ASTM D2140-23e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.
5.2 Results obtained by this practice are similar to, but not identical with, results obtained from Test Method D3238. The relationship between the two and the equations used in deriving Fig. 1 are discussed in the literature.4
5.3 Although this practice tends to give consistent results, it may not compare with direct measurement test methods such as Test Method D2007.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D2140 − 23
Standard Practice for
Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of
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Petroleum Origin
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2140; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
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ε NOTE—Research report number was added editorially in January 2024.
1. Scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type
composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic
2. Referenced Documents
physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it elimi-
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
nates the necessity for complex fractional separation and
D129 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Gen-
purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils
eral High Pressure Decomposition Device Method) (With-
having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and
3
drawn 2023)
0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and
ity)
percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained
D923 Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids
from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity
D1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (r ) of the oil are
i
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific
D1481 Test Method for Density and Relative Density (Spe-
gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data
cific Gravity) of Viscous Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
required for use of this test method.
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Pycnometer (Withdrawn 2023)
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type
D2007 Test Method for Characteristic Groups in Rubber
composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly
Extender and Processing Oils and Other Petroleum-
used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It
Derived Oils by the Clay-Gel Absorption Chromato-
is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or
graphic Method
uninhibited.
D2501 Test Method for Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity
Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D3238 Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
standard.
n-d-M Method
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D7042 Test Method for Dynamic Viscosity and Density of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Liquids by Stabinger Viscometer (and the Calculation of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Kinematic Viscosity)
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3. Terminology
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1 Definitions:
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
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This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D27.07 on Physical Test. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally the ASTM website.
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approved in 1963 as D2140 – 63 T. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
D2140 – 08 (2017). DOI: 10.1520/D2140-23E01. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D2140 − 23
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % C , % C , and % C
A N P
3.1.1 percent of aromatic carbons (%
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