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ASTM C179-11

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens

Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful in quantitatively rating or ranking both ramming and refractory plastics by their linear stability after heating.  
This test method is also useful for determining whether a ramming or refractory plastic can be used in a specified application based on linear change criteria.  
This test method excludes basic and carbon bearing materials.  
This test method can produce data for the engineering and design of refractory installations. The linear change data can be used to determine the number of joints necessary to maintain integrity of ramming or refractory plastic in a large installation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drying shrinkage and of the combined drying and linear change of refractory ramming mixes and plastics.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3   This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2011
ICS
81.080 - Refractories
Technical Committee
C08 - Refractories
Drafting Committee
C08.09 - Monolithics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C179-09 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Replaced By
ASTM C179-14 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
Effective Date
01-Sep-2014
Referred By
ASTM C1054-18 - Standard Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM C1419-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Sonic Velocity in Refractory Materials at Room Temperature and Its Use in Obtaining an Approximate Young's Modulus
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM C704/C704M-15(2022)e1 - Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Refractory Materials at Room Temperature
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Referred By
ASTM C113-14(2019) - Standard Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011

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ASTM C179-11 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix SpecimensASTM C179-11 - Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C179 − 11
StandardTest Method for
Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and
1
Ramming Mix Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.3 This test method excludes basic and carbon bearing
materials.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drying
shrinkage and of the combined drying and linear change of 3.4 This test method can produce data for the engineering
refractory ramming mixes and plastics. and design of refractory installations. The linear change data
can be used to determine the number of joints necessary to
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
maintain integrity of ramming or refractory plastic in a large
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
installation.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
4. Apparatus
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Kiln, electric or gas type, of such design that the flame,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
as coming directly from the burner, cannot impinge upon the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
test specimens.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.2 Measuring Device, capable of being read to 0.02-in.
(0.5-mm).Ahooked rule, 12 in. (305 mm), is convenient to use
2. Referenced Documents
and a suitable type is described in Test Methods C134. Other
2
measuring devices, such as calipers or dial gages, of the same
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C113 Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick or better precision may also be used.
C134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements,
5. Test Specimens
and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating
Firebrick
5.1 Number of Specimens—A minimum of six specimens
C181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and
molded from the sample (see Note 1) of refractory plastic will
High-Alumina Refractory Plastics
berequired.Halfofthespecimensshallbeusedforthetestand
C1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic
the other half used as supporting pieces during the kiln heat
and Ramming Mix Specimens
treatment.
3. Significance and Use NOTE 1—For pressing and drying the specimens see Practice C1054.
5.2 Measurement of Specimens—Using the measuring
3.1 This test method is useful in quantitatively rating or
device, measure the bar for all dimensions to the nearest
ranking both ramming and refractory plastics by their linear
0.02-in. (0.5-mm). Label and make reference marks to indicate
stability after heating.
the exact length measurement points. Caution should be taken
3.2 This test method is also useful for determining whether
as deformation of the specimens may be caused by handling.
a ramming or refractory plastic can be used in a specified
5.3 DryingofSpecimens—Dryspecimensshouldbedriedas
application based on linear change criteria.
stated in Practice C1054, 6.6.
1 5.4 Measuring Dried Specimens—Measure specimens as
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on
Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolith- stated in 5.2.
ics.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2011. Published November 2011. Originally
6. Procedure
approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C179 – 09. DOI:
10.1520/C0179-11.
6.1 Placing Specimens in Kiln—Place the dried specimens
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
in the kiln in accordance with Test Method C113, with the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
exception that the supporting brick shall consist of the three
