ASTM D5343-97
(Guide)Standard Guide for Evaluating Cleaning Performance of Ceramic Tile Cleaners
Standard Guide for Evaluating Cleaning Performance of Ceramic Tile Cleaners
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the cleaning performance of products intended for use on ceramic tiles. This guide provides techniques for soiling, cleaning, and evaluating performance of detergent systems under controlled, but practical, hard-surface cleaning conditions.
Note 1-The soils described in this guide are known in the industry as "soap scum."
1.2 Such systems include any detergent, cleaner, or abrasive cleanser intended for cleaning hard surfaces composed of ceramic tile. This guide is not appropriate for evaluating performance on grout. This guide also excludes other surfaces such as glass, resilient flooring, synthetic countertop surfaces or washable wall surfaces. The products for which this guide is intended include solutions of soluble powdered detergent, dilutions of concentrated liquid detergent, or products intended to be used full strength, for example, foams, sprays, liquid, powders, or paste.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents. Review them for hazards prior to usage.
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Designation:D5343–97
Standard Guide for
Evaluating Cleaning Performance of Ceramic Tile Cleaners
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5343; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 cycle—a cycle is defined as being both the back and
forth strokes on the scrubbing apparatus.
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation of the cleaning perfor-
3.1.3 soil—in hard surface cleaning, foreign matter on a
manceofproductsintendedforuseonceramictiles.Thisguide
hard surface such as a ceramic tile.
provides techniques for soiling, cleaning, and evaluating per-
3.1.4 substrate—the soiled surface that is being cleaned.
formance of detergent systems under controlled, but practical,
hard-surface cleaning conditions.
4. Summary of Guide
NOTE 1—The soils described in this guide are known in the industry as
4.1 Soils are artificially applied in a standardized manner to
“soap scum.”
a ceramic tile surface. The soiled surfaces are cleaned using a
1.2 Such systems include any detergent, cleaner, or abrasive
Gardner straight-line washability apparatus, and the cleaned
cleanser intended for cleaning hard surfaces composed of
substrates are evaluated using reflectance measurements, or
ceramic tile. This guide is not appropriate for evaluating
visually by a panel of judges. A schematic diagram of the soil
performance on grout. This guide also excludes other surfaces
composition is summarized in Fig. 1.
such as glass, resilient flooring, synthetic countertop surfaces
5. Significance and Use
or washable wall surfaces.The products for which this guide is
intended include solutions of soluble powdered detergent, 5.1 This guide suggests methodology for cleaning tests.
dilutions of concentrated liquid detergent, or products intended
This methodology can only be applied to assess product
to be used full strength, for example, foams, sprays, liquid, performance on typical bathroom soils and is not inclusive of
powders, or paste.
all potential soils present on ceramic tiles or other bathroom
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the surfaces. An assessment of cleaning performance on surfaces
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
other than ceramic tile cannot be presumed since there is no
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- confirmed basis for correlation for this soil on other surface or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
substrate types.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety 5.2 The results of tests based on this guide are regarded as
Data Sheets are available for reagents. Review them for
diagnostic screening values useful in formulation studies,
hazards prior to usage. quality control, and ingredient raw material qualification. The
results of this guide should be compared to control treatments,
2. Referenced Documents
which are incorporated into each performance evaluation.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
These results should be considered to be relative to all other
D 1729 Practice for Visual Evaluation of Color Differences
treatments in the study and are not absolute values. For
of Opaque Materials
interlaboratory comparisons, exact treatment conditions must
D 2960 Test Method of Controlled Laundering Test Using
be established and then results should be compared as relative
Naturally Soiled Fabrics and Household Appliances
ranking to the control treatments rather than as absolute values.
5.3 This guide is applicable to testing all types of multi-
3. Terminology
purpose household and bathroom cleaners, whether the deter-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
gent is prepared by dissolving a soluble powder, a dilutable
3.1.1 bathroom soil—thesoilcomposedofmaterialspresent
liquid, or is a non-dilutable product. It may also be useful for
on typical bathroom surfaces.
evaluation of products or conditions normally associated with
industrial or institutional cleaners.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-12 on Soaps and
6. Preparation of Soil
Other Detergents and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D12.16 on Hard
Surface Cleaning.
6.1 Summary of Method—White ceramic tiles are soiled
Current edition approved March 10, 1997. Published July 1997. Originally
with a composite soil composed of two separate preblends.
published as D 5343 – 93. Last previous edition D 5343 – 93.
2 One preblend consists of a mixture of synthetic sebum, metal
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.04. stearates, carbon black, and dirt. The second preblend is a
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5343
6.2.14 Calcium Stearate, technical grade,
6.2.15 Magnesium Stearate,
6.2.16 Carbon Lampblack,
6.2.17 Distilled Water, and
6.2.18 Synthetic Hard Water, 100 ppm hardness, as CaCO ,
+2 +2
3:1 Ca :Mg .
