ASTM E446-10
(Specification)Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in Thickness
Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in Thickness
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Graded reference radiographs are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. These reference radiographs are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7).
Reference radiographs represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of E186 reference radiographs may alternatively be used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so agreed upon in the purchaser supplier agreement (see Note 2 and 5.1).
Procedures for evaluation of production radiographs using applicable reference radiographs of this standard are prescribed in Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites for where weld repairs may be required.
SCOPE
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) (see Note 2). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
Note 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard.
Note 2—Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation E71, but included a now rarely used gamma source, that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized shrinkage or C categories and by elimination of the crack and hot tear categories except for one example of each of these discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in Reference Radiograph standards E186 and E280. Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E186 provide some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3).
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of three separate volumes (see Note 3) as follows: (I) medium voltage (nominal 250-kV) X rays. (II) 1-MV X rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and (III) 2-MV to 4-MV X rays and cobalt-60 radiation. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of six categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity level and four categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and se...
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Designation: E446 − 10
StandardReference Radiographs for
1
Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in Thickness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope ence radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are pro-
2 vided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting disconti-
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various
nuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a
categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occur-
list of discontinuity categories, types and severity levels for the
ring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in.
adjunct reference radiographs of this standard:
(50.8 mm) (see Note 2). The reference radiograph films are an
1.2.1 Category A—Gasporosity;severitylevels1through5.
adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from
1.2.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels
ASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and
1 through 5.
severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these
1.2.3 Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types:
reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
1.2.3.1 Ca—linear shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.
NOTE 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs
1.2.3.2 Cb—feathery shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through
requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination
5.
attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7
of this standard.
1.2.3.3 Cc—sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.
NOTE 2—Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness
1.2.3.4 Cd—combinations of linear, feathery and sponge
range carried the designation E71, but included a now rarely used gamma
shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.
source, that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion
1.2.4 Category D—Crack; 1 illustration.
of several recognized shrinkage or C categories and by elimination of the
crack and hot tear categories except for one example of each of these
1.2.5 Category E—Hot tear; 1 illustration.
discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be
1.2.6 Category F—Insert; 1 illustration.
found in Reference Radiograph standards E186 and E280. Reference
1.2.7 Category G—Mottling; 1 illustration.
Radiograph standards E446 and E186 provide some overlap of severity
levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level
NOTE 3—The reference radiographs consist of the following:
range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3).
Volume I: Medium Voltage (nominal 250 kVp) X-Ray Reference
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of three separate Radiographs—set of 34 illustrations (nominal 5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in.
ring binder.
volumes (see Note 3) as follows: (I) medium voltage (nominal
Volume II: 1-MV X Rays and Iridium-192 Reference Radiographs—Set
250-kV) X rays. (II) 1-MV X rays and Iridium-192 radiation,
of 34 illustrations (nominal 5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in. ring binder.
and(III)2-MVto4-MVXraysandcobalt-60radiation.Unless
Volume III: 2-MV to 4-MV X Rays and Cobalt-60 Reference
otherwisespecifiedinapurchasersupplieragreement(see1.1),
Radiographs—Set of 34 illustrations (nominal 5 by 7 in.) in a 15 by 17-in.
each volume is for comparison only with production radio- ring binder.
NOTE 4—Although Category G–Mottling is listed for all three volumes,
graphs produced with radiation energy levels within the thick-
the appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy.
ness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of
Mottling appears reasonably prominent in Volume I; however, because of
six categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity
the higher radiation energy levels mottling may not be apparent inVolume
level and four categories of ungraded discontinuities. Refer-
II nor Volume III.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
1
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
as the standard. SI values are shown for information only.
E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E07.02 on Reference Radiological Images.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2010. Published February 2010. Originally
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
´1
approved in 1972. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E446 – 98(2004) .
responsibility of the user of
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation:E446–98 (Reapproved 2004) Designation: E446 – 10
Standard Reference Radiographs for
1
Steel Castings Up to 2 in. [51 mm](50.8 mm) in Thickness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E446; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
´ NOTE—Editorial changes were made throughout the standard in January 2004.
1. Scope
1.1These reference radiographs
2
1.1 These reference radiographs illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have
sectionthicknessesupto2in.[51mm](Note1).illustratevariouscategories,types,andseveritylevelsofdiscontinuitiesoccurring
in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) (see Note 2). The reference radiograph films are an adjunct
to this standard and must be purchased separately fromASTM International, if needed (see 2.2). Categories and severity levels for
each discontinuity type represented by these reference radiographs are described in 1.2.
NOTE1—Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation E71, but included a now rarely used gamma source,
that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized 1—The basis of application for these reference radiographs
requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion as described in Sections 4, 6, and7
of this standard.
NOTE 2—Reference radiographs previously used for this thickness range carried the designation E71, but included a now rarely used gamma source,
that is, radium. The current document is also updated by inclusion of several recognized shrinkage or C categories and by elimination of the crack and
hot tear categories except for one example of each of these discontinuity types. Reference radiographs for thicker sections may be found in Reference
Radiograph standards E186 and E280.
1.2These reference illustrations consist of three separate sets (Note 2. Reference Radiograph standards E446 and E186 provide
some overlap of severity levels for similar discontinuity categories within the same energy level range (see 4.2, 5.1, and 6.3).
1.2 These reference radiographs consist of three separate volumes (see Note 3) as follows: (1I) medium voltage (nominal
250-kVp)250-kV) X rays. (2II) 1-MV X rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and (3) 2-MV to 4-MV X rays and cobalt-60 radiation.
Eachsetisforcomparisononlywithradiographsproducedwithequivalentradiation.Itshouldberecognizedthateachenergylevel
is not applicable to the entire thickness range covered by this document. Each set consists of 6 categories of graded discontinuities
inincreasingseverityleveland4categoriesofungradeddiscontinuitiesfurnishedasexamplesonly,asfollows:III)2-MVto4-MV
X rays and cobalt-60 radiation. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for
comparison only with production radiographs produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this
standard. Each volume consists of six categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity level and four categories of
ungraded discontinuities. Reference radiographs containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a
specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. Following is a list of discontinuity categories, types and
severity levels for the adjunct reference radiographs of this standard:
1.2.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3 Category C—Shrinkage; 4 types:
1.2.3.1 CACa—linear shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.2 CBCb—feathery shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.3 CCCc—sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.3.4 CDCd—combinations of linear, feathery and sponge shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.
1.2.4 Category D—Crack; 1 illustration.
1
These reference radiographs are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.02
on Reference Radiographs.
Current edition approved January 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Orig
...
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