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. refractory plastic brick prepared for that purpose.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C179 − 11
6.2 Temperature Measurements—Conduct temperature 7.2 Combined Linear Change Due to Drying and Firing—
measurements in accordance with Test Method C113. Calculate the combined drying and firing linear change as a
percentage based on the original length of the specimen as
6.3 Test Atmosphere—At all temperatures above 1470°F
measured in 5.2. Calculate using Eq 2:
(800°C), operate the kiln so that the atmosphere shall contain
a minimum of 0.
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C179–09 Designation:C179–11
Standard Test Method for
Drying and Firing Linear Change of Refractory Plastic and
1
Ramming Mix Specimens
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the drying shrinkage and of the combined drying and linear change of
refractory ramming mixes and plastic refractories. plastics.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C113 Test Method for Reheat Change of Refractory Brick
C134 Test Methods for Size, Dimensional Measurements, and Bulk Density of Refractory Brick and Insulating Firebrick
C181 Test Method for Workability Index of Fireclay and High-Alumina Refractory Plastics
C1054 Practice for Pressing and Drying Refractory Plastic and Ramming Mix Specimens
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Thistestmethodisusefulinquantitativelyratingorrankingbothrammingandplasticrefractoriesrefractoryplasticsbytheir
linear stability after heating.
3.2 This test method is also useful for determining whether a ramming or plastic refractory plastic can be used in a specified
application based on linear change criteria.
3.3 This test method excludes basic and carbon bearing materials.
3.4 This test method can produce data for the engineering and design of refractory installations. The linear change data can be
used to determine the number of joints necessary to maintain integrity of ramming or plastic refractory plastic in a large
installation.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Kiln, electric or gas type, of such design that the flame, as coming directly from the burner, cannot impinge upon the test
specimens.
4.2 Measuring Device, capable of being read to 0.02-in. (0.5-mm). A hooked rule, 12 in. (305 mm), is convenient to use and
a suitable type is described in Test Methods C134. Other measuring devices, such as calipers or dial gages, of the same or better
precision may also be used.
5. Test Specimens
5.1 Number of Specimens—Aminimum of six specimens molded from the sample (see Note 1) of plastic refractory plastic will
be required. Half of the specimens shall be used for the test and the other half used as supporting pieces during the kiln heat
treatment.
NOTE 1—For pressing and drying the specimens see Practice C1054.
5.2 Measurement of Specimens—Using the measuring device, measure the bar for all dimensions to the nearest 0.02-in.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 on Refractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.09 on Monolithics.
Current edition approved Sept.Oct. 1, 2009.2011. Published October 2009.November 2011. Originally approved in 1943. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
C179 – 049. DOI: 10.1520/C0179-09.10.1520/C0179-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C179–11
(0.5-mm). Label and make reference marks to indicate the exact length measurement points. Caution should be taken as
deformation of the specimens may be caused by handling.
5.3 Drying of Specimens—Dry specimens should be dried as stated in Practice C1054, 6.6.
5.4 Measuring Dried Specimens—Measure specimens as stated in 5.2.
6. Procedure
6.1 PlacingSpecimensinKiln—Place the dried specimens in the kiln in accordance withTest Method C113, with the exception
that the supporting brick shall consist of the three plastic refractory plastic brick prepared for that purpose.
6.2 Temperature Measurements—Conduct tem
...

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1.1 This classification covers refractory products consisting predominantly of mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) crystals that are formed by either converting any of the sillimanite group of minerals, or synthesizing from appropriate materials in a melt or sinter process.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C863-00(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Oxidation Resistance of Silicon Carbide Refractories at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The oxidation of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures is an important consideration in the application of these refractories. The product of oxidation is amorphous silica or cristobalite, depending upon the temperature at which oxidation takes place. This oxide formation is associated with expansion and degradation of strength. The quantity of water vapor in the atmosphere greatly affects the rate of oxidation.  
3.2 The test, which creates and measures the expansion, is suitable for guidance in product development and relative comparison in application work where oxidation potential is of concern. The variability of the test is such that it is not recommended for use as a referee test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the oxidation resistance of silicon carbide refractories at elevated temperatures in an atmosphere of steam. The steam is used to accelerate the test. Oxidation resistance is the ability of the silicon carbide (SiC) in the refractory to resist conversion to silicon dioxide (SiO2) and its attendant crystalline growth.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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