6.3 Equipment:
6.3.1 Balance,
6.3.2 Stirplate/Hotplate, two,
6.3.3 Magnetic Stirbars, two,
6.3.4 Beakers, 4000 mL, 2000 mL, 1000 mL, 600 mL
(metal), and 500 mL,
6.3.5 Forced Draft Oven, capable of 110 6 5°C,
6.3.6 Buchner Funnel, 500 mL,
6.3.7 Vacuum Flask, 2000 mL,
6.3.8 Filter Paper, Whatman 1,
FIG. 1 Bathroom Soil Composition
6.3.9 Separatory Funnel, 500 mL,
6.3.10 Ring Stand and Ring, to fit separatory funnel,
predissolved sodium stearate solution. Soil is applied using a
6.3.11 Mortar and Pestle,
painting pad applicator. The soiled substrate is scrubbed with a 6.3.12 Sieve, 14 mesh,
fine-celled sponge, to which the detergent system being tested
6.3.13 Ball Mill and Ceramic Jar, with 1-in. diameter
has been applied. Cleaning performance is evaluated by ceramic cylinders,
comparing reflectance measurements made on the clean/
6.3.14 Cookie Sheet,
unsoiled test panel, soiled panel (untreated), and on the soiled 6.3.15 Replacement Mini Trimmer Paint Pads, two,
panel after scrubbing using a Gardner Colorimeter. Results can
6.3.16 Refrigeration, for storage, 35°F, and
be either a visual rating or calculated as a percentage of soil 6.3.17 Plastic Disposable Pipets.
removed.
6.4 Procedure:
6.2 Materials:
Pre-mix No. 1 Preparation
6.2.1 Super Mix Potting Soil, from local store,
6.4.1 Synthetic Sebum Soil:
6.2.2 Palmitic Acid, reagent grade,
6.4.1.1 Prepare synthetic sebum soil using the following
6.2.3 Stearic Acid, powder, triple pressed,
constituents:
6.2.4 Coconut Oil,
Constituent Weight %
6.2.5 Paraffın Wax,
6.2.6 Sperm Wax,
Palmitic acid 10.0
6.2.7 Olive Oil,
Stearic acid 5.0
Coconut oil 15.0
6.2.8 Squalene,
11 Paraffin wax 10.0
6.2.9 Cholesterol,
Sperm wax 15.0
6.2.10 Oleic Acid,
Olive oil 20.0
Squalene 5.0
6.2.11 Linoleic Acid, purified,
Cholesterol 5.0
6.2.12 Sodium Stearate, technical grade,
Oleic acid 10.0
6.2.13 Ferric Chloride, hexahydrate, FeCl ·6H O,
Linoleic acid 5.0
3 2
Total 100.0
6.4.1.2 Weigh the oils out into one beaker. Then weigh the
Fisher Scientific A-225, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this
powders out into another beaker. Weigh the paraffin wax and
purpose.
5 sperm wax into a third beaker.
J. T. Baker 0340-05, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose.
6.4.1.3 Warm the oils on a hot plate, but do not allow
Sargent Welch C3574E, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this
purpose.
mixture temperature to exceed 54°C. Add powders and stir
Fisher Scientific P-22, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this
until dissolved.
purpose.
6.4.1.4 Addtheparaffinwaxandspermwaxandstiruntilall
Fisher Scientific S-480, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this
purpose. ingredients are dissolved.
Neofat 265, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose (Neofat
is trademark of Akzo Chemie, Chicago, IL).
10 16
Eastman Kodak 6966, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this Fisher Scientific Catalog #C-136, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for
purpose. this purpose.
11 17
J.T. Baker F676-07, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose. Available from Custom Chem Lab, Livermore, CA, or its equivalent, has been
J.T. Baker 0224-01, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose. found suitable for this purpose.
13 18
Fisher Scientific A-165, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this Fisher Scientific Catalog #S-480, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for
purpose. this purpose.
14 19
Reagent No. C14970-500GM available from Van, Waters, and Rogers, or its An oven found suitable for this purpose is available from Van, Waters, and
equivalent, is suitable for this purpose. Rogers (Model 1660D), or an equivalent may be used.
15 20
J.T. Baker #1996-1, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose. Available from U.S. Stoneware, Inc.
D5343
6.4.1.5 Pour the sebum into a glass jar and refrigerate at
Stearate premix 3.0
Carbon black 0.6
35°F. The sebum may be stored at 35°F for up to six months.
Super mix dirt 1.5
6.4.2 Iron Stearate Preparation—Iron stearate is not com-
Total 9.6
mercially available and must, therefore, be prepared in the lab.
6.4.5.2 Melt the sebum in a 600-mLmetal beaker in a warm
The following reaction is used to prepare iron stearate:
water bath at 65 to 70°C. In order to ensure homogeneity of the
3 Na Stearate 1 1 FeCl ·6H O→ 3 NaCl 1 1 Fe Stearate (1)
3 2 3
sebum, the mixture in the jar needs to be completely melted
6.4.2.1 Dissolve 15 g of FeCl ·6H O in 285 g of distilled
3 2 prior to sampling.
water. Pour solution into a 500-mLseparatory funnel. Set aside
6.4.5.3 Add the remaining ingredients in the following
until needed.
order: stearate premix, carbon black, and super mix dirt. Mix
6.4.2.2 Add 40.5 g of sodium stearate to 1960 g of distilled
after each addition until homogeneous.
water in a 4000-mLbeaker. Stir mixture and heat to 60 to 80°C
6.4.5.4 Once the addition is complete, remove the beaker
until sodium stearate is completely dissolved.
from the warm water bath and place it on a stirplate/hotplate.
