation of a product analysis below the lower limit 0.50 is 0.05 % = (0.08 ×
0.50 + 0.01). The lowest acceptable product analysis of Grade WC4, therefore, is
0.45 %. Similarly, the maximum permissible deviation above the upper limit of
0.80 % is 0.074 % = (0.08 × 0.08 + 0.01). The highest acceptable product analysis
of Grade WC4, therefore is 0.874. For Grade WCC of Specification A216/A216M,
the maximum manganese content is 1.40 % if the carbon content is 0.20 %. In this
case, the highest acceptable product analysis is 1.49 = (1.40 + 0.09).
stainless steel steel, stainless steel, and nickel and cobalt based castings may vary from the specified limits by the amounts shown
in Table 1 and , Table 2, and Table 3, respectively. The product analysis tolerances of Tables 1 and 1-23 are not applicable as
acceptance criteria for heat analysis by the casting manufacturer. When comparing product and heat analysis for other than carbon
and low-alloy steels, the reproducibility data R2 in Test Methods E353 or E354, as applicable, shall be taken into consideration.
5.4 Unspecified Elements—When chemical analysis for elements not specified for the grade ordered is desired, Supplementary
Requirement S1 may be specified.
NOTE 1—All commercial metals contain small amounts of various elements in addition to those which are specified. It is neither practical nor necessary
to specify limits for every unspecified element that might be present, despite the fact that the presence of many of these elements often is determined
routinely by the producer.
5.5 Grade Substitution—Grade substitution is not permitted. Grade substitution occurs when the material being supplied contains
one or more elements that are not specified for the supplied material such that the material conforms to the requirements of a
different grade.
6. Mechanical Test Methods
6.1 All mechanical tests shall be conducted in accordance with Test Methods and Definitions A370, or when material is ordered
to an M-suffix (SI units) standard, then in accordance with Test Methods A1058.
7. Tensile Requirements
7.1 Sampling for tension testing shall be in accordance with 4.5 or with Supplementary Requirement S30, as appropriate.
A985/A985M − 21
TABLE 2 Product Analysis Tolerances for Stainless Steels
Tolerance Over the Tolerance Over the
Limit or Maximum of Maximum Limit or Limit or Maximum of Maximum Limit or
Element Element
Specified Range, % Under the Specified Range, % Under the
Minimum Limit Minimum Limit
Carbon to 0.010, incl 0.002 Copper to 0.50, incl 0.03
over 0.010 to 0.030, incl 0.005 over 0.50 to 1.00, incl 0.05
over 0.030 to 0.20, incl 0.01 over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.10
over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.02
over 0.60 to 1.20, incl 0.03
Manganese to 1.00, incl 0.03 Niobium plus Tantalum to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.04
over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.05
over 6.00 to 10.00, incl 0.06
over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.10
over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.15
Phosphorus to 0.040, incl 0.005 Titanium to 1.00, incl 0.05
over 0.040 to 0.20, incl 0.010 over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.07
Sulfur to 0.040, incl 0.005 Vanadium to 0.50 incl 0.03
over 0.040 to 0.20, incl 0.010 over 0.50 to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 0.20 to 0.50, incl 0.020
Silicon to 1.00, incl 0.05 Aluminum to 0.15, incl –0.005, +0.01
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.10 over 0.15 to 0.50, incl 0.05
over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.15 over 0.50 to 2.00, incl 0.10
Chromium over 4.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10 Tantalum to 0.10, incl 0.02
over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15
over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.20
over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.25
A
Nickel to 1.00, incl 0.03 Cobalt over 0.05 to 0.50, incl 0.01
over 1.00 to 5.00, incl 0.07 over 0.50 to 2.00, incl 0.02
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10 over 2.00 to 5.00, incl 0.05
over 10.000 to 20.00, incl 0.15
over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.20
Molybdenum over 0.20 to 0.60, incl 0.03 Selenium all 0.03
over 0.60 to 2.00, incl 0.05
over 2.00 to 8.00, incl 0.10
Nitrogen to 0.02, incl 0.005 Tungsten to 1.00, incl 0.03
over 0.02 to 0.19, incl 0.01 over 1.00 to 2.00, incl 0.05
over 0.19 to 0.25, incl 0.02
over 0.25 to 0.35, incl 0.03
over 0.35 to 0.45, incl 0.04
over 0.45 to 0.55, incl 0.05
A
Product analysis limits for cobalt under 0.05 % have not been established, and the manufacturer should be consulted for those limits.
7.2 The coupon from which the test specimen is taken shall be heat treated in production furnaces to the same procedure as the
castings it represents.
7.3 To determine accordance with the tension test requirements, an observed value or calculated value shall be rounded off in
accordance with Practice E29 to the nearest 0.5 ksi [5 MPa] for yield and tensile strength and to the nearest 1 % for elongation
and reduction of area. In the special case of rounding the number “5” when no additional numbers other than “0” follow the “5,”
rounding shall be done in the direction of the specification limits if following Practice E29 would cause rejection of material.
8. Repair by Welding
8.1 Repair by welding shall be in accordance with the requirements of individual specifications using procedures and welders
qualified in accordance with Practice A488/A488M.
A985/A985M − 21
TABLE 3 Product Analysis Tolerances – Nickel and Cobalt Base Alloys
Limit or Maximum of Variation Under Min or Limit or Maximum of Variation Under Min or
Element Element
Specified Element, % Over Max Specified Element, % Over Max
Carbon up to 0.02, incl 0.005 Aluminum up to 0.10, incl 0.02
over 0.02 to 0.20, incl 0.01 over 0.10 to 0.50, incl 0.05
over 0.20 to 0.60 incl 0.02 over 0.50 to 2.00, incl 0.10
over 0.60 to 1.00, incl 0.03 over 2.00 to 5.00, incl 0.20
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.25
Manganese up to 1.00, incl 0.03 over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.30
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.04
over 3.00 to 6.00, incl 0.07 Boron up to 0.01, incl 0.002
over 6.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10 over 0.01 to 0.05, incl 0.005
over 0.05 to 0.15, incl 0.010
Silicon up to 0.05, incl 0.02
over 0.05 to 0.25, incl 0.03 Iron up to 0.20, inc 0.02
over 0.25 to 0.50, incl 0.04 over 0.20 to 0.75, incl 0.03
over 0.50 to 1.00, incl 0.05 over 0.75 to 2.50, incl 0.05
over 1.00 to 4.50, incl 0.10 over 2.50 to 5.00, incl 0.07
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10
Phosphorus all 0.005 over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15
over 15.00 to 30.00, incl 0.30
Sulfur up to 0.02, incl 0.003 over 30.00 to 50.00, incl 0.45
over 0.02 to 0.06, incl 0.005
Copper up to 0.20, incl 0.02
Chromium up to 5.00, incl 0.10 over 0.20 to 0.50, incl 0.03
over 5.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15 over 0.50 to 5.00, incl 0.04
over 15.00 to 25.00, incl 0.25 over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.05
over 25.00 to 35.00, incl 0.30 over 10.00 to 20.00, incl 0.10
over 35.00 to 45.00, incl 0.40 over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.15
over 45.00 to 50.00, incl 0.50 over 30.00 to 40.00, incl 0.20
over 40.00 to 50.00, incl 0.25
Nickel up to 1.00, incl 0.05
over 1.00 to 5.00, incl 0.10 Vanadium up to 0.50, incl 0.04
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.15 over 0.50 to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 10.00 to 20.00, incl 0.20
over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.25 Yttrium up to 0.050, incl 0.005
over 30.00 to 40.00, inc 0.30 over 0.050 to 0.10, incl 0.010
over 40.00 to 60.00, incl 0.35 over 0.10 to 0.20, incl 0.015
over 60.00 to 80.00, inc 0.45
over 80.00 to 99.00, incl 0.60 Zirconium up to 0.10, incl 0.01
over 0.10 to 0.20, incl 0.02
Cobalt up to 0.10, incl 0.01
over 0.10 to 0.20, incl 0.02 Lanthanum up to 0.20, incl 0.01
over 0.20 to 1.00, incl 0.03
over 1.00 to 5.00, incl 0.05 Cerium up to 0.050, incl 0.005
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.10 over 0.050 to 0.10, incl 0.010
over 10.00 to 15.00, incl 0.15 over 0.10 to 0.20, incl 0.015
over 15.00 to 20.00, incl 0.20
over 20.00 to 25.00, incl 0.25 Hafnium up to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 25.00 to 30.00, incl 0.30 over 1.50 to 3.00, incl 0.10
over 30.00 to 35.00, incl 0.35
over 35.00 to 50.00, incl 0.50 Rhenium up to 1.50, incl 0.05
over 1.50 to 3.00, incl 0.10
Molybdenum up to 1.00, incl 0.03 over 3.00 to 5.00, incl 0.15
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.05 over 5.00 to 7.00, incl 0.20
over 3.00 to 5.00, incl 0.10
over 5.00 to 20.00, incl 0.15 Platinum up to 0.50, incl 0.03
over 20.00 to 30.00, incl 0.25
over 30.00 to 40.00, incl 0.35 Oxygen up to 0.010, incl 0.005
Tungsten up to 1.00, incl 0.04 Nitrogen up to 0.02, incl 0.005
over 1.00 to 3.00, incl 0.10 over 0.02 to 0.19, incl 0.01
over 3.00 to 5.00, incl 0.15 over 0.19 to 0.25, incl 0.02