6.4.2.3 After the sodium stearate has dissolved, add the
Place a stirbar in the beaker and begin stirring at medium
ferric chloride solution (from 6.4.2.1) slowly. Iron stearate will
speed. Maintain the temperature of the mixture at 65 to 70°C.
immediately begin to precipitate. After the addition of the
ferric chloride solution has been completed, stir for an addi-
Premix No. 2 Preparation
tional 5 min.
6.4.6 Sodium Stearate Solution:
6.4.2.4 Remove beaker from heat and allow the mixture to
6.4.6.1 Prepare sodium stearate solution as follows:
cool.
Constituent Target Weight, g
6.4.2.5 When the temperature has dropped to 30 to 35°C,
filter the mixture through Whatman 1 filter paper using a large
Sodium stearate 40.29
Buchner funnel. Distilled water 259.71
Total 300.00
6.4.2.6 Wash the precipitate with distilled water (3 by 500
mL) to remove any remaining unreacted ferric chloride.
6.4.6.2 Add sodium stearate to distilled water.
6.4.2.7 Allow the iron stearate to dry at room temperature to
6.4.6.3 Heat mixture to 75°C and stir until sodium stearate
constant weight (approximately three days).
is dissolved and solution is clear. This can take up to 30 min to
6.4.2.8 Iron stearate can be stored in a closed container for
completely dissolve the sodium stearate.
up to one year.
6.4.6.4 Maintain temperature of solution at 75°C.
6.4.3 Stearate Premix Preparation:
6.5 Final Soil Preparation:
6.4.3.1 Prepare stearate premix preparation using the fol-
6.5.1 Add Premix No. 2 to Premix No. 1 in 20-g increments
lowing constituents in the order detailed as follows:
until all of Premix No. 2 has been added. Stir (using stirplate)
Constituent Weight, g
between each 20-g addition. Premix No. 1 and Premix No. 2
are heated throughout the addition procedure.
Calcium stearate 53.0
Magnesium stearate 26.0
6.5.2 Stir at high speed with continued heating to obtain a
Iron stearate 21.0
homogeneous mixture. Soil color should be charcoal gray.
Total 100.0
6.5.3 Maintain a soil temperature of 75 to 80°C throughout
6.4.3.2 Combine the three stearates and pulverize with a
the soil application.
mortar and pestle until homogeneous.
6.5.4 This soil mixture should be used immediately and not
6.4.3.3 Stearate premix can be stored in a closed container
reheated.
for up to one year.
6.4.4 Super Mix Dirt Preparation:
7. Preparation of Substrate
6.4.4.1 Remove the large wood chunks, vermiculite, and
7.1 Wash tiles in a laboratory dishwasher using an
styrofoam particles from the potting soil with a large 14-mesh
industrial-strength dishwashing detergent.
sieve.
7.2 Air-dry tiles for 24 h. For best drying, position tiles such
6.4.4.2 Spread1000to1500gofthesievedpottingsoilover
that air flows freely across all surfaces.
a cookie sheet and dry in a forced-draft oven at 110°C for 16
7.3 Preheat oven to 70 to 80°C.
to 24 h until moisture is completely removed.
7.4 Place tiles on an oven tray and heat for at least 1 h
6.4.4.3 Fill the Ball Mill jar halfway with the ceramic
before applying the soil. Soil enough tiles to run eight
cylinders. Place the sieved soil in the jar. Clamp the lid
replicates per test product plus three extra for cycle determi-
securely onto the jar and run the Ball Mill for a minimum of 4
nation.
h. The super mix dirt is now ready for use.
6.4.4.4 The super mix dirt may be stored in a closed
8. Soil Application
container for up to one year.
6.4.5 Final Premix No. 1 Preparation:
8.1 Apparatus:
6.4.5.1 Composition:
Constituent Target Weight, g
Synthetic sebum soil 4.5 21
Alcojet, or its equivalent, has been found suitable for this purpose.
D5343
8.1.1 Soil Applicator, mini trimmer paint applicator 9.2 Cleaning Test:
1 3
(1 ⁄4 by 2 ⁄4 in.).
9.2.1 Sponge Preparation:
8.1.2 Test Substrate, white ceramic glazed wall tiles (4.25
9.2.1.1 Sponges, as received, contain small amounts of
by 4.25 in.).
surfactants and thus need to be cleaned prior to using. Wash
8.2 Tile Preparation:
sponges in a washing machine using warm water and spin dry.
8.2.1 Remove the tray of tiles from the oven immediately
Dry the sponges in a clothes dryer until they are completely
prior to soil application. Tiles should be soiled while hot.
dry. Discard sponges with surface imperfections, uneven thick-
8.2.2 Usetheminitrimmerpaintpadandapplicatortoapply
ness, or other obvious deformities. If sponges have been
a single layer of hot soil down t
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