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.20 over 0.25 to 0.35, incl 0.03
over 10.00 to 20.00, incl 0.25 over 0.35 to 0.45, incl 0.04
over 0.45 to 0.60, incl 0.05
A
Niobium and/or up to 1.50, incl 0.05
Tantalum over 1.50 to 3.00, incl 0.10 Magnesium up to 0.10, incl 0.01
3.00 to 5.00, incl 0.15
over 5.00 to 7.00, incl 0.20 Lead up to 0.01, incl 0.002
over 7.00 to 10.00, incl 0.25
over 10.00 to 13.00, incl 0.30 Tin up to 0.01, incl 0.002
over 0.01 to 0.05, incl 0.005
Titanium up to 0.10, incl 0.02
over 0.10 to 0.50, inc 0.03 Zinc up to 0.01, incl 0.002
over 0.50 to 1.00, incl 0.04 over 0.01 to 0.05, incl 0.005
over 1.00 to 2.00, incl 0.05
A985/A985M − 21
TABLE 3 Continued
Limit or Maximum of Variation Under Min or Limit or Maximum of Variation Under Min or
Element Element
Specified Element, % Over Max Specified Element, % Over Max
Titanium over 2.00 to 3.50, incl 0.07
over 3.50 to 5.00, incl 0.10
over 5.00 to 10.00, incl 0.20
A
Niobium (Nb) and columbium (Cb) both designate element 41.
9. Flanges
9.1 When a flange from a flanged casting is removed to make a weld-end casting, discontinuities may be observed that would not
have been detrimental in a flanged casting. The disposition of the casting shall be subject to agreement between the purchaser and
manufacturer.
10. Quality
10.1 The surface of the casting shall be free of adhering ceramic, scale, cracks, and hot tears as determined by visual examination.
Other surface discontinuities shall meet the visual acceptance standards specified in the order. Unacceptable visual surface
discontinuities shall be removed and their removal verified by visual examination of the resultant cavities.
10.2 The castings shall not be peened, plugged, or impregnated.
10.3 When additional inspection is desired, Supplementary Requirement S4, S5, S6, or S7 may be specified.
11. Hydrostatic Tests
11.1 Each casting shall be tested after machining to the hydrostatic shell test pressures prescribed in ANSI B16.5 for the applicable
steel rating for which the casting is designed. The casting shall not show any leaks. Castings ordered for working pressures other
than those in the standard ANSI ratings, or those listed for which test pressures are not specified by ANSI B16.5, shall be tested
at a pressure agreed upon between the manufacturer and purchaser.
11.2 It is realized that the foundry may be unable to perform the hydrostatic test prior to shipment, or that the purchaser may wish
to defer testing until additional work or machining has been performed on the casting. Castings ordered in the rough state for final
machining by the purchaser may be tested hydrostatically prior to shipment by the manufacturer at pressures to be agreed upon
with the purchaser. The foundry, however, is responsible for the satisfactory performance of the casting under the final test required
in 11.1.
12. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
12.1 All castings shall be made in a workmanlike manner and shall conform to the dimensions on drawings furnished by the
purchaser. When the pattern is supplied by the purchaser or is produced using a die supplied by the purchaser, the dimensions of
the casting shall be as predicated by the pattern or die, unless otherwise agreed upon.
12.2 Machined welding ends shall be suitably protected against damage during shipping.
13. Retests
13.1 If a specimen is machined improperly, or if flaws are revealed by machining or during testing, the specimen may be discarded
and another substituted from the same heat.
13.2 If the results of the mechanical tests do not conform to the requirements specified, at the manufacturer’s option, castings may
be reheat treated and retested. Testing after reheat treatment shall consist of the full number of specimens taken from locations
complying with the specification or order.
NOTE 2—Test Methods and Definitions A370, paragraph 4.4, and Test Methods A1058, paragraph 3.5, address retesting because of mechanical reasons
such as failure of the test equipment. Test Methods and Definitions A370, paragraph 14.4.2, addresses retesting for reasons such as fracture outside of
A985/A985M − 21
the middle half of the gauge length or at a punch mark.
14. Inspection
14.1 The manufacturer shall afford the purchaser’s inspector all reasonable facilities necessary to satisfy that